Formation Of Collective Memory Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ КОНЦЕПЦИИ КОЛЛЕКТИВНОЙ ПАМЯТИ МОРИСА ХАЛЬБВАКСА НА СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ MEMORY STUDIES (НА ПРИМЕРЕ РАБОТ Я. АССМАНА И А. АССМАН)

The article formulates the problem of positioning and adaptation of Maurice Halbwachs conception of collective memory in the papers of J. Assmann and A. Assmann. The text provides the analysis of scientific monograph on the subject of embedding the conception of collective memory inside the fabric of the narrative and its using analysis of memorial culture phenomenon in different historical period. J. Assmann`s papers offer the strategy of Halbwachs`s ideas complex actualisation by means of general review of crucial aspects of French sociologist texts, that further it allows him to apply the researcher’s achievements for his own analysis. A. Assmann instead doesn’t do ideas` review. She supports her own theses by Halbwachs`s concept statements. The distinction of approaches affords to trace Halbwachs`s position changes inside scholar discourse as specific way of describing socio-cultural memory legalizer. Also it shows Halbwachs`s ideas flexibility which can be used with a little modification not only with communicative memory, that Halbwachs defined as only form of collective memory, but with external storage of information about the past. These observations allow to trace scholars methods to work with texts by pioneer of separate discipline, and show the research literature forms of existing within specific papers.

Exploring Charismatic Leadership: A Comparative Analysis of the Rhetoric of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election

This study examines the charismatic leadership rhetoric of the Democratic Party’s nominee Hillary Clinton and the Republican Party’s nominee Donald Trump during the 2016 election. DICTION 7.0, content analysis software designed for political discourse, was used to analyze the campaign speeches of both candidates. The findings suggest that Donald Trump was significantly more likely to use hyperbolic crisis rhetoric regarding the intolerable nature of the status quo as well as rhetoric emphasizing a shared social identity, the pursuit of a common goal, and tangible outcomes. His communitarian rhetoric enabled the creation of a hermeneutic praxis shifting identity salience from the individual to the collective, encouraging the formation of collective memory and national nostalgia. Hillary Clinton, while employing egalitarian rhetoric, was constrained in her ability to utilize agentic rhetorical constructs due to stereotypical gender expectations and her positionality as a member of the incumbent party. The findings affirm presidential rhetoric as being anchored in political times and question the role of charismatic rhetoric in influencing the appeal, and potential electability, of the candidates during the 2016 presidential election.

Cognition in a Social Context: A Social-Interactionist Approach to Emergent Phenomena

The formation of collective memories, emotions, and beliefs is a fundamental characteristic of human communities. These emergent outcomes are thought to be the result of a dynamical system of communicative interactions among individuals. But despite recent psychological research on collective phenomena, no programmatic framework to explore the processes involved in their formation exists. Here, we propose a social-interactionist approach that bridges cognitive and social psychology to illuminate how microlevel cognitive phenomena give rise to large-scale social outcomes. It involves first establishing the boundary conditions of cognitive phenomena, then investigating how cognition is influenced by the social context in which it is manifested, and finally studying how dyadic-level influences propagate in social networks. This approach has the potential to (a) illuminate the large-scale consequences of well-established cognitive phenomena, (b) lead to interdisciplinary dialogues between psychology and the other social sciences, and (c) be more relevant for public policy than existing approaches.

De-Judaizing the Shoah in Polish comic books

ABSTRACTThis article analyses a selection of graphic narratives from Poland spanning the period from the 1940s to the 2000s. First, it shows that while the atrocity was far from being considered “unmentionable” by comic book artists, for much of the Communist period, the Jewish victims were, leading to a peculiar de-Judaization of the Holocaust. Second, it argues that despite the liberalization of memory after 1989 and the ensuing “Jewish turn,” which brought about a mass revival of interest in Jewish culture and heritage, this tendency largely persists. Analysing a selection of newspaper cartoons, graphic novellas and educational comic books, not only does this paper show how the genre has been subservient to ideological causes but also how its roles and functions changed throughout decades, from light-hearted stories addressed to a mass readership to educational narratives produced with school children in mind. This paper also shows how the graphic narratives in Poland reflect wider public debates, such as those on the Polish national identity, Christian–Jewish relations and the formation of collective memory.

