Formal Variants Research Articles

El armamento de la necrópolis ibérica de La Serreta de Alcoi (Alicante, España)

In this paper we present the weapons recovered in the Iberian necropolis of La Serreta at Alcoi (Alicante, Spain), dated between the fourth century and the first half of the third century before Christ. We study the formal characteristics, classification, typology and variants, deposition in the burial area, frequency of appearance of the different categories and their associations. Through the analysis of weapon associations we try to discover if these assemblages are functionally operative or in the other hand, the depositions are fortuitous.

Novel Matrix Descriptor for Secondary Structure Segments in Proteins: Demonstration of Predictability from Circular Dichroism Spectra

An extension to standard protein secondary structure predictions using optical spectra that encompasses the number and average lengths of segments of uniform secondary structure in the sequence is demonstrated. The connectivity and numbers of segments can be described by a matrix descriptor [sij] (i, jrepresenting segment types such as helix and β-sheet strands). Independent knowledge of the fractional concentration of each secondary structure type and of the total number of residues in the protein then with [sij] yields the average segment length of each type. The physical background for prediction of this extended structural descriptor from spectral data is summarized, rules for its generation from reference X-ray structures are defined, and formal variants of its form are discussed. Using a novel neural network approach to analyze a training set of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra for 23 proteins, matrix descriptors encompassing helix, sheet, and other forms are predicted. The results show that the matrix descriptor can be predicted to an accuracy comparable to that of conventionally predicted average fractional secondary structures. In this respect the ECD predictions of [sij] were significantly more accurate than the VCD ones, which may result from the longer range length dependence of the ECD bandshape and intensity. Summary results for a parallel analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectra indicate somewhat lower reliability than those for VCD.

Word order variation in French interrogative structures

Abstract Inter-individual variation in the use of direct interrogative structures (N = 450) is explored in a corpus of spoken native and non-native French. A quantitative analysis of the data reveals that while non-native speakers seem to avoid non-standard structures, they do not use more formal variants systematically. Comparison with data from other native and non-native corpora reveals important differences in the frequency of particular interrogative structures. The choice of interrogative structure seems to be influenced by a number of situational, pragmatic and socio-stylistic variables.

Les perífrasis modals de necessitat-obligació i probabilitat en català. Seguiment diacrònic. Segles XIII al XX

The analysis presents a serie of systematized information which helps to retrace the application frequency that modal periphrasis deure + infinitive, haver + infinitive and tenir + de + infinitive have reached from 13th to 20th centuries, their formal variants and functional changes. It has also analysed another periphrastic structures that eventually they join Catalan modal periphrastic system, and it has been examined some specific aspects of the analysis: the notion of verbal periphrasis, the variations that involve modal variables and the others that belong to deure + infinitive syncretic form, the monitoring in cult and late Latin of periphrastic forms with the habeo and debeo verb, in addition to the use of modal indicators, the repetition of periphrastic forms in the syntagmatic sequence, nexus variables, syncretic structures and some analogical process.

Remarks on Dionysios Thrax’s concept of ‘Diáthesis’

Summary The purpose of this paper is to present a new interpretation of Dionysios Thrax’s original definition of diáthesis. Diáthesis was regarded as one of seven morphological categories of the (finite) verb of which there were two and only two formal variants, i.e., enérgeia “performance” and páthos “experience” (generally referred to as the active and middle sets of personal endings respectively). Diáthesis was manifested in the personal ending of the verb, whose function was to represent various properties of the ‘subject’, i.e., its person and number as well as its diáthesis “disposition” – or general thematic relation – to the verb. The morpheme for the diáthesis enérgeia “performance” exhibited the active set of personal endings as its ‘form’ and expressed the person and number of the subject as well as the fact that it ‘performed’ the predication as its ‘schematic’ meaning; the morpheme for the diáthesis páthos “experience” exhibited the middle set of personal endings as its ‘form’ and expressed the person and number of the subject as well as the fact that it ‘experienced’ the predication as its ‘schematic’ meaning. Moreover, just as the other Greek (and Roman) grammarians, so too was Dionysios Thrax well aware of instances in which there was a discrepancy between ‘form’ and ‘meaning’. Accordingly, he incorporated such ‘anomalies’ into his definition by mentioning four concrete examples and labeling them with his technical term mesótēs “middle”: the first two examples were active forms which exhibited the meaning of páthos, whereas the second two examples were middle forms which exhibited the meaning of enérgeia.

Sur l'Inversion et l'Iteration Continue des Séries Formelles

This paper deals with the composition of normalised formal power series, in one variable, over an arbitrary field K of characteristic zero. A suitable group structure B ⊙ on the set B of polynomial sequences of binomial type is introduced. This group is used first to obtain many formal variants of the classical Lagrange inversion formula (without using any complex integration). Secondly, via one-parameter subgroups of B ⊙ , iteration (i.e., successive composition) of normalised formal power series is studied in detail for arbitrary orders s ∈ K (“continuous” iteration). The case s = −1 coincides with power series inversion. Many new formulas are derived in the course of the text. The end of the work contains suggestions for future research.

A Test Case for Formal Variants in Proverbs

A Test Case for Formal Variants in Proverbs

THE INTERACTION OF DIALECT AND STYLE IN URBAN AMERICAN ENGLISH1

The largely unexplained relationship between stylistic variation and dialect differentiation in urban American English is discussed in terms of five current assumptions made by socio‐linguists in recent years. Implications of such assumptions are drawn for language use and language development in inner city schools. Three general guidelines emerge: (i) it is desirable for teachers to encourage the natural development of more formal dialect variants for all of their students with full acceptance of the validity of the less formal dialects that all children use; (ii) teachers should be trained to understand and to accept the informal styles used by all of the students they encounter; and (iii) urban Americans should be encouraged to recognize the emergence of dialect differences in inter‐ethnic communication for what they, in fact, are: an indication of developing friendship and informality.

4 Cultural Features

It should be pointed out that, in general, cultural features are types of facilities representing a major investment of a social unit and as such are extremely important indicators of the nature of the activities conducted at a given location. For this reason we planned our recovery program so as to obtain as much information about cultural features as possible. The following analysis has been conducted with the aim of maximizing information on functional and temporal differences between the formal variants of the recovered sample.One of the most significant aspects of the 1963 field season in the Carlyle Reservoir was the discovery of a housetype previously unknown in the Middlewest. There were four such structures located in the southernmost end of the West Field of Hatchery site. They were “keyhole” in shape, and consisted of a round, semi-subterranean floor and an extension, subrectangular in shape, which angled off toward the east-southeast.A detailed description of the structures follows. The description will in turn be followed by a comparison between and an interpretation of the four structures. The order of description does not proceed on the basis of feature numbers or inferred chronology of occupancy. The descriptions follow the order of completeness of information, beginning with the structure about which the most data was obtained and ending with the least well known.