Formal Schooling Research Articles

Optimizing Formal and Non-Formal Education in Butuh Village, Kalikajar, Wonosobo: A Case Study on Balancing Religious Education and Formal Schools

This research explores the balance between formal and informal education in Butuh Village, Kalikajar, Wonosobo, focusing on children's interest in religious education compared to formal education. Using a qualitative approach with participatory observation and Focus Group Discussions (FGD), this study involved village government, community organizations, educators, community leaders, and Community Learning Centers (PKBM) as informants. The findings indicate a high interest among children in religious education, strong parental and community roles, and challenges in developing formal education, such as limited facilities. Based on the FGD results, programs are proposed for integrating religious values into the formal curriculum, enhancing the role of parents and the community, developing educational infrastructure, and empowering teachers. This research underscores the importance of involving all educational stakeholders in creating sustainable solutions to improve education quality and comprehensively optimize children's potential. Keywords. Formal Education, Informal Education, Religious Education

Acculturation in a poly-social-media context: tertiary-level Chinese-as-an-additional-language (CAL) international students’ perspectives and practices in mainland China

ABSTRACT In the ever-evolving landscape of globalisation and technological convergence, social media emerges as a polymedia environment rich in communication opportunities. Against the backdrop of China as an increasingly prominent global player, the above phenomenon is particularly evident among China’s vast and varied international student population. Employing a qualitative approach underpinned by interpretivism, we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 20 tertiary-level Chinese-as-an-additional-language (CAL) international students in emerging adulthood (18-to-29-year-old) to explore their perceptions and practices of acculturation in mainland China. Informed by thematic analysis, we categorised how participants positioned themselves into four groups: experience-oriented students, achievement-tasked students, integration-motivated students, and self-identified ambassador students. Our findings indicate that participants perceive and use home- and Chinese social media within relational nexuses, strategically navigating this integrated mediated environment to facilitate acculturation beyond mere technical considerations. Moreover, our study deepens the debate on acculturation by challenging negative inclinations common to leisure-related products and informal practices in individuals’ acculturation journeys, and this conceptual expansion holds pedagogical promise for strengthening the connection between formal schooling and personalised, adaptive learning in the digital wilds. We conclude by highlighting the role of training and support systems provided by international students’ home countries and host societies in facilitating acculturation.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Terarium Sebagai Produk kewirausahaan Bagi Siswa SMA Negeri 1 Sindang Danau Kabupaten Oku Selatan

Formal school education institutions, one of which is Senior High School (SMA/SMK/MA) both public and private, which is in the process of achieving success in the teaching and learning process, are currently starting to implement entrepreneurship programs for students, especially since the Covid pandemic -19 hit. South Ogan Komering Ulu Regency (OKUS) is one of the districts in the province of South Sumatra, administratively located on the Sumatran highway so that the development of this district continues to progress. Various educational institutions both private and public, including SMAN 1 Sindang Danau. This PkM program aims to provide information for students and teachers in making terrariums as entrepreneurship learning based on science lessons. The activity was carried out on October 20 2022 at SMAN 1 Sindang Danau, OKU Selatan Regency. The implementation method is done by direct simulation. The results achieved by students of SMAN 1 Sindang Danau can apply terrarium making techniques as an application of science learning.

Increasing prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption in the Northeastern region of India: An analysis of two rounds of Global Adult Tobacco Survey I and II (2009–10 and 2016–17)

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Tobacco claims over 8 million lives, with over 80% of the 1.3 billion users residing in low- and middle-income nations. India ranks highest in the proportion of users globally, notably in the Northeastern states. This paper aims to analyze the overall trends of smoking and smokeless tobacco (SLT) in the Northeast Region (NER) of India between the two rounds of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) while analyzing the factors influencing tobacco used in the context of the region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive analysis, estimation, and comparison of the prevalence of smoking and SLT were conducted for both rounds of GATS. The Chi-square test was employed to examine the association between variables such as gender, age, residence, education level, occupation, marital status, and caste while adjusting for GATS weight. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking tobacco in GATS-II in NER is 19.3%, a decrease of 12% from GATS-I. While the use of manufactured cigarettes decreased by 33.7%, the use of bidi smoking and rolled tobacco in paper/leaf increased by 15.9% and 9.2%, respectively. The prevalence of SLT in GATS-II was 40.5%, a significant increase of 17% from GATS-I. While both genders exhibited increased tobacco usage, females experienced a particularly significant rise (18%) between the two survey rounds. No formal schooling, gender, rural residence, older age group, and occupation were significant factors in influencing the increased use of SLT. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of SLT consumption in the NER is on the rise, even as overall trends indicate a decrease in smoking tobacco. To effectively address this issue, tobacco should be integrated as a crosscutting concern across all levels of health programs. Multisectoral collaborations involving communities and schools can achieve regulatory and meaningful reductions in tobacco use.

An examination of educators’ approaches and strategies when facilitating field study science observations

The untapped potential of field study science is not being fully recognized or explored within the United States despite the recorded benefits of outdoor learning within K-12 settings. This research study contributes to the broader understanding of the affordances of field study science as an essential component of science education by investigating the approaches teachers adopt when facilitating scientific observations in an outdoor setting as well as specific strategies that support implementation. Engaging in qualitative content analysis allowed us to consider the descriptive concepts represented within K-12 teachers’ narratives as we determined patterns within the transcript documents. Seven themes were developed from the analysis of participants’ interviews, highlighting teachers’ approaches and specific strategies for supporting students as they participated in field study science observations. Understanding these effective practices can shed light on both the theoretical and practical ways that teachers can implement outdoor science observations within a formal school setting.

History of Islam in Australia: Muslim Migration and the Evolution of Islamic Education

This study describes the history of Islam in Australia, highlighting the influx of Muslims and depicting the development of Islam in the country. This research employs the historical method, comprising four stages: heuristics for source collection, source verification or criticism, interpretation or analysis, and historiography for historical writing. The results of this study demonstrate that Islam began to spread to Australia in the early 17th century, primarily due to the regular presence of Makassar fishermen and traders searching for tripang. The next wave of Muslims who came and settled in Australia were Afghan Muslims, Malay Muslims, Indians, Albanians, Lebanese, Indonesians, and so on. The presence of Islam encourages Islamic education in the country, starting with non-formal Islamic education centered in mosques, homes, or offices of Islamic organizations. Various Muslim communities conduct studies and seminars on weekends, commonly known as 'Saturday or Sunday School.' The 1970s saw the establishment of formal Islamic schools in response to the growing Muslim population. The development of Islamic education in Australia gained momentum in the mid-1990s. Privately run Islamic schools adopt the entire local education system, with an additional six hours per week for religious content. As Islamic schools have developed, they have expanded to various states in Australia. The attitude of tolerance and openness that Islamic schools in Australia cultivate supports this

Distance Learning through the Grand Egyptian Museum: Leveraging Modern Technology to Teach about Ancient Egypt among Schools and National Museums

By considering the increasing emphasis on lifelong learning and the ongoing significant debates over the value and utility of digital technologies in accelerating long-established learning tasks, the paper suggests new approaches for the national museums of Egypt to incorporate distance learning and museum-based online programs as a means to improve their traditional educational programs. This would significantly help school students better understand the ancient history of Egypt, “Pharaonic Egypt”, which is an essential part of their formal school curriculum. Moreover, it provides much-needed support to museums with limited or insufficient educational programs to promote more meaningful learning experiences. The proposed approach can be effectively implemented through the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM), the world’s largest archaeological museum complex dedicated to the culture of ancient Egyptian Pharaonic Culture. The study discusses the GEM’s educational and digital infrastructure capabilities in creating a robust online learning platform that provides access to rich educational content and digital resources across Egypt’s various geographic regions, enhancing museum education concerning pharaonic Egypt in line with the state’s cultural policy to strengthen national identity among future generations. By analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data, the study investigates the potential benefits of integrating online digital technologies into the pedagogical and educational practices of Egypt’s national museums. It concludes by providing practical recommendations for future research and actions encouraging online learning among Egyptian museums, aligned with recent national efforts toward Egypt’s digital transformation.

Peran Guru Sosiologi Dalam Menanamkan Sikap Toleransi Paham Keagamaan Di Lingkungan Pesantren

This research is based on researcher's concern that Islamic boarding school graduates, especially those with a Salaf background, have an exclusive mindset when they return to society they are less able to implement their mission as religious agents in the social environment due to being surprised by the diversity of society and sects in Islam. This is because the graduates of Islamic boarding school believe that anything that is not the same as what they understood is a mistake. Therefore, formal school teachers have a role and duty as a lens to provide insight for students in the current era where Islamic boarding schools have intensively built formal institutions in their environment. To explore this problem, the researcher formulated the research focus as follows: 1.) What is the role of the Sociology teacher in instilling an attitude of religious tolerance in the Islamic boarding school environment for X grade students at SMAI Sunan Gunung Jati Tulungagung? 2.) What are the Sociology teachers' efforts to instill an attitude of religious tolerance in X grade students at SMAI Sunan Gunung Jati Tulungagung? 3.) What is the impact of the role of sociology teachers in instilling tolerance of religious understanding in the pesantren environment on class X students at SMAI Sunan Gunung Jati Tulungagung., to determine the efforts of Sociology teachers in instilling an attitude of religious tolerance in the Islamic Boarding School environment in X grade students at SMAI Sunan Gunung Jati Tulungagung, to know the impact of the role of sociology teachers in instilling religious tolerance in X grade students at SMAI Sunan Gunung Jati Tulungagung. This research used descriptive qualitative research by using a case study approach. The methods used in this research were participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis techniques used were data reduction, data presentation and inference. In checking data validity, the researcher used extended participation, persistence or regularity of observation and triangulation. The result of the study showed that 1.) The role of sociology teachers in educating students about religious tolerance is to teach, guide, train, assess, evaluate and provide direction to students by providing feedback to exchange ideas and insights in the discussion process, then give understanding in sociology materials and train students to respect differences 2.) Teachers’ effort in instilling an attitude of religious tolerance in students by strengthening character education. Then, by using learning media such as showing or displaying videos related to actions of religious tolerance, providing hot issues that exist in community life about lack of tolerance in religion. Besides, students are given concrete examples of teachers' attitudes 3.) Impact of the role of sociology teachers in educating an attitude of religious tolerance is that the students have a better insight of the importance of tolerance. In its implementation, there are changes in students' attitudes towards knowledge and understanding so that students' character is formed.

GENEALOGI INTELEKTUAL SYEKH MUHAJIRIN AMSAR ADDARY DALAM PENGEMBANGAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI BEKASI

This research discusses the Intellectual Genealogy owned by Sheikh Muhajirin Amsar Addary in the Development of Islamic Education in Bekasi. The method applied in this research is the qualitative historical method.. Sheikh Muhajirin Amsar Addary is a scholar who focuses on education and knowledge. The intellectual genealogy he got while studying came from various types and models of scholars, especially during his time in Mecca and Medina. Sheikh Muhajirin played an active role and made a significant contribution to the development of education in the Bekasi area. This makes him a productive scholar with evidence of as many as 35 books written by him using Arabic. In addition, he also established boarding schools and formal schools from high school to college level to further legitimize his knowledge. The implications given by Sheikh Muhajirin Amsar Addary were so great to the Bekasi community and of course to his students who came to study with him. This is evident from some of Sheikh Muhajirin's students who own boarding schools and continue their knowledge in preaching to the wider community in Indonesia, especially in Bekasi and its surroundings. Sheikh Muhajirin's thoughts on the Prophet's birthday and Rukyatul Hilal are also present in the implications given by Sheikh Muhajirin Amsar Addary.

Context of Saudi Arabia: Does Education Influence Effective Communication amongst Individuals?

