Formal Model Research Articles

Employment Relationship, Emergency Situations, Formal Models of ‘Emergency’ Labour Law - Outline of Main Issues

The study presented in the paper is concerned with a formal (theoretical and legal) model of regulations dedicated to the normalisation of employment relationships in emergency situations (states). By an ‘emergency situation’ the authoress means ‘overall exceptional circumstances caused by special, rare events, unforeseen in an accepted time perspective, in which someone or something was (is) at a certain time’. Until the outbreak of Covid-19, the subject matter of legal regulation of employment relationships in connection with the occurrence of emergency situations has not been given much thought (in our legal circle). This is also relevant to emergencies other than epidemics (warfare, natural disasters, force majeure, etc.). Insofar as research has been conducted to date, it rather focused on substantive and legal aspects of the regulations implemented in connection with the occurrence of such events, while any broader reflection on their formal and legal model has not been conducted. For this reason, in this paper, the authoress has firstly advanced a thesis that a distinction needs to be made between substantive and formal and legal models for the regulation of employment relationships in emergency situations, and secondly an attempt has been made to answer the question of which formal models can be distinguished in this context, what criteria should be used in this endeavour and how, on this basis, the distinguished models should be assessed. The authoress puts forward a thesis that formal models of ‘emergency’ labour law are closely linked to the concern to uphold the elementary democratic standards which should be respected by the law regardless of whether it relates to ‘ordinary’ or extraordinary situations. The research is primarily based on an analytical and linguistic, analytical and logical, dogmatic and legal, and descriptive method. It is conducted mainly on the example of the regulations of the Polish law and the decision of the Polish legislator taken in connection with the Covid-19 outbreak in relation to the method for the regulation of employment relationships during the period covered by it. However, the context of international (convention) regulations is also referred to. The authoress proposes to distinguish three basic formal models for the regulation of employment relationships in emergency situations: the permanent model, the mixed model and the ad hoc model. She concludes that, taking into account both the need for a relative flexibility in legal regulation and the need to maintain the elementary standards of a democratic state of law (primarily a guarantee that the applied legal solutions can be subjected to social discussion and dialogue between social partners), the mixed model should be considered as the most optimal. Keywords: Formal model of ‘emergency’ law; Emergency state; Emergency situation; ‘Emergency’ labour law; Employer’s risk

Theoretical study of differential cross sections for the ionization of helium by fast proton impact

Abstract We present the angular distribution of the ejected electron for single ionization of He by fast proton impact. A four-body formalism of the three-Coulomb wave is applied to calculate the triple differential cross sections at several impact energies in the scattering, perpendicular and azimuthal planes. Moreover, the three-body formalism of three-Coulomb, two-Coulomb and first Born approximation models has also been used to study the many-body effect on electron emission and the validity of the models. In the three-Coulomb wave model, the final state wave function incorporates distortion due to the three-body mutual Coulombic interaction. In this formalism, we use an uncorrelated and correlated Born initial state, which consists of a plane wave for the incoming projectile times a two-electron bound state wavefunction of the helium atom representing the 1s2(1S) state. But, in the case of the three-body formalism, the initial state wavefunction consists of a long-range Coulomb distortion for the incoming projectile and one active electron of the He atom described by the Roothaan–Hartree–Fock wavefunction. The structure with a single or two peaks with unequal intensity is observed in the angular distributions of the triple differential cross sections for the different kinematic conditions. In addition, the influence of static electron correlations is investigated using different bound state wavefunctions for the ground state of the He target. In the four-body formalism, the present computations are very fast by reducing a nine-dimensional integral to a two-dimensional real integral. Despite the simplicity and speed of the proposed quadrature, the comparison shows that the obtained results are in reasonable agreement with the experiment and are compatible with those of other theories.

Implementasi Kurikulum Pesantren pada Sekolah Formal (Studi Kasus: SMP Muhammadiyah Plus Klaten Utara)

The purpose of this study is to examine how the implementation of the pesantren curriculum is integrated into formal educational institutions, especially in the Muhammadiyah Plus North Klaten Junior High School in designing the curriculum as a form of process of fostering, educating and encouraging students to underlie every behavior with good moral values or character. Formal School Education Curriculum to the Islamic Boarding School Curriculum In strengthening character education, data collection is carried out through observation, interviews and documentation. After data processing, the findings are presented in a descriptive form, and conclusions are formed from the data using source triangulation and methods. The results of the study show that there is an implementation of a formal education curriculum development model by collaborating with the values of the pesantren education curriculum which can be a solution in strengthening the morals of students. Thus, the curriculum becomes a tool in education that contains systematic and dynamic planning to achieve educational goals that have an impact on the social environment and society and are able to answer the challenges of the times.

