Formaldehyde In Products Research Articles

Determination of formaldehyde in squid by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Great attention has been paid to volatile toxic aldehydes like formaldehyde in aquatic products. In order to investigate content of formaldehyde in squid and squid products, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for determination of formaldehyde. Based on steam distillation and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization, formaldehyde was analysis by HPLC using ODS-C18 column at UV detector (355 nm). Detection limit was 8.92 microg/L in standard solution and 0.18 mg/kg in sample, and recovery was 83.09-103.20%. By this method, the formaldehyde content of squid muscle and viscera, dried squid thread and boiled squid were determined. The results showed that variable formaldehyde levels were observed among four species squid, which was generally far higher in viscera than in muscle of frozen squid. And cooking accelerated the formaldehyde production of squids. The study indicated that the HPLC method, with a better selectivity, precision and accuracy, was available to determine the formaldehyde in squid products with satisfactory results. Formaldehyde level in muscle and products of squid exceeded the formaldehyde limit by the Ministry of Agriculture in China.

Inhalation Exposure to Formaldehyde and Toluene in the Same Occupational and Consumer Setting

Formaldehyde, a natural component of all mammalian cells, is metabolized to carbon dioxide. It is a colorless gas used as a preservative and a reactant in chemical processes in a wide variety of commercial and consumer products. Toluene is an organic solvent also used in a wide variety of commercial and consumer products. There is a growing concern that chemical exposure from consumer products including cosmetics adds to the overall toxic exposure bioburden. This study was designed to quantify the actual amount of formaldehyde and toluene exposure to professional nail technicians and their customers during the application of cosmetic nail products containing either formaldehyde or toluene. Formaldehyde concentrations were measured on workers and consumers using treated silica gel absorption tubes. Formaldehyde concentrations varied between 0.0012 and 0.0038 ppm. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that neither workers nor consumers are at any additional risk from exposure to formaldehyde or toluene in cosmetic nail products beyond daily exposure from commercial products in a work setting and in the home.

Rapid determination of formaldehyde and sulfur dioxide in food products and Chinese herbals

Simple, sensitive and rapid methods for the determination of formaldehyde and sulfur dioxide were developed. The formaldehyde determination is based on the reaction between formaldehyde and acetylacetone solution, producing yellow 3,5-diacetyl-l-1,4-dihydrolutidine. Sulfur dioxide was detected as the deoxidize of sulfurous acid by zinc in acidic medium, which produces sulfureted hydrogen that make lead acetate paper blackening due to lead sulfide formation. The detection limits were 0.8 μg mL −1 and 6.0 μg mL −1 for formaldehyde and sulfur dioxide, respectively. The linear range were 0.8–20.0 μg mL −1 for formaldehyde and 6.0–100.0 μg mL −1 for sulfur dioxide determination. The main advantages of the new analytical procedure are the low background level, high selectivity, and very little sample preparation for on-site analysis of formaldehyde and sulfur dioxide in food or Chinese herbal samples with reference color card for qualitative or semi-quantitative determination. The results from these methods correlated well with those obtained from the standard methods.

Quantitative determination of formaldehyde in cosmetics using a combined solid-phase microextraction–isotope dilution mass spectrometry method

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in conjunction with isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS) was employed for the analysis of formaldehyde in cosmetic products. The formaldehyde is derivatized in situ with pentafluorophenyl hydrazine. The formed hydrazone is adsorbed over a poly(dimethylsiloxane)–divinylbenzene-coated fiber and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The adsorption–time profiles and salting effect were studied. The quantitation was performed by using a stable isotope labeled analogue as an internal standard. The precision, recovery and detection limits were determined with spiked samples. The relative standard deviations from different spiked cosmetic samples were all less than 10% and the recoveries were between 89.00 and 101.23%. The limit of detection was of 0.39 μg/l. Compared with other techniques, the study shown here provides a simple, fast and reliable method for the analysis of formaldehyde in cosmetic products.