Education is critical for learning how to communicate with others. Through formal schooling, people learn the language (how to read and write) and interact with others in the same setting. One of the study's assumptions is that well-educated people communicate well, leading to better jobs and higher income. Another assumption is that communication skills improve with age due to the practicality of employing what has been taught on a daily basis, especially among professionals. An experienced medical doctor, journalist, or educator has enhanced communication skills compared to entrants within the same profession. Also, people with any formal career in the sector have better communication skills than illiterate individuals or those with elementary-level education. In Addition, the chance to apply one's skills can make a difference in people's communication skills in varying careers. For these reasons, respondents' level of education was analyzed with monthly income and work sector. The chi-square test was applied, and it was found that there is a significant relationship between the level of education and monthly income and age group but now work sector. One possible reason for the latter finding is that respondents' careers and professions were not specified. Despite these findings, there are variables to consider among individuals when assessing their education and communication skills such as their experience and whether they are self-taught.

The Roles of Student-Teacher Relationship Quality and Classroom Self-Regulatory Supports for Children’s Self-Regulatory Skills in Kindergarten and First Grade

ABSTRACT Research Findings: The current study aimed to explore the independent and interactive roles of individual student-teacher relationship quality and classroom-level self-regulatory supports in kindergarten for children’s self-regulatory skills in kindergarten and first grade. We did so using multiple measures of children’s self-regulation, drawn from multiple sources, and a relatively new measure of classroom-level supports for self-regulation. Our sample included 726 low-income kindergartners in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Controlling for children’s fall of kindergarten self-regulatory skills, student-teacher relationship quality in kindergarten was associated with children’s self-regulation at the spring of kindergarten and again at the fall of first grade, but classroom-level self-regulatory supports in kindergarten were never significantly associated with children’s self-regulation. Overall, associations between student-teacher relationships and children’s self-regulation were stronger and more consistently significant for student-teacher conflict than closeness, and for teacher-reported than directly assessed or assessor-rated self-regulation. They did not, however, vary by classroom self-regulatory supports. Practices and Policy: Results affirm the primacy of student-teacher relationships for children’s self-regulatory development across the transition into formal schooling, regardless of the quality of classroom-level supports for self-regulation. Teacher training and professional development programs should equip teachers with strategies and resources that support their ability to develop warm, responsive relationships with individual students.

A phenomenological inquiry into farmers’ experiences growing cotton in Punjab, Pakistan

Sustainability in cotton production is inevitable because producing more cotton means more employment, economic acceleration, and industrial expansion. India, China, the United States, Brazil, and Pakistan contribute 74% of worldwide cotton production. Pakistan is contributing only 5%, despite the high potential of cotton. The average yield of cotton in Pakistan is stagnant at 570.99 kg hm−2, whereas it entails the highest cost of production among all other crops. The yield obtained in Pakistan is less than the potential, profitability is drastically lessening, and farmers are abandoning cotton for alternative kharif crops. Some traditional quantitative studies have unveiled different factors that affect cotton production. However, an in-depth qualitative study has never been conducted in Pakistan to explore the root causes of growing cotton crop failure. Following Moustakas’s traditional phenomenological guidelines, this phenomenological study was conducted in the district of Rahim Yar Khan in the core cotton zone of Punjab province. A total of 10 interviews were conducted with purposively selected cotton growers based on a criterion: (i) having more than 10 years of cotton growing experience, (ii) being a cotton grower, and (iii) having at least 10 years of formal schooling. Interviews were conducted face to face on an interview guide. One interview lasted 45–50 min, and responses were recorded and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. A total of 6 themes emerged from the collected data, including (i) climate change, (ii) varietal problems, (iii) pesticide usage, (iv) sense of institutional services, (v) attitude of farmers and (vi) soil health and environment. These six merging themes contributed to cotton crop failure and yield decline. The deep exploration further summarized that researchers, extensionists, and farmers need to seriously consider variety, sowing time, and the environment to revive cotton crops. The detailed recommendations and policy guidelines are presented in this paper, highlighting the cotton sector’s research, development and investment areas.

