Formal Requirements Research Articles

Needs Analysis of Aircraft Mechanics’ English Language Skills

English is used in all parts of aviation, especially in aircraft maintenance, where all documentation and various manuals are written in this language. However, there are no formal requirements for aircraft mechanics to have a certain level of English. Nevertheless, aircraft mechanics must master their English language skills, since they are needed for managing their work tasks. This study deals with the issue of insufficiency of standardized English courses, and determines the English language needs of aircraft maintenance in the Slovak Republic, using a triangular approach. The gathered data from 80 respondents for this paper were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics, which were calculated by the means of Jamovi statistical software. The results revealed that aircraft mechanics engage most often in communication situations that require their knowledge of the reading skill. The importance of all language skills (reading, writing, listening, speaking) is proven by the determination of the most-common communication activities of aircraft mechanics, which should be included in specialized English courses. The results of this study are useful in the creation of language courses which increase the level of English in aircraft maintenance, thus, increasing safety in aviation.

The Influence of Tourism Educational Qualification Levels On Perceived Contextual Job Performance Behavior in Tour Firms in Nairobi

The aim of this study was to establish the influence of the Tourism Educational Qualification levels (TEQL) on Contextual Job Performance Behavior (CJPB) among employees in tour firms in Nairobi, Kenya. Studies have confirmed that besides formal job requirements for core- competencies, other forms of behaviors are also critical for the competitiveness of the tourism industry. This is due to the globalization of businesses, technological innovation, and the ever-evolving needs of the 21st century tourist among others. However, few studies have given attention to the correlation between educational qualifications and contextual performance behavior. Data was quantitively gathered from one hundred and thirty-one (131) supervisors, who rated three (3) randomly selected employees from the following levels of qualification: a bachelor’s degree holder; a diploma holder; & a certificate holder, on their CJPB. Both descriptive and inferential data analysis was conducted to assess the extent to which TEQL influences CJPB. The research findings showed that TEQL explained 59.1% of the total variations in the CJPB (R²= 59.1%). The regression coefficient output showed that TEQLs positively and scientifically influenced CJPB (β=0.769, p=0.001). The implication of these findings confirms that transitioning from a lower level of tourism educational qualification to a higher level improves an employee’s contextual job performance behavior by 0.587 units. It is for this reason that investing in developing tourism professionals has benefits for both employers and employees. This study recommends that tourism educators embed contextual skills in tourism programs in order to produce graduates not only with core competencies and business acumen, but also with humanistic values to cope with emerging trends.

Level of Stress and Perceived Social Support among Women Seeking Infertility Treatment: An Exploratory Study

Infertility is frequently a secret battle, and depressive symptoms are more common in infertility patients than in cancer patients. Around 60–80 million couples worldwide have infertility, which has a wide range of effects on many different dimensions. Despite this, it is progressive in nature. Traditional conceptions of reproductive awareness included understanding of female anatomy and physiology and how it relates to family planning, as well as the possibility that couples might be somewhat exposed to the causes of infertility. The present study aims to assess the level of stress and perceived social support among women seeking infertility treatment. A quantitative approach with exploratory design was used to conduct the study at selected infertility clinic, Saveetha Medical College &Hospital with the sample size of 60 using non probability purposive sampling technique. The demographic and clinical variables of the women were collected by semi-structured questionnaire. The perceived stress scale “BDI” was used to evaluate the level of stress the and Multidimensional scale of perceived social support “MSPSS” was used for determination of perceived social support. The results the study revealed that the mean score of stress among women seeking infertility treatment was 20.97±6.85 and the mean score of perceived social support was 3.72±1.43. The Correlation value of r = -0.447 shows a mild negative correlation which was found to be statistically significant at p<0.05 level. This clearly infers that when the perceived social support among women seeking infertility treatment increases their stress level decreases. Although the infertility clinic has formal requirements for psychological counseling for infertility patients, there is acknowledgement that incorporating psychological interventions into routine practice at ART clinics is beneficial.

Ethics and the impossibility of the consent form: Ethnography in a Danish nursing home

Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a nursing home in northern Denmark, this article addresses challenges experienced in putting formal ethics requirements into practice. We consider how to unite procedural ethics with actual, lived ethics, when researching with vulnerable participants who live with a cognitively impairing condition. The article centers on the story of one resident, who wanted to share her experiences with what she had perceived as inadequate care, but who baulked once the wordy consent form was produced. The resident panicked that her words could now be used against her, that talking with the researcher would (further) compromise her care. She was caught in a bind, on the one hand she had a deep desire to tell her story, on the other the piece of paper in her hand threatened to trigger her anxiety and depression. In this article we therefore approach the consent form as an agent. By mapping out these unintended consequences of the consent form, we wish to draw attention to the complexities of ethical research conduct in practice, ultimately arguing that the concept of appropriate informed consent should be broadened so that it is sensitive to the lifeworld of participants.

Holistic View on the Structure of Immune Response: Petri Net Model

The simulation of immune response is a challenging task because quantitative data are scarce. Quantitative theoretical models either focus on specific cell-cell interactions or have to make assumptions about parameters. The broad variation of, e.g., the dimensions and abundance between lymph nodes as well as between individual patients hampers conclusive quantitative modeling. No theoretical model has been established representing a consensus on the set of major cellular processes involved in the immune response. In this paper, we apply the Petri net formalism to construct a semi-quantitative mathematical model of the lymph nodes. The model covers the major cellular processes of immune response and fulfills the formal requirements of Petri net models. The intention is to develop a model taking into account the viewpoints of experienced pathologists and computer scientists in the field of systems biology. In order to verify formal requirements, we discuss invariant properties and apply the asynchronous firing rule of a place/transition net. Twenty-five transition invariants cover the model, and each is assigned to a functional mode of the immune response. In simulations, the Petri net model describes the dynamic modes of the immune response, its adaption to antigens, and its loss of memory.

Innovating for the greater good: Examining innovation champions and what motivates them

AbstractGovernments have increasingly tasked the not‐for‐profit sector with supporting the provision of public goods and services. Alongside this role, not‐for‐profits have faced increasingly challenging external contexts, including heightened competition and tighter funding regimes. This makes effective innovation critical for the successful delivery of social goods within this setting particularly, and in other public service‐oriented organisations more broadly. However, we know little about how innovation occurs in such contexts and even less about the motivations of those who choose to expend the effort to drive innovation there. This study examines the motivations of a key innovation agent, the innovation champion, in the challenging and dynamic not‐for‐profit context. Via a multi‐case study, qualitative approach with 46 interviews, we utilise self‐determination theory to surface what motivates innovation champions to develop and drive new idea generation and implementation. The motivations for championing innovations in not‐for‐profits are varied, spanning intrinsic, prosocial, and other extrinsic drivers. With wider implications for public service‐oriented organisations, our work also suggests that champions in such contexts are variably motivated throughout an innovation project and appear to be simultaneously intrinsically and prosocially motivated. We also find that boredom, or its avoidance, can motivate champions toward innovative activities.Points for practitioners Innovation champions, with their passion for change and desire for stimulation, are a valuable agent to foster innovation and combat organisational inertia. Providing autonomous time, away from scheduled tasks and formal role requirements, can provide employees with the ‘cognitive space’ or ‘slack time’ required for innovative thinking. Fostering innovation championing can contribute to enhanced employee engagement and a sense of fulfilment in one's role. Innovation champions are not motivated in any one single way; their motivations span from self‐interest to contributing to a ‘greater good’. Where consistency exists, such individuals share an underlying passion for change and a desire to avoid boredom. Leaders can clearly articulate the organisation's mission as one way to enhance champion motivation, particularly where their work has longer term and/or indirect value to target beneficiaries.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF RECOGNIZING SERVICE USERS AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF NOTARY WHO DOES NOT PERFORM THE PRINCIPLE OF RECOGNIZING SERVICE USERS

The notarys responsibility in carrying out his/her position relating to the principle of prudence in terms of identifying service users who commit criminal acts of document forgery is very important. The notary must first recognize the identity of the confronter by examining and paying attention to the original documents shown by the confronter. One of the documents is the Identity Card (KTP), or other documents that constitute formal identity.In relation to criminal offenses, notaries must be more careful in carrying out their positions, especially in recognizing service users. If the confronters have fulfilled all the formal requirements, these requirements are sufficient as a basis for the Notary to perform the legal actions desired by the confronters. Notaries are not burdened to seek material truth. However, when there are doubts about the documents required for the deed, the notary should seek the material truth of the documents. If there are doubts and errors in the documents brought by the confronters, the Notary should refuse to make an authentic deed, to achieve the principle of prudence in recognizing the confronters and to avoid disputes in the future.

Legal Consequences for Deed that is Not Signed Before a Notary

Notary Deed Signing is not in the notary’s office, even though the act is at risk of violating the rules of the notary position law and notary code of ethics, but it is still carried out by certain notaries. This type of research is normative legal research. With normative juridical methods. Legal materials consist of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The analysis method uses the description technique, construction technique, and systematic technique. The validity of a deed not signed before a notary, the deed is only valid as an agreement, where a valid agreement is an agreement that has fulfilled the legal requirements of an agreement such as an agreement, the ability of the parties, the object of the agreement, and the agreement made is not contrary to the law applicable. The validity of the deed is invalid, because in signing the deed that was not performed before a notary, the authentic deed did not fulfill the formal requirements to become an authentic deed as regulated in Article 16 paragraph (1) letter m of Law Number 2 of 2014 concerning Amendment to the Law Number 30 of 2004 concerning Notary Position. Where in this provision that the Notary must be physically present and sign the deed in front of the parties, witnesses, and the Notary himself. Notary Deed that is not signed by the registrar before a notary public and signed outside the Notary’s office, even though on the grounds that one of the registrants cannot be present at the signing of the deed by the tappers, and witnessed by witnesses and Notaries, resulting in the degradation of the authentic deed becomes the only deed has a proof of deed under the deed. In Act Number 2 of 2014 concerning amendments to Act Number 30 of 2004 concerning Notary Position, no regulation is found concerning sanctions against Notaries that are significant for violations of Article 16 paragraph (1) letter m of Act Number 2 of 2014 concerning amendments to Law Number 30 of 2004 concerning Notary Position.

Toward human-level tonal and modal melody harmonizations

This paper considers the problem of automatic music generation in the form of chord voicings, which is an important part of melody harmonization, with the use of Evolutionary Algorithms (EA), based on the rules derived from music theory and practice. The rules, whose role is to ensure the fulfillment of both the formal requirements of chord voicings and its less-formalized aesthetic requirements are encoded in the fitness function of EA. The fitness function is composed of several modules, each of which consists of smaller parts corresponding to the implemented music rules. The above modular design allows for flexible modification and extension of this function. The way the fitness function is constructed and tuned for better chord voicings quality is discussed in the context of music theory and technical EA implementation. In particular, we show how could generated voices be modeled by means of adjusting the relevance of particular fitness function components or extended by adding new components to the fitness function. The proposed algorithm is tested on two types of music: tonal and modal. Although tonal and modal chord voicings are significantly different, the achieved results (assessed by a human expert) indicate that the obtained solutions are both technically and aesthetically correct (i.e. they adhere to the theoretical rules and are nice to listen to). This study extends our previously published conference paper (Mycka et al., 2022).

Developing a CPD model for Eswatini—a participatory action research study

BackgroundContinuing professional development (CPD) is a key aspect to fulfil a commitment to lifelong learning for professionals registered with the Medical and Dental Council, the intention being to promote the health of patients and develop clinical expertise. The absence of formal CPD requirements for practitioners in Eswatini has resulted in a move to introduce an accredited system.MethodsThe qualitative study followed a participatory action research (PAR) methodology using a cooperative inquiry group of 10 medical practitioners in Eswatini to investigate how the current CPD program could be improved and formalised. PAR entailed four stages; observation, reflection, planning and action, using a semi-structured format to explore the areas of concern.ResultsReflecting on the current situation resulted in three ways to improve CPD being identified: (1) adopt a formal, compulsory CPD model; (2) recognise achievements by practitioners who endeavour to improve their skills/knowledge through Entrustable Professional Activities, and (3) ensure that CPD is relevant to the workplace by using Quality-Improvement CPD (QI-CPD) and reflective diaries. These would be done by involving local practitioners, using adult learning principles and ensuring continuous evaluation and improvement of the CPD model.ConclusionsThere was general agreement on the need for a formalised CPD system to improve skill levels and provide an open platform to enhance patient care in a resource constrained setting. The findings provided information that can be used to plan and action its implementation through engagement with the country’s doctors in various forums and through ongoing research.

Pengaruh Keseimbangan Kehidupan Kerja Terhadap Perilaku Kewargaan Organisasi Melalui Komitmen Organisasi Pada Guru SMK Swasta di Jakarta Timur

School is a service organization that carries out the teaching and learning process. Schools must develop organizational citizenship attitudes and behaviors as additional (voluntary) behaviors outside of formal job requirements that provide benefits to schools and can continue to develop and achieve the goals set. The success of education is inseparable from the success of educators, one of which is the teacher. The quality of teachers is a driving force in producing superior, character and quality individuals. The research was conducted to see the effect of work-life balance on organizational citizenship behavior through organizational committees of private vocational school teachers in East Jakarta. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative method, with a survey approach. The results showed that there was a significant and positive direct effect between work-life balance on organizational citizenship behavior, a significant and positive direct effect between work-life balance on organizational commitment, a significant and positive direct effect between organizational commitment on organizational citizenship behavior, and there is a significant and positive indirect effect between work-life balance on organizational citizenship behavior mediated by organizational commitment.

Policy implementation challenges and the ritualization of public health emergency plans: An investigation of urban communities in Jiangsu Province, China.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a global public health emergency, and countries worldwide have responded to it through a vast array of pre-planned, adaptively devised and ad-hoc measures. In China, public health emergency plans - the plans expected to drive the response to epidemics or pandemics - demonstrated a concerning tendency towards "ritualization." "Ritualization" denotes the practice of public health emergency plans to be reliably developed so that a formal requirement is met, while being implemented selectively or not at all in the emergency response. This study explored the phenomenon of ritualization by analyzing data from 1485 questionnaires, 60 in-depth interviews and 85 actual public health emergency plans. It used the Smith Policy-Implementation-Processing pattern as its conceptual framework. The study found that the infeasibility of plans, their ineffective implementation by emergency management agencies, the obstructive behaviors of community residents, and the lack of an appropriate policy environment all contributed to the practice of ritualization. As China seeks to better respond to COVID-19 and accelerate the recovery of its health system, it is essential to ensure that its public health emergency plans are effectively developed and implemented.

Can details depoliticize? An examination of the formalization strategy

AbstractPolitical superiors bestow legitimacy on decisions when delegating authority to agencies. Yet, research convincingly demonstrates that the delegation of authority to agencies does not guarantee depoliticized decisions. political principals with the intent of signaling depoliticization may limit agency discretion by invoking a formalization strategy: a strategy where the principal details what constitutes a legitimate decision. The argument of this study is that this strategy falls short in achieving depoliticization, because agencies have incentives to accommodate key voters' opinions, especially in resourceful constituencies. I test the argument by analyzing decisions made by the United Kingdom's Office for Standards in Education—an agency subject to strong formalization requirements when making decisions. In support of the argument, I find that key voters' opinions predict decisions more strongly than any of the other items specified by the political principal, and that voters' opinions matter more in constituencies with high mobilization potentials.