Історія Голокосту: до питання формування колективної пам’яті у болгарському суспільстві

Історія Голокосту: до питання формування колективної пам’яті у болгарському суспільстві

MNEMOTECHNIC OF PAIN: BETWEEN SUFFERING AND ENJOYMENT

The article analyzed the problem of mnemotechnic of pain in the context of the historical transformation of thinking from archaic bodily practices of graphism of pain to the modern culture of anesthesia. The conceptual knot, which forms pain, suffering, memory, procedures of designation and enjoyment, is defined. Subject is defined to be central that goes beyond the opposition/dialectic of myth and reason. This allows us to turn to the premythic and to analyze the graphism of pain as the basis of human existence in the context of the formation of individual and collective memory. In the meantime, the myth is interpreted as an attempt to portray the labeled physical bodies of the world, given the distinction between them. The formation of relations of power is associated with the establishment of a correlation between sign and pain, which makes it possible to understand of pain as the basis of social memory. On the other hand, the historical-philosophical subject is distinguished, according to which the bodily topical of the perceptions and the metabodily topic of concepts are distinguished. The metaphysical shift laid down by the ancient philosophers transforms mnemotechnic into practice, which constantly takes into account the distinction between the sensual (physical) and the supersensual (spiritual), the ideal and the real, the true and the false, the one and the plural, being and non-existence. Mnemotechnic, which constitutes the metaphysical world, excludes the body as a matter of memory, leaving the pain beyond the added significance. Probably, it is possible to link the excesses of Sade’s search for enjoyment and cases of dramatic erosion of man to naked bodility, which captures the outbreaks of violence and torture in the century. In the end, it transforms modern culture into a culture of anesthesia, a culture of memory as an anesthetic, directed against the repetition of pain. Nevertheless, at the same time, it causes new pleasures to seek pain.

Internet, memória e aprendizagem: tecnologias digitais e implicações na memória

Human development is largely linked to the technologies and the accumulated knowledge of the time. The human being makes instruments, manufactures appliances, coexists with a certain technique that makes a peculiar circumstance. Technology and society are inextricably linked to the Internet, also called web 2.0, and it is the most evident expression of our socio-cultural and technological moment. This communication technology, which was revolutionary, is now strongly rooted in daily activities, invading life in many ways. The objective of this research was to show, through a case study with in-depth interviews with network users, the changes caused by it - new relations with time and space, forms of sociability, access to large amounts of information and interactivity - they changed radically habits and behaviors, ways to communicate, interact and learning and created an extreme dependency relationship with this medium. As a result, the internet is increasingly in memory of its members in their memories and individual experiences and it also has a great influence on the formation of social memory. By changing the everyday life and its communication processes, it also changes ways of thinking, worldviews and plays an important role in the creation, maintenance and development of the symbolic life, which contributes to the formation of collective memory. Internet lives in a kind of feedback loop with the collective memory: influences the memories of its members and at the same time, feeds repeatedly imaginary and social memory.

Interpreting conflicting narratives: Young people’s recollections of the terrorist attacks in Norway 2011

In 2011, a Norwegian right-wing extremist killed 77 mostly young people in an attack on proponents of multiculturalism. A critical event of this magnitude is important in a nation’s collective memory. For young people’s political socialization and value orientation, it could be crucial. Adolescents’ memories and interpretations of terrorism are an understudied area. On the basis of different memory narratives among ethnic Norwegian adolescents, who were 13 or 14 in 2011, implications of the attacks, seen as a case of collective memory formation of terrorism, are discussed in terms of how young people remember and interpret the attacks and negotiate between competing narratives. Focus group interviews conducted in 2015–2016 with 18-year-olds showed a marked tension between support for democratic values and numerous references to individuals and organizations having critical views on immigration and diversity and the importance of active agents promoting the conflicting narratives.