Tantangan Manejemen Pelatihan dalam Mengatasi Perbedaan Usia dan Ketersediaan Waktu di Kursus Pelatihan Komputer Alberto

Research conducted at LKP ALBERTO found problems or challenges that included time and differences between the students, considering that the students had their own responsibilities. Starting from minors who are still attending formal school, or adults who are already working. Plus, the age difference creates different ways of thinking and understanding. The purpose of this research is to find out the challenges and how Alberto's LKP overcomes challenges so that we can propose suggestions or solutions for the LKP. The method used in this research is an interview method where we get direct views from the LKP on student instructors. The interview results show that effective time management is very important to achieve learning goals, but age differences can also influence the way participants understand and react to lesson material. These findings provide insight into how appropriate time management can increase the effectiveness of learning in LKP by taking into account the needs and characteristics of participants from various age ranges.

Utilization Potentials of Endangered Savannah Tree Species in North-West Nigeria

This study evaluated the utilization potentials of some endangered savannah tree species in north-west Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was employed. Three Local Government areas were selected, from which 36 villages were selected. A structured questionnaire was administered to 360 respondents and ten respondents were randomly selected in each village. Data obtained were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the collected data. Most (38%) were in the 30- to 39-year-old age range. The majority sex was 100% male, 75% were married and had a family size of at least one to ten people per home. 69% of the respondents have completed formal schooling. (65%) were primarily farmers and (49%) had inherited land. Sixty-five percent of the farms were smaller than one hectare. (40%) had been farmers for an average of 21–31 years. Most farmers (100%) utilized trees as boundary demarcation, 98% as shade and 93% as medicine and wind control. However, 99% utilized trees for medicine. The predominant tree families include Fabaceae, Combretaceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Caeselpiniaceae. The most familiar tree species were Azadirachta indica, Adansonia digitata, Parkia biglobosa, Lawsonia inermis, Mangifera indica, Vitellaria paradoxa, Tamarindus indica, Jatropha carcus, Diospyros mespiliformis and Acacia nilotica used to treat and cure various ailments and diseases for optimum benefits.

Embedding indigeneity in formal schooling: a case of tharu teachers’ indigenous pedagogy in Nepal

ABSTRACT This paper explored the pedagogical approaches adopted by the Tharu indigenous teachers to pass on their community-based knowledge through the schooling system. The interpretive paradigm was used during the research process. Jitpur-Simara sub-metropolitan city, located in the central part of Nepal, was chosen as a research site where a significant number of the Tharus have been living for generations. The data were gathered from six Tharu teachers teaching in three public schools purposively selected for the study. In-depth interviews and document analysis were employed to gather qualitative information and the information then underwent transcribing, editing, coding, and thematizing to align with the research objectives. The findings unveiled a range of indigenous approaches such as storytelling, role-play, demonstration, question-answer sessions, discussions, and deductive methods employed by the Tharu teachers to convey their aboriginal knowledge, skills, and values to new generations. They developed knowledge of these strategies from their family and community and integrated them into dominant educating processes in the schools. These approaches to teaching were used by considering the context, nature of content and individual background. Such integration of indigenous approaches in the formal education system has been reported to have proven benefits in mitigating educational disparities among underprivileged and marginalized children, including Tharus.

Hunter-Gatherer Children at School: A View From the Global South

Universal formal education is a major global development goal. Yet hunter-gatherer communities have extremely low participation rates in formal schooling, even in comparison with other marginalized groups. Here, we review the existing literature to identify common challenges faced by hunter-gatherer children in formal education systems in the Global South. We find that hunter-gatherer children are often granted extensive personal autonomy, which is at odds with the hierarchical culture of school. Hunter-gatherer children face economic, infrastructural, social, cultural, and structural barriers that negatively affect their school participation. While schools have been identified as a risk to the transmission of hunter-gatherer values, languages, and traditional knowledge, they are also viewed by hunter-gatherer communities as a source of economic and cultural empowerment. These observations highlight the need for hunter-gatherer communities to decide for themselves the purpose school serves, and whether children should be compelled to attend.