A curse on leisure? Resource rents and labor supply

An extensive literature establishes the resource curse, the paradoxical tendency of societies with more natural resources to have worse economic outcomes. Our formal model extends the resource curse literature in several ways. First, there may exist a general tendency for resources to crowd out private production while still increasing consumption and welfare. We establish this relation without assuming increasing returns to scale in the productive private sector, as is common in the literature. We also propose a novel resource curse to leisure time. Just as resources ‘should’ increase income—their failure to do so establishing the traditional curse—they should also allow more leisure. Recent cross-country data suggest the opposite is true. We offer initial steps toward explaining the discrepancy: resources can turn from blessing to curse on both leisure and income under flawed institutions, particularly when policymakers favor employment over leisure. Direct (re)distribution of resource wealth rather than expanded government employment presents a policy solution.

Study of relativistic hot accretion flow around Kerr-like wormhole

We investigate the structure of relativistic, low-angular momentum, inviscid advective accretion flow in a stationary axisymmetric Kerr-like wormhole (WH) spacetime, characterized by the spin parameter (a k), the dimensionless parameter (β), and the source mass (M WH). In doing so, we self-consistently solve the set of governing equations describing the relativistic accretion flow around a Kerr-like WH in the steady state, and for the first time, we obtain all possible classes of global accretion solutions for transonic as well as subsonic flows. We study the properties of dynamical and thermodynamical flow variables and examine how the nature of the accretion solutions alters due to the change of the model parameters, namely energy (ℰ), angular momentum (λ), a k, and β. Further, we separate the parameter space in λ-ℰ plane according to the nature of the flow solutions, and study the modification of the parameter space by varying a k and β. Moreover, we retrace the parameter space in a k-β plane that allows accretion solutions containing multiple critical points. Finally, we calculate the disc luminosity (L) considering free-free emissions for transonic solutions as these solutions are astrophysically relevant and discuss the implication of this model formalism in the context of astrophysical applications.

Model-based safety analysis of requirement specifications

Model-based design primarily aims to establish a communication framework throughout a system’s design. Moreover, models with formal semantics allow verification based on rigorous methods, including the analysis of system safety. However, building formal models is a tedious manual process and cannot be easily applied to real problems.A key gap that hinders automation of model development is that there is no systematic way to connect system requirements with the activity of model-based design. In this article, we introduce a workflow to tackle this gap and ultimately automate the analysis of system safety using formal methods.We extend our previous work on boilerplate-based specification of system requirements with ontological semantics towards specifying FDIR (Failure, Detection, Isolation, Recovery) requirements. The workflow is centered around the automated generation of a model skeleton in SLIM, a component-based formal modeling language, from a set of ontology-based requirement specifications. Our approach has been implemented into a dedicated tool, which not only provides visualization of the ontology relations, but also supports traceability of the analysis findings back to the requirements specification. Finally, we provide results on the safety analysis of a real star-tracker system based on a SLIM model derived by minimally changing the auto-generated model skeleton.

OPTIMIZING PROCESSOR WORKLOADS AND SYSTEM EFFICIENCY THROUGH GAME-THEORETIC MODELS IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

The primary goal of this research is to examine how different strategic behaviors adopted by processors affect the workload management and overall efficiency of the system. Specifically, the study focuses on the attainment of a pure strategy Nash Equilibrium and explores its implications on system performance. In this context, Nash Equilibrium is considered as a state where no player has anything to gain by changing only their own strategy unilaterally, suggesting a stable, yet not necessarily optimal, configuration under strategic interactions. The paper rigorously develops a formal mathematical model and employs extensive simulations to validate the theoretical findings, thus ensuring the reliability of the proposed model. Additionally, adaptive algorithms for dynamic task allocation are proposed, aimed at enhancing system flexibility and efficiency in real-time processing environments. Key results from this study highlight that while Nash Equilibrium fosters stability within the system, the adoption of optimal cooperative strategies significantly improves operational efficiency and minimizes transaction costs. These findings are illustrated through detailed 3D plots and tabulated results, which provide a detