Formal Structure Research Articles

USE OF PEER ASSISTED LEARNING FOR PRE_SERVICE STUDENTS IN CREATING LESSON PLAN

Peer Assisted Learning is an active discussion and cooperative learning method within the framework of a partnership in the peer-aged group with the formal structures of the course. PAL is learning that is carried out by fellow students and does not involve professional lecturers in the process. This study aims to explore in depth students' perceptions of PAL in the learning process at the Education Study Program at UHAMKA. This research is a qualitative research with a phenomenological approach and the technique of taking participants in this study with maximal variation sampling. The main participants in this study were students from the 2021 totaling 24 people consisting of men and women who were peer tutors and peer tutors. Retrieval of main data through focus group discussions 3 times, while as data triangulation the researcher used in-depth interview techniques with the subject lecturers who held the PAL and observed PAL activities. There are various student perceptions regarding the definition and benefits of PAL, as well as factors that influence PAL, which includes supporting factors such as good communication from peer tutors and the material provided by peer tutors is in accordance with the learning objectives. Factors that hinder the process of implementing PAL include readiness for implementation, readiness for peer tutors, and readiness for peer tutors. In addition, there are also student perceptions regarding expectations for the implementation of PAL, namely the application of PAL in TEFL 3 (Teaching Practice lesson), the use of technology, and evaluation in its implementation. Student perceptions of PAL, namely peer tutors and peer tutors influence each other in their implementation.

Pulling Together in Tug of War

Analyzing the old, traditional game of Tug of War (TOW) as played by both males and females uncovers both conscious and unconscious meanings of the game. The formal structure of the game mimics combat between two groups, and on a surface level the players experience the pleasure of cooperation in the competition. Drawing upon depth psychology, the analyst discovers unconscious sources of the pleasure of the experience playing TOW, exploring differences between the experiences of males and females.

Readability Indices Structure and Optimal Features

The work considers formal structure and features of the readability indices widely employed in various information and education fields, including theory of communication, cognitive psychology, linguistics, and multiple applications. In spite of the importance and popularity of readability indices in practical research, their intrinsic properties have not yet been sufficiently investigated. This paper aims to fill this gap between the theory and application of these indices by presenting them in a uniform expression which permits analyzing their features and deriving new properties that are useful in practice. Three theorems are proved for relations between the units of a text structure. The general characteristics are illustrated by numerical examples which can be helpful for researchers and practitioners.

Formalization and its Discontents: Conceptual Fallacies and Ways Forward

ABSTRACTThe concept of formalization has long underpinned policy interventions and measures intended to connect informal entities with state institutions or formal economic structures. However, despite the policy enthusiasm, the outcomes of formalization policies have frequently been disappointing. This article argues that this disconnect lies in the concept of formalization itself and that common approaches to formalization are often rooted in three conceptual fallacies: a binary distinction between formal and informal economic actors, a lack of appreciation for the diversity of informal economic actors and the idea that ‘becoming’ formal necessarily spurs positive externalities. These conceptual confusions pay insufficient attention to contextual complexity and the political and social dynamics that shape informality in a given context and they are frequently rooted in the practicalities and power structures that shape knowledge creation in this area. This article demonstrates this through case studies of tax registration and property titling. Thus, it argues for a new research agenda on formalization that challenges both its conventional conceptual foundations and the practices of research that engage with it.

Local wisdom in economic practice: An empowerment Fiqh analysis of the tesang tradition of the Buginese and Makassarese

This article explores the role of tesang, a local practice, as an approach to economic empowerment amongst the Buginese and Makassarese of South Sulawesi. Tesang not only promotes the division of profits between investors and laborers but also continued efforts to improve the local economy. This article’s analysis relies on data collected through observations and interviews as well as a review of the literature. This study emphasizes that tesang is not only an economic practice but also a co mmitment to maintaining Buginese and Makassarese society in a manner that reflects the teachings of Islam. This local wisdom-based approach to empowerment may be used to realize collective empowerment and success. As such, even though it does not follow any formal structure, tesang has a real and tangible effect on society. This study recommends that future research take an in-depth approach that recognizes tesang not only as a means of empowerment but also as a foundation for strong linkages through which society’s increasingly complex demands can be fulfilled.