ABSTRACT OF PRACTICAL ACTIVITY OF A WORKGROUP ON «DECOMMUNIZATION» OF PUBLIC AREA OF THE TOWN OF VINNYTSIA: HISTORIAN’S VIEW

The article deals with practical activity of the workgroup created in order toadminister the Law of Ukraine «On condemnation of totalitarian regimes inUkraine and prohibition of propaganda of their insignia» within the town ofVinnytsia. The workgroup had to reveal objects containing communist andSoviet insignia that exists in the public urban area, to work out advice andpropositions as to replacing town toponyms containing insignia of communistthe totalitarian regime with new names.The article content is arranged in the following blocks: a) creation of theworkgroup; b) decision-making algorithm (from historians’ point of view);c) scientific grounds of historian group activity; d) selection of objects forfurther discussion; e) procedure of discussion of proposed new toponyms.Six historians residing in Vinnytsia were introduced into the workgroup.They belong to various generations and represent both governmental andpublic organizations. The following principles have been defined for organizingof the historian group activity:
 - toleration (provides for respectful attitude towards various canons ofhistoric memory except for Soviet-communist one);- historicism (due regard to be paid not only to the past but to currenttendencies and challenges of the future as well);- education (the activity has to promote dialogs between various socialgroups and formation of unified collective memory);- local topicality with a view to the formation of unified image/brand of thetown.Several approaches to practical activity on replacing of toponyms havebeen developed in order to ensure smooth work process. They were intendedto be used simultaneously or in sequence depending on the actual situation butevery proposal was concerned from the proposed standpoints in line with allthe following approaches:- historicity (provides for restoration of historical names of places andimplementation of historical and urban practical methods of representationof the town history in toponymy);- commemoration (this approach traditionally provides for drawing attentionto the formation of ethnic and national identity and cultural matrixof the nation, but in the course of solving of nation-wide problems Vinnytsiahistorian group strived to be oriented to the identity of local urbancommunity);- locality (conformity of toponyms to peculiarities of nature, history,economics and culture of Vinnytsia, Bratslavshchyna, and Podillia regions);- concreteness (provides for conformity of a toponym to its actual local(in line with toponym’s scale) circumstances (geographical, biological,industrial, cultural, religious, personological etc.);- actualization (due regard to be paid to the necessity of drawing attentionto certain events and persons that, as a rule, are not of the nationwidescale).Out of total 836 town place names, 147 toponyms (85 names) have beenreplaced with new ones and reasoning for 5 names (12 toponyms) has beenchanged. Thus decommunization encompassed 19% of the town toponymicalsystem.

Collective memory and research-led filmmaking: Spatial legacies of dictatorship in the Dominican Republic

ABSTRACTThis article explores theoretical-methodological challenges in researching the formation of collective memory in the wake of dictatorship. The worldwide growth of memory sites suggests space crystallizes memory into stable formations. However, rather than monolithic discourses, environments attest to complex processes of memorialization and willful amnesia. I propose that research-led filmmaking can draw out spaces’ heterogeneous “stories in waiting.” Through the documentary After Trujillo, which revisits memory sites and ruins of Rafael Trujillo’s dictatorship from 1930 to 1961 in the Dominican Republic, I assess how working at the interface between research and film can (a) probe space’s testimonial capacity; (b) engage audiences in public debates about violent pasts; and (c) stimulate sustainable discussions through online platforms. Given that films still lack recognition as academic outputs, at stake here is the claim that creative methodologies constitute “a form of research” and “detectable research outputs.”

Calderón’s Theater of the New World: Historical Mimesis in La aurora en Copacabana

Lope de Vega, in the dedicatoria to La campana de Aragon , included in the Parte XV de las Comedias , famously pondered historical drama as an effective means to “renovar la fama desde los teatros a las memorias de las gentes” (qtd. in Case 203–04). Due to its eminent ability to make history come alive before the eyes of the audience, the emerging historical drama was certainly the most popular instance of what may be termed the contemporary obsession with history, and thus the most important aesthetic vehicle for the formation of collective memory and cultural identity during this crucial period of nascent European nation states. Examining the case of Pedro Calderon de la Barca’s juxtaposition of orthodox Catholic religious practice and parallel Amerindian rites in La aurora en Copacabana , the present essay proposes a novel approach to his often misunderstood play about the military and religious conquest of Inca Peru, introducing the concept of “historical mimesis” to describe the universal or philosophical, plausible but not veristic, creative and performative staging of history.