Legal Certainty in Peace Agreements in Default Disputes Through Negotiations

This study aims to analyze the legal certainty of a settlement agreement on a default dispute through negotiation. The desire to resolve the default dispute through negotiations is stated in a peace agreement. In order for the peace agreement to be effective, it is necessary to look at the legal certainty aspect. For this reason, a research was conducted with a normative juridical approach and using secondary data sourced from the literature. Secondary data were analyzed qualitatively and the results were described. Based on the analysis, it was found that the peace agreement in the negotiation is categorized as one type of agreement which is subject to the provisions of the Civil Code and Law Number 30 of 1999 concerning Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution. Legal certainty and the legal force of a breach of contract peace agreement through negotiation are obtained from the implementation of Article 1338 paragraph (1) of the Civil Code relating to the principle of pacta sun servanda and Article 1858 of the Civil Code, as well as the formal requirements for a peace agreement to be in writing

Article: New Tendencies Regarding the Relevance of Formal Requirements in VAT Law

Back in 1858, Rudolf von Jhering, a well-known German legal scholar, said: ‘Form is the sworn enemy of arbitrariness, the twin sister of freedom’. Perhaps this is why Value Added Tax (VAT) law includes many formal requirements before the taxpayer can exercise his right of deduction or can opt for taxation, for example. Concerning these formal requirements, it is not disputed that the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU or Court of Justice) has put a stop to excessive formalism in VAT law. However, there are some interesting recent decisions of the Court of Justice, which were dealing with the question as to whether the lack of formal requirements allows the financial administration to deny the right of deduction or the right to opt for taxation, even if the material conditions are fulfilled. This article shows that there is a recent tendency in the jurisprudence of the CJEU to take more into account the function of formal conditions in the field of VAT law. It seems that the Court has found now a better balance between the rights of the taxable person and the principle of proportionality, on the one hand, and the principle of neutrality and the uniform and simple application of VAT law, on the other. VAT law, formal requirements, VAT identification number, Invoice, Registration as taxable person, formal and material conditions, sens of form, no right to deduction without an invoice, necessary content of an invoice

Physical Planning Activities in the Newly Created City of Hoima, Uganda: Opportunities and Challenges

Recently some African cities have been scenes of high profile eviction campaigns. These campaigns have elicited heavy criticism from various quarters, domestic and international. Between half and three quarters of all new housing in sub-Saharan African cities is built on land that has been supplied through processes that, in one way or another, do not comply with formal legal requirements related to subdivision, transfer and development control. Such urban development processes are undoubtedly problematic, both for the authorities and for the residents of the areas developed through these processes: unplanned development results in sprawl, hindering the cost-effective extension of infrastructure and services; some developments are built in areas topographically unsuitable for residential use such as steep slopes and flood-prone sites; unrecognized areas do not generate revenue for local councils; residents experience varying degrees of insecurity; access by public transport and emergency services may be difficult or impossible; and the services and utilities available to residents may fall far short of what is desirable. However, in many respects these channels of land supply are highly successful: they continue to make a much larger contribution to urban development than formal channels, accommodating almost all new low-income and many middle-income households; many of the residential areas have regular layouts; there appear to be relatively few conflicts between actors involved in informal land delivery; and many house owners enjoy considerable defacto tenure security. Nevertheless, governments continue to regard informal processes of urban development as undesirable aberrations and persist in attempts to implement formal tenure, subdivision and development control policies and procedures despite their ineffectiveness. Often the laws and policies on which land administration practices are based are colonial imports. The extent to which indigenous tenure systems were understood, recognized and incorporated varied from colony to colony, but it was generally believed that only a formal system based on a European model could provide a framework for urban development and protect the rights of urban property owners (who at that time were mostly expatriates). Embedded in the model were culturally constructed ideas about the desirable form and appearance of cities and assumptions about appropriate roles for the state in regulating urban growth and development. These land administration systems, which were inherited at independence, are governed by formal rules, set out in legislation and administrative procedures. The legislative provisions and the administrative systems that were established to implement them proved quite unable to cope with the rapid urban growth that occurred after independence, but this did not lead policy makers and many analysts to abandon their view that states had both an obligation and the capacity to intervene comprehensively in land management. As a result, research has often focused on documenting and explaining the failures (and, more rarely, successes) of state intervention, thereby privileging formal state law over other socially embedded rules on which actors draw to regulate transactions in land.