Lie group theory, stability analysis with dispersion property, new soliton solutions and conserved quantities of 3D generalized nonlinear wave equation in liquid containing gas bubbles with applications in mechanics of fluids, biomedical sciences and cell biology

Nonlinear wave equations emerge naturally in optics as well as fluid dynamics. It is noteworthy that, an essential class of special solutions that satisfy the underlying equations are observed to be localized waves, which are frequently referred to as solitons or solitary waves. Thus, in the context of small amplitude alongside shallow-water waves, such solutions were discovered in the nineteenth century. Therefore, we present in this paper, the analytical investigations accomplished on a three dimensional generalized nonlinear wave equation in a fluid accommodating gas fizzes with applications. This equation was developed in the field within which liquid in conjunction with gas fizzes exists to describe the proliferation of feebly-nonlinear-waves. The underlying equation is transformed into a nonlinear structured ordinary differential equation (NLODE) by Lie group theory. Direct integration of the resulting NLODE produced periodic, trigonometric bright soliton together with singular soliton solutions. Moreover, some general exact soliton solutions of the equation under study are secured via the simplest equation technique (SET) in the structure of various Jacobi elliptic functions. Thus, we secure diverse periodic solitons of the equation under consideration. In addition, the dynamics of the results are depicted using suitable graphs which were also discussed. Furthermore, We conduct stability analysis on the model under study and outline the significance of our results in fluid dynamics, biomedical sciences and biological cells. Conclusively, we constructed conservation laws of the aforementioned equation by invoking Ibragimov’s theorem for conserved quantities via its formal Lagrangian structure.

Friends, peers and safeguarding

Friends, peers and safeguarding

The Elusive Progress of Prosodical Study: Essays in Honor of Thomas Cable

The Elusive Progress of Prosodical Study: Essays in Honor of Thomas Cable

Explaining Recommendations through Conversations: Dialog Model and the Effects of Interface Type and Degree of Interactivity

Explaining system-generated recommendations based on user reviews can foster users’ understanding and assessment of the recommended items and the recommender system (RS) as a whole. While up to now explanations have mostly been static, shown in a single presentation unit, some interactive explanatory approaches have emerged in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), making it easier for users to examine system decisions and to explore arguments according to their information needs. However, little is known about how interactive interfaces should be conceptualized and designed to meet the explanatory aims of transparency, effectiveness, and trust in RS. Thus, we investigate the potential of interactive, conversational explanations in review-based RS and propose an explanation approach inspired by dialog models and formal argument structures. In particular, we investigate users’ perception of two different interface types for presenting explanations, a graphical user interface (GUI)-based dialog consisting of a sequence of explanatory steps, and a chatbot-like natural-language interface. Since providing explanations by means of natural language conversation is a novel approach, there is a lack of understanding how users would formulate their questions with a corresponding lack of datasets. We thus propose an intent model for explanatory queries and describe the development of ConvEx-DS, a dataset containing intent annotations of 1,806 user questions in the domain of hotels, that can be used to to train intent detection methods as part of the development of conversational agents for explainable RS. We validate the model by measuring user-perceived helpfulness of answers given based on the implemented intent detection. Finally, we report on a user study investigating users’ evaluation of the two types of interactive explanations proposed (GUI and chatbot), and to test the effect of varying degrees of interactivity that result in greater or lesser access to explanatory information. By using Structural Equation Modeling, we reveal details on the relationships between the perceived quality of an explanation and the explanatory objectives of transparency, trust, and effectiveness. Our results show that providing interactive options for scrutinizing explanatory arguments has a significant positive influence on the evaluation by users (compared to low interactive alternatives). Results also suggest that user characteristics such as decision-making style may have a significant influence on the evaluation of different types of interactive explanation interfaces.

Interactions between formal structures and knowing communities: What does open source community involvement mean?

The purpose of this paper is to study the interactions between formal structures and knowing communities and to show how formal structures can support external communities. Indeed, the literature reveals the critical role of external knowing communities for innovation. This research is based on a sequential mixed-method research design with a multi study sequential approach. Three studies are performed to analyze the interactions between IT formal structures and open source communities. Study 1 and study 3 are quantitative and rely on the same sample of 157 IT business managers. Study 2 is qualitative and is based on four managers of three formal structures deeply rooted in open source communities. These studies show that the use of open source within the formal structure has an impact on the three forms in which formal structures involve themselves in external knowing communities: formalized, result-oriented and inter-connected involvement. They also reveal the difficulties and possibilities of inter-connected involvement and highlight the central role of formalization in community involvement.