Analytical Method for Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde and PET Cyclic Oligomers in Polyethylene Terephthalate Products

Analytical Method for Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde and PET Cyclic Oligomers in Polyethylene Terephthalate Products

Determination of formaldehyde in foods, biological media and technological materials by headspace gas chromatography

A modified headspace gas chromatographic method, based on polycondensation with formaldehyde, has been developed for derivatization with formaldehyde in foods, biological media and other products. The method provides the possibility of obtaining results within three minutes, which is of significant importance for the control of food and cosmetics production and the quality of polymer products based on formaldehyde, as well as for biological monitoring.

Determination of formaldehyde in frozen fish with formaldehyde dehydrogenase using a flow injection system with an incorporated gel-filtration chromatography column

A flow injection analysis (FIA) system for determination of formaldehyde in frozen fish products is described. The system provides a rapid and selective determination of formaldehyde in aqueous fish extracts by the combination of a deproteinization procedure and a stopped-flow enzymatic approach in a FIA system. The FIA system is furnished with a gel-filtration chromatography column for on-line removal of the proteins from the extract before the enzymatic analysis is performed. Compared with the standard methods for determination of formaldehyde in fish products the present method is much faster and less affected by interferences. The limit of detection for the proposed method is 2.5 mg/l of formaldehyde. The sampling frequency is about 10 determinations per hour.

A survey of formaldehyde in shampoos and skin creams on the Danish market.

To evaluate the exposure of the general population to formaldehyde from the use of cosmetic products, as well as to monitor whether cosmetic products comply with national regulations, 285 shampoos, creams, etc., were analysed for formaldehyde. Identification and determination of formaldehyde was performed by the EEC method for the analysis of formaldehyde in cosmetic products. It was shown that 29.5% of the products investigated contained 0.001%-0.147% total formaldehyde. In 10 of the products (3.5%), total formaldehyde content was > 0.05%. 8 of these products contained > 0.05% free formaldehyde. None of these products was labelled 'contains formaldehyde'. 17 of the products investigated were declared to contain specific formaldehyde-releasers. Formaldehyde could not be detected (detection limit 0.001%) in cosmetic products that were declared to contain Bronidox/Bronopol.

Automation of the determination of hydrogen peroxide, dichromate, formaldehyde and bicarbonate in milk by flow injection analysis

Automatic flow injection methods for the determination of hydrogen peroxide, dichromate, formaldehyde and bicarbonate in dairy products are proposed. They are based on reaction with vanadium pentoxide, diphenyl-carbazide, fuchsine-sulphur dioxide and alizarin, respectively. Sample pre-treatment (paper and membrane filtration, dialysis) is widely discussed for on-line incorporation. The usefulness of these methods was tested by applying them to different commercial samples, satisfactory results being obtained in all instances.

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of free formaldehyde in cosmetics

An improved, sensitive method for the determination of formaldehyde in cosmetics and other commercial products is reported. The procedure is based on dilution of the sample with tetrahydrofuran-water (9:1), followed by precolumn derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and direct reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The formaldehyde derivative is stabilized in the reaction medium by addition of phosphate buffer and neutralization and detected in less than 10 min by the standard additions method. The method also appears to be suitable for the direct evaluation of the formaldehyde donors used in cosmetics as preservatives.

7 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Diazolidinyl Urea

Diazolidinyl Urea is a heterocyclic-substituted urea used as a preservative in a variety of cosmetic products at a normal product use concentration of 0.2 to 0.4%, up to a maximum of 1.0%. Diazolidinyl Urea was slightly toxic to rats in acute oral studies but was relatively non-toxic in subchronic studies. At 5%, Diazolidinyl Urea was not an ocular or skin irritant in rabbits. In three studies using a maximization procedure, Diazolidinyl Urea was a mild sensitizer in guinea pigs, but was not a sensitizer in a fourth study in which a nonmaximization procedure was used. Diazolidinyl Urea was nonmutagenic when tested in the Ames test, or in the micronucleus assay. At concentrations up to 0.4%, Diazolidinyl Urea was a mild cumulative skin irritant in humans. In was not a sensitizer in an RIPT study on nonpatient volunteers. Fifty-seven of 2385 patients had allergic reactions to 1.0% Diazolidinyl Urea. It was not a photosensitizer at 0.25%. This report notes that Diazolidinyl Urea is a formaldehyde releaser. It has been previously concluded that the use of formaldehyde in cosmetic products is safe to the great majority of consumers. There is no indication that the use of Diazolidinyl Urea as used in cosmetic products would release formaldehyde at concentrations which would exceed the limits recommended for formaldehyde. The report concludes that Diazolidinyl Urea may be safely used in cosmetic products at the minimum effective concentration, not to exceed 0.5%.

Determination of the formaldehyde content in fishery products.

The influence of external factors, such as storage temperature and time on the content of free formaldehyde (FA) in fishery products is described. On the basis of the examination of several methods for the determination of free and bound FA, the following procedures are recommended: (1) for measuring free FA, the samples are extracted using 6% perchloric acid at room temperature and the FA content of the extracts is measured by the formation of 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine; (2) bound, acid-labile FA is released by steam distillation using 1% sulphuric acid, giving a pH value of about 1. The FA content of the distillates may be determined either by chromotropic acid assay or by the method described for the extracts.

Inhalation exposure to formaldehyde: an overview of its toxicology, epidemiology, monitoring, and control.

Increasing production and use of formaldehyde in consumer products have resulted in widespread recognition of its acute irritant effects at exposure levels below the current occupational health standard [3 parts per million parts of air (ppm)]. Formaldehyde is an allergic (immunologically mediated) skin sensitizer which may also cause or exacerbate respiratory distress in individuals with preexisting or formaldehyde-induced bronchial hyperreactivity. Formaldehyde gas is a very reactive alkylating agent which is mutagenic in several in vitro test systems. At exposure levels less than one order of magnitude greater than those often found in human occupational and nonoccupational environments, it induces squamous cell carcinomas in the nasal cavity of rats. Recent reviews suggest that formaldehyde exposure should be treated as though it poses a carcinogenic risk to humans and should be reduced to the lowest feasible level. This report reviews information on the epidemiologic evaluation of health effects which may result from hazardous levels of exposure to formaldehyde. Methods for monitoring exposure are discussed in detail because of considerable diversity in the methods used by state health departments for recognition, evaluation and control of nonoccupational exposures. Current guidelines for the evaluation and control of exposures to formaldehyde gas are suggested.

Inhalation Exposure to Formaldehyde: An Overview of Its Toxicology, Epidemiology, Monitoring, and Control

Increasing production and use of formaldehyde in consumer products have resulted in widespread recognition of its acute irritant effects at exposure levels below the current occupational health standard [3 parts per million parts of air (ppm)]. Formaldehyde is an allergic (immunologically mediated) skin sensitizer which may also cause or exacerbate respiratory distress in individuals with preexisting or formaldehyde-induced bronchial hyperreactivity. Formaldehyde gas is a very reactive alkylating agent which is mutagenic in several in vitro test systems. At exposure levels less than one order of magnitude greater than those often found in human occupational and nonoccupational environments, it induces squamous cell carcinomas in the nasal cavity of rats. Recent reviews suggest that formaldhyde exposure should be treated as though it poses a carcinogenic risk to humans and should be reduced to the lowest feasible level. This report reviews information on the epidemiologic evaluation of health effects which may result from hazardous levels of exposure to formaldehyde. Methods for monitoring exposure are discussed in detail because of considerable diversity in the methods used by state health departments for recognition, evaluation and control of nonoccupational exposures. Current guidelines for the evaluation and control of exposures to formaldehyde gas are suggested.

6 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Formaldehyde

The report selectively reviews the extensive literature available on the toxicity of Formaldehyde. It is concluded that Formaldehyde in cosmetic products is safe to the great majority of consumers. Because of the skin sensitivity of some individuals to this agent, the formulation and manufacture of a cosmetic product should be such as to ensure use at the minimal effective concentration of Formaldehyde, not to exceed 0.2% measured as free Formaldehyde. It cannot be concluded that Formaldehyde is safe in cosmetic products intended to be aerosolized.

Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Formaldehyde in Fish-Paste Products

In order to investigate the content of formaldehyde in fish-paste products, the determination of trace amounts of formaldehyde was studied. After the sample was steam-distilled to 1 l 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derived from formaldehyde was determined by gas chromatography. The recovery of the overall performance of this method was 80.0% for the fortification to kamaboko. The detection limit was 0.05 ppm of formaldehyde. The present method was successfully applied to the analysis of a trace amount of formaldehyde in commercial fish-paste products. The formaldehyde concentrations in tempura, kamaboko and chikuwa were 1.6-9.4 ppm, 1.6-3.6 ppm and 1.1-3.8 ppm, respectively. The sample having the highest concentration, 9.4 ppm, included a fragmentary cuttlefish.

Estimation of residual free formaldehyde in biological products

Five recognised methods for estimating formaldehyde were compared for suitability for determining residual free formaldehyde levels in veterinary vaccines. For products in which no formaldehyde neutralization procedure had been used, the acetylacetone (Hantzsch) reagent method gave less variable results than the methods using phenylhydrazine, MBTH, tryptophan or chromotropic acid reagents. The Hantzsch reagent method was also the quickest to carry out and did not involve the use of hazardous chemicals. For vaccines in which metabisulphite had been used to neutralize formaldehyde the phenylhydrazine and MBTH reagent methods were both suitable for estimating residual free formaldehyde, the MBTH method being the less variable and less hazardous of the two. None of the methods could be applied directly to oil-emulsion vaccines.

Simplex Optimized Acetylacetone Method for Formaldehyde

Abstract The AOAC colorimetric acetylacetone method for formaldehyde in sugar products is optimized by means of the simplex experimental design process. The resultant method is almost 4 times as sensitive as the original AOAC method. It is about 33% more sensitive than the simplex optimized J-acid procedure and 45% more sensitive than the simplex optimized chromotropic acid method and, thus, represents one of the most sensitive methods now available. The average relative standard deviation is about ±2.7%. The limit of detectability is estimated to be 30 ppb. The didactic exposition of the simplex optimization process reported earlier is applied to the AOAC acetyl-acetone method. Further insights into simplex operations are provided and certain advantages of simplex application are pointed out. It is shown that, by sacrificing the high sensitivity of the optimized method the parameters of the new method result in about a 10-fold increase in analytical speed. Further application of kinetic considerations and the advantages of high quality, productivity, and economy in chemical analytical methods by means of the simplex experimental design process are described.

The degenerate chain braching intermediate in hydrocarbon combustion: Some evidence from studies on the isomeric hexanes

Analyses have been carried out of peroxide and carbonyl intermediates in the combustion of five isomeric hexanes at all pre-flame stages below the minimum ignition point and also at higher temperatures up to 800°C. The results lead to the view that peroxides are more important chain branching intermediates than carbonyl compounds. Up to the cool flame stage organic peroxides play an important part. Amongst carbonyl compounds, acetaldehyde, and presumably higher aldehydes, also contribute to chain branching, but ketones do not. At higher temperatures, particularly close to ignition, organic peroxides and acetaldehyde and higher aldehydes are formed in only small amounts. Here formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide are the principal reactive intermediates; the concentration of formaldehyde in the combustion products is greater than that of hydrogen peroxide, but the latter is considered to be the more important intermediate.

Formaldehyde in certain marine products

A novel formaldehyde-free phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardant with multiple reactive groups, dioxo (3-triethylphosphite-5-chlorine−1−triazine) neopentyl glycol (DTCTNG), has been synthesized and was applied to cotton fabrics. The molecular structure of DTCTNG was characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR. The thermal degradation property of DTCTNG was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which revealed that it has good thermal stability on the high temperature condition. To achieve a covalent bond between DTCTNG and fiber matrix, the finishing conditions of cotton fabrics with different add-on's DTCTNG were investigated by using TGA, vertical flammability test, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and scanning electron microscope test (SEM). The water resistance of the treated cotton fabrics under optimal finishing condition was studied by LOI test. Furthermore, the mechanism of cross-linking reaction between DTCTNG and cotton fiber was discussed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). All the results showed that cotton fabrics treated with DTCTNG has good flame retardancy and steady water resistance.