Scalar politics of border heritage: an examination of the EU’s northern and southern border areas

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the production and representation of border heritage in tourist sites and events. Understanding heritage as a form of collective memory, subject to continual active renegotiation in which past events and artifacts are portrayed selectively, border heritage is a focal element in the shaping of spatial identities. The empirical focus is on the EU border regions that have become arenas for collaborative tourism development. Since the internal border regions are the key sites of the territorial cohesion policy of the EU, the selection of a particular heritage may be indicative of the development of the spatial identities in the area. Yet the type of the border has an impact on the modes of heritage-making. Drawing on various materials, documents and fieldwork at sites of heritage tourism, the study examines how the traditions and past events of the Finnish-Swedish and Spanish-Portuguese borders are memorialized in EU-funded tourism development. The approaches of geographical scale and scalar politics are employed as an analytical lens through which the sites and events of border heritage-making are examined. The study shows that border heritage in the EU border areas is constructed through multiple scales, thus offering parallel versions of the past.

Media and the construction of memory: The case of the Arboleda massacre in Colombia

Abstract On 29 July 2000, the ninth and 47th fronts of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) stormed the town of Arboleda (Colombia) and bombarded its population. In this massacre, seventeen people died and the town was nearly completely destroyed. Media across the country reported this massacre, and people repudiated the event. This viewpoint article reflects on this particular episode of violence to analyse the role of media in the formation of collective memory. The reflections in this case study will show how media, in the context of conflict, may contribute to the victims’ doing of memory by telling stories about that conflict. However, by focusing on the storytelling aspects of conflict, media may also contribute to constructing a depolitized memory.

THE LANDSCAPE MEMORY: THE SPECTACULAR, THE AUDIBLE, AND THE BODY

This essay begins with a simple observation on a popular drawing theme: landscape drawing. The image of the landscape appears to be unchanging nevertheless the landscape itself was rapidly transformed as a result of Indonesian developmental and modernisationprogrammes. The essay attempts to argue that the image is a form of cultural memory: a memory about the nature, the mother nature, and the motherland. Under the New Order regime, the link between the image and the memory was (re)used for disciplinary action to maintain order and stability. This was articulated in the form of cultural practices. In this essay, SenamKesegaranJasmani (Massphysical exercises) and UpacaraBendera (Flag ceremony) are the cultural practices under discussion. Both practices are analysed as disciplinary action towards the body by means of internalisation, memorisation, and reproduction of the landscape through physical movement and auditioning (power of hearing and listening). The essay offers a non conclusive conclusion that these practices are linked to the formation of collective memory of being a nation.

“You don’t look Puerto Rican”: Collective memory and community in Orlando

Although the 2010 US Census counts documented a large Puerto Rican community in and around Orlando, Florida, 30 years earlier in 1980 Puerto Ricans were living scattered about the area practically unnoticed. A 2008–2009 oral history collection of Puerto Rican memories in Orlando from the 1940s to 1980s gives evidence that middle-class social relations mitigated racial dissonance for some in Orlando’s black-white binary, making it possible to almost disappear into the dominant society. This article posits collective memory as a sociocultural process not an outcome and argues that in that almost is a space of dissonance and difference, where strategic moments of forgetting and re-remembering inform the dynamics of collective memory formation. The memories recorded in the collection describe a slippery space between an invisibility emerging from pressures to assimilate and a hypervisibility emerging from US colonial history in Puerto Rico and widespread stereotyping of the Puerto Rican diaspora in the United States.