Examining the influence of health sector coordination on the efficiency of county health systems in Kenya

BackgroundHealth systems are complex, consisting of multiple interacting structures and actors whose effective coordination is paramount to enhancing health system goals. Health sector coordination is a potential source of inefficiency in the health sector. We examined how the coordination of the health sector affects health system efficiency in Kenya.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative cross-sectional study, collecting data at the national level and in two purposely selected counties in Kenya. We collected data using in-depth interviews (n = 37) with national and county-level respondents, and document reviews. We analyzed the data using a thematic approach.ResultsThe study found that while formal coordination structures exist in the Kenyan health system, duplication, fragmentation, and misalignment of health system functions and actor actions compromise the coordination of the health sector. These challenges were observed in both vertical (coordination within the ministry of health, within the county departments of health, and between the national ministry of health and the county department of health) and horizontal coordination mechanisms (coordination between the ministry of health or the county department of health and non-state partners, and coordination among county governments). These coordination challenges are likely to impact the efficiency of the Kenyan health system by increasing the transaction costs of health system functions. Inadequate coordination also impairs the implementation of health programmes and hence compromises health system performance.ConclusionThe efficiency of the Kenyan health system could be enhanced by strengthening the coordination of the Kenyan health sector. This can be achieved by aligning and harmonizing the intergovernmental and health sector-specific coordination mechanisms, strengthening the implementation of the Kenya health sector coordination framework at the county level, and enhancing donor coordination through common funding arrangements and integrating vertical disease programs with the rest of the health system. The ministry of health and county departments of health should also review internal organizational structures to enhance functional and role clarity of organizational units and staff, respectively. Finally, counties should consider initiating health sector coordination mechanisms between counties to reduce the fragmentation of health system functions across neighboring counties.

The 18th International Myopia Conference 2022 in Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

The 18th International Myopia Conference 2022 in Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

This is My Body: The Queer Messianic Dysphoria of The Pink Supper

In this article, I offer a personal and critical analysis of The Pink Supper, a protest-performance created in collaboration with Biño Sauitzvy in 2019. It is written using three modes of expression: (a) critical writing, which appears in roman type, (b) internal conversations, in italics and (c) excerpts from the performance itself, in bold. In engaging three distinct voices, I take a queer approach to writing. The polyphony tears up traditional rules of top-to-bottom knowledge transmission. It abandons formal narrative structures. In their stead, I actively embrace a somewhat ‘disorganised’ rhetoric by tightening horizontal bonds with queer writers who have adopted a similar approach.

Some reflections on maxEnt

ABSTRACT Two different applications of Jaynes’ maximum entropy framework, maxEnt, are given. The purpose is to show how maxEnt stimulates questions about the relations between the formal structure of the maxEnt model and the practical, possibly political, considerations which arise when deciding the objective function and the constraints. While these points do not lead to computationally complicated models they do raise important questions about the relationship between model form and the environment in which it is used. The first example is from urban and transportation planning. The use of maxEnt to derive the allocation of trips, the gravity model, brought benefits of clarity but also raised an important question with policy implications: should journey cost rightly be a behavioural constraint in the model or should it be considered an output? The policy implications are discussed. The second case was initially stimulated by personnel selection and raises the possibility that it is not always clear what maxEnt should be optimising, what should we be minimally discriminating about? The issue is quite general and is illustrated by the choice of a scheme for water resource allocation.

DECONSTRUCTION OF VIOLENCE IN CHRISTOPHER NOLAN’S THE DARK KNIGHT

In the 21st century, violence has become so abundant and deeply rooted in the visual medium of storytelling known as cinema that it has compelled film researchers to consider violence as a part of cinema’s formal structure. Violence being plentiful and readily available to this increasing degree in cinema, it has become a pertinent subject of deep analysis in film studies to decipher all the different implications embedded in the violent acts depicted on celluloid. Christopher Nolan’s The Dark Knight (2008) is a film that portrays violent tales revolving around the characters of Batman and the Joker. In fact, both heroic and evil characters perform violent acts in the film. Using Jacques Derrida’s post-structuralist idea of deconstruction, binary oppositions revolving around violence in the film - such as violence perpetrated by hero/villain, violence in/out of context, justified/unjustified violence - can be analysed. Such analysis of binary oppositions concerning violence can then lead to the discovery of plurality of meaning. As deconstruction aims to uncover the unconscious voices of a text by identifying internal contradictions, binary oppositions or inconsistencies within a text, it is an effective lens to study such complex implications regarding violence. Thus, a single violent act depicted in the film can be deconstructed in different contexts to strip off its singular meaning intended by the filmmakers.

The Influence of Informality in a Local Agri‐food Supply Chain in Brazil

SummaryDuring qualitative research on trust, conducted in a mariculture chain in southern Brazil, the theme of informality emerged spontaneously in most interviews. Although it is difficult to measure, some data and estimates point out that informality is still quite present worldwide, but especially in emerging and developing countries, and this situation was confirmed in the studied supply chain. In analysing the narratives, we noticed that this is a chronic issue which bothers the producers that are properly formalised mainly because of unfair competition, and hinders the organisation of the chain. Some factors foster the persistence of informality, such as family labour and temporary jobs, the low educational level of entrepreneurs, lack of adequate supervision and cultural aspects of producers and their families. We could corroborate the perspectives of modernisation (informality is still persistent), neo‐liberal (informal entrepreneurs reject the bureaucracy of an over‐regulated market) and post‐structuralist (informality is a way of life related to identity, social position and/or resistance against the formal structure) theories. Our research has shown us that the situation found is contributing to a reduction in the number of formal producers and impairing the development of that local supply chain, as well as its sustainability.