Controlling Bazaar, Fighting Precarity, and Producing the Nation

AbstractThis article focuses on production cycles of traditional embroidery making (yaka) in Turkmenistan. In Turkmenistan, yaka is a key element in the national dress for women's everyday wear and since the process of the embroidery making is often handmade, the distribution of yaka and the networks of producing and dealing this essential apparel offer a rich ethnographic context. The article focuses on the study of resellers and dealers who control the market flow and the precarious labor of those women who produce this highly valued handmade product in villages and households and then resell them at the major bazaar hubs in the central cities. At each stage, there is a quality, price and “tradition” control—whether the product adheres to the constructed but widely shared idea of the “national dress.” These relations are also imbued with logics of the gendered economy of respect for work and mutual help given the precarious circumstances of each individual yaka-maker. Yaka-making is seen by many women as a way out of financial crises, but it becomes a cycle of precarity based on the trends, demands, and forms of the formal dress requirement in the state institutions to which female clients have to adhere to when choosing the product. What influences the market flows in trends, supply, and everyday profit? How do women regulate the market from within despite the growing precarity? Studying these internal power relations will help us reveal how cultural and social control stems from the precisely political and male domination and how the rules of the game in that field are guided by completely different gendered and labor principles on the ground.

Leadership Strategies to Closing the Critical Skills Gap: A Review

Skill is defined as the knowledge, competencies, capabilities, education, and traits required to do a task or job allocated to a certain individual. It is common for a lack of needed information to prevent a firm or organization from achieving its goals. Assigned individuals cannot execute the work, resulting in a skill gap. In this context, identifying talent gaps in various areas is critical. Bridging skills gaps requires effective strategy, but most importantly, it depends on a leader who acquires the proper knowledge and skills to navigate change and lead their team in upskilling and reskilling in ways that suit the organization. The principle objective of this paper is to review the skills gaps in the Canadian automotive industry and successful strategies that automotive business leaders use to fill skills gaps in post-pandemic. The primary focus is reviewing the printed and documented material on skills gaps to find successful strategies. The study findings were derived from a comprehensive review of existing literature. The results indicate that there exists a deficit of skills in both the formal and informal sectors, thereby impeding individuals’ ability to secure employment. Results indicate that Canada, a developed nation with an advanced economy, ought to prioritize improving its human capital through professional development courses and programs. It is recommended that educational institutions conduct further research on the skills gaps to align their training curricula with formal and informal labor market requirements.

MARCHA E CONTRAMARCHA NA GARANTIA DO DIREITO À EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA NO BRASIL

ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the effects of the changes led by the Law of Guidelines and Bases of National Education (LDBEN/1996) during its effectiveness. Initially, we address the relationship between the formal requirement of schooling and the idea of promoting educational equality in the country. Then, with methodological support of Content Analysis, we specifically focus on the devices that modified Title V of LDBEN/1996, related to the levels and modalities of education and teaching, seeking to capture possible repercussions from the perspective of coping or reproducing children’s educational inequalities. In the conclusions, we highlight the LDBEN provisions favorable to the march for the guarantee of the right to basic education, as well as those that represent an evident setback to this claim. Faced with this reality, we defend the discernment about what is effectively inferred from the law, in order to mobilize its progressive contributions in the fight for public education in the current context of the country.

Alles eine Frage der Form? Kommaformen in Handschriften und ihre funktionale Relevanz

There are strict formal requirements for the use of a comma. However, there are none regarding the comma’s actual shape. In printed fonts, it is determined by the font’s specification. In handwritten texts though, the shape of the comma is variable; most