Language Maintenance As Identity Construction In Jalawastu Traditional Community of Brebes Central Java

Studies on indigenous communities have been conducted with various results on cultural elements as their research focus. Language, as one of those elements, is an essential factor in the survival of the traditions and beliefs. This article discusses how the Jalawastu community maintains their indigenous language of Brebes Sundanese dialect in Javanese-speaking culture in Central Java. The novelty of this study was to discover how the traditional community perceived their language, why they needed to maintain it, and what obstacles they had in the process. This ethnographic research was conducted in Jalawastu Cultural Village in Desa Ciseureuh, Kecamatan Ketanggungan, Kabupaten Brebes between October 2022 and May 2023. Data was collected using in-depth interviews and observation. Those who participated in this study were kuncen, (cultural council chief), pemangku adat (traditional ruler), kepala dusun (the village chief), and Jalawastu community member. The study revealed that the community attempted to maintain their dialect because they viewed the importance of their language in their daily verbal interaction, both in social activities and rituals, and the need to hold their social identity as Jalawastu village members. The attempt to preserve the use of the language was based on the social belief, that is, to respect their ancestors in order to avoid misfortunes. These efforts were once hindered when the provincial government imposed the language policy to teach only Javanese in elementary schools instead of Sundanese. With Brebes Bupati's regional decrees, they could eventually teach back the language in formal elementary schools.

Efektivitas Prestasi Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam Dalam Penerapan Strategi Pembelajaran Berbasis Paikem Guna Mewujudkan Merdeka Belajar

This study aims to determine the development of education in Indonesia has experienced significant progress, especially in the field of Islamic education. The government has taken steps to develop the sector, including regulations and the National Curriculum to set national education standards in Indonesia. The National Curriculum focuses on developing skills and character that can create young people based on the PAIKEM (Active, Innovative, Creative, Effective, and Fun) approach. This research focuses on SD Negeri Dukuh 02 Mojolaban, a formal school located in Geblug, Mojolaban District, Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java Province. The methodology of this study included qualitative research, which aimed to collect data on the quality and performance of Islamic education in schools. This method includes the collection of documentation data and physical data, as well as the collection of qualitative data through interviews with school officials, academics, and teachers. Observational data collection includes observation of the school environment, student participation, student activities, learning process, and what factors need to be considered when collecting data. The implementation of the PAIKEM strategy at SD Negeri Dukuh 02 Mojolaban aims to achieve student achievement. The PAIKEM strategy focuses on creating a conducive learning environment that encourages students to excel in learning.

Do we need mother tongue language maintenance in Aceh? Voices from the school setting

There is a possibility that the Acehnese language and other locally used languages in Aceh Province could become threatened if the locals do not make efforts to maintain them. This study aims to explore teachers’ perspectives on maintaining the Acehnese mother tongue in schools. Employing a mixed-methods research design, data was collected through surveys and semi-structured interviews. The survey was distributed via Google Forms to 217 schoolteachers selected through voluntary sampling in Aceh, while interviews were conducted with seven teachers who willingly participated in the study. The results indicate that most teachers agree on maintaining the use of local languages in schools. However, language maintenance may face challenges e.g., globalization, family role, and youth attitude. Hence, teachers recommend that schools should actively promote the use of local languages by designating a special day for celebrating their use and incorporating the languages into local content lessons. This study intends to provide insightful recommendations for policy development regarding the maintenance of local languages in the school setting, particularly in Aceh. It also suggests educational implications, such as integrating these languages into formal schooling and developing educational resources to enhance their use in schools. Furthermore, future research could focus on documenting and preserving local languages, as well as implementing language immersion programs aimed at preserving local languages in Aceh.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Pembelajaran Tajwid Menggunakan Metode Agile Berbasis Android

Background: The lack of time for lessons on Tajweed in official or formal schools is due to the fact that the subject matter of the study of Tajweed is quite a lot of material and will not be enough to be completed with only Islamic-Religious Education subjects. For example, the initial introduction to the science of tajwid, the place where letters are issued (makhroj), the nature of the letters, the law of nun sukun/tanwin, and many other materials. Methods: In this study, researchers used the SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) system development method. The type of SDLC used is the Agile Method. Research Results: In this study using black box testing, which shows that the application of recitation learning media is able to make students interested in learning tajwid. Conclusion: Based on the results of the implementation and the results of the tests that have been carried out, the authors conclude that the system or application of this recitation learning can run as expected. Keywords: Tajweed, Al-Qur'an, Applications, Learning, Android.