Introduction: The Future of British Political History

AbstractPolitics and history are closely intertwined and historians play a vital role in British public life. Yet, British political history, which has a critical contribution to make for understanding British politics today, faces two urgent challenges. First, academic history has retreated from subjects that remain hugely popular in media and trade publishing and of interest to social scientists, such as the histories of political institutions and formal power structures. Second, political history is disconnected from innovative trends in the wider historiography of modern Britain. Combined, these issues leave political historians in an ambiguous position in relation to the wider field, to other academic disciplines and to contemporary political debates. After discussing these challenges, this introduction surveys this special issue, which reflects on what (if anything) is distinctive about political history as practised today, and what its contribution to historiography, social science and public life should be. It ends by posing key questions for historians of all methodological stripes who investigate Britain's political past.

Need of CSR in SMEs and Their Structure

In developed countries, a significant amount of research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) has taken. Since the concept of CSR has evolved in developed countries, the organisations in these countries were the earliest to be aware of the CSR relevance to sustainable development. Nowadays CSR has gained significance for organization globally. On the other hand, there needs to be more research on CSR in small and medium enterprises (SMEs), especially in India. Literature lags behind the social reality and diversity, specifically in the case of CSR in SMEs. The author has tried to understand the need for CSR within SMEs and engagement in CSR by taking in-depth interviews with SMEs. It includes the structure of CSR conducted by SMEs, the formal and informal structure of CSR by SMEs, whether they assess the need of the community, causes they support, identifying beneficiaries, funding of CSR initiatives and stakeholders.

Learning, living and working with dyspraxia and ADHD: A neurodiverse dramatherapist’s comment on the formal education system

The environment of formal education systems can be a difficult place for neurodiverse individuals to exist, navigate and thrive. This clinical comment explores the impact of these structures on individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The evolutionary theory underpins the article’s argument that ADHD ‘symptoms’ could be considered adaptive depending on their environment, yet a plethora of neurodiverse people experience feelings of failure and negative life trajectories, so it is imperative that education systems reconsider their structures. To further support the case for educational restructuring, trauma-informed research is used to highlight flaws in the United Kingdom’s mainstream education system that parallels the gaps that neurodiverse learners fall through. This article uses an autoethnographic lens to look at the problems within these structures and how they impact both learners and employees, from children to adults. The Sesame Approach to Drama and Movement Therapy (DMT-Sesame) is considered as a comparative structure, which focuses on the body, creative freedom, exploration, authenticity, and individuality, and could accentuate the quality of many neurodiverse traits. DMT-Sesame could therefore inspire the changes that ought to be made to formal educational structures, whereby learning environments are accessible to every individual and enable self-discoveries that support successful development.

РАЗРАБОТКА МЕТОДИКИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВОМ ДАННЫХ НА ОСНОВЕ ЛОГИКО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОГО ЦИФРОВОГО ДВОЙНИКА

Data quality is a key issue in decision support systems. The urgency of the problem is due to the fact that the introduction of corporate information systems, digital technologies and digital twins requires strict synchronization and updating of a large amount of data. Management decisions depend on big data. The use of data containing one or more logical errors can lead to incorrect decisions and large losses for the enterprise. Aim. The aim of the study is to develop a classification of data that takes into account the production profile, types of data in production, the formal structure of business processes for each type of data based on the proposed logical-semantic architecture of the digital twin for data quality control. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are the works of domestic and foreign scientists on the problems of managing digital platforms and digital transformation and digital twins of the enterprise. Results. In the course of the study, the classification of the main logical-semantic factors of poor-quality data provision was generalized and systematized, and a methodology for assessing data quality was presented. Business processes for collecting, storing and processing are formalized for each type of data and one responsible person is identified for the relevant business processes, as well as competency requirements for individual responsible persons and a tool for data quality control are developed. As a result, an approach based on the logical-semantic architecture of the digital twin for data quality control is proposed. Conclusion. In modern realities, logical filtering of a huge amount of redundant data in decision support systems (DSS) is necessary. Digital twins (DTs) in decision support systems can provide high quality of initial digital data for PPR. This article presents an integrated approach to data quality management based on their logical-semantic digital twins when creating an effective decision support system using the example of oil and gas companies. Data quality management based on the use of logical-semantic digital twins ensures the usefulness of digital data.