Mnemonic convergence in social networks: The emergent properties of cognition at a collective level

The development of shared memories, beliefs, and norms is a fundamental characteristic of human communities. These emergent outcomes are thought to occur owing to a dynamic system of information sharing and memory updating, which fundamentally depends on communication. Here we report results on the formation of collective memories in laboratory-created communities. We manipulated conversational network structure in a series of real-time, computer-mediated interactions in fourteen 10-member communities. The results show that mnemonic convergence, measured as the degree of overlap among community members' memories, is influenced by both individual-level information-processing phenomena and by the conversational social network structure created during conversational recall. By studying laboratory-created social networks, we show how large-scale social phenomena (i.e., collective memory) can emerge out of microlevel local dynamics (i.e., mnemonic reinforcement and suppression effects). The social-interactionist approach proposed herein points to optimal strategies for spreading information in social networks and provides a framework for measuring and forging collective memories in communities of individuals.

Olei Hagardom: Between official and popular memory

This article examines the interaction between official memory and popular memory through the case study of Olei Hagardom – Jewish underground fighters executed by the British in Mandatory Palestine. Studies of collective memory usually maintain that the ruling elite, with its control of state resources, dominates collective memory formation. However, the case of Olei Hargardom demonstrates the potentially limited power of institutional commemoration and exclusion in a democratic society. David Ben-Gurion and his government's attempt to exclude these right-wing heroes from the national pantheon had limited impact. Menachem Begin's persistent, partisan political efforts to include them were only partially successful. Ultimately, Olei Hargardom became entrenched in Israeli collective memory as a result of apolitical literary works, popular culture, and the establishment of a site of memory by spontaneous, grassroots efforts.

Spectral monumentality and ‘spectral messianicity’: the technical invention of historical memory in contemporary Hong Kong

Drawing on research on ubiquitous media images in the mobilization of popular resistance in Hong Kong, this article discusses mediated experience in the formation of collective memories. Following Vilém Flusser's evocative suggestions on the universe of technical images' and its force, in impacting on the sense of historical time itself, this work analyses the significance of mobile phone camera images and their contemporary proliferation in the post-colonial city. The aim is to generate a more inventive sense of possibilities than the melancholy and sense of loss that seems to pervade so much work in memory studies. Such an approach is required especially in dealing with new media technologies and the problem of memory.

Religion as memory: How has the continuity of tradition produced collective meanings? – Part one

Danièle Hervieu-Léger gives an account of religion as a chain of memory, that is, a form of collective memory and imagination based on the sanctity of tradition. According to her theory, in the postmodern world the continuity of religious memory has been broken and all that remains are isolated fragments guarded by religious groups. This twofold study aims at showing, firstly, in what sense religion can be conceived of as memory which produces collective meanings (Part One) and, secondly, what may happen when individualised and absolutised memories alienate themselves from a continuity of tradition, thus beginning to function as a sort of private religion (Part Two). Being the first part of the study in question, this article is dedicated to a historical-theological analysis of religious memory as a source of collective meanings, as seen from a Christian perspective. Firstly, it situates Hervieu-Léger’s definition of religion against the background of the most topical religious contexts in which the notion of memory appears today. Secondly, the dialectics of individual and collective memory is discussed, notably through the lens of Ricoeur’s original proposal. This is followed by an overview of the traditional functions of memory in Christianity. Lastly, the interpretation of the way in which Christian tradition, in its premodern continuity, served as a source of collective cultural meanings, is recapitulated. What underlies this analysis is the conviction that to comprehend, and even more so to challenge mechanisms based on which the dominant purveyors of meaning (such as economic and information market) function in our day, one should have a clear understanding of what they attempt to substitute for. In brief, before exploring how memories become religion, one ought to be able to conceive of religion as memory.

La comida y sus historias : Food-centered Life Histories of Two Mexican Women Living in the U.S.

An examination of the interaction of foodways with personal history, collective memory, and identity formation, through the food-centered life histories of two Mexican women, first generation immigrants living in the U.S. Discusses espacios de convivencia , social relations orchestrated on women’s terms, the centrality of corn in the household’s diet (and changes due to the implementation of new technologies), and the significance of festive meals in relation to personal identity, to draw conclusions on women’s agency in preserving collective memory and knowledge through foodways. Includes Chicana feminist theories on women’s spaces and ways of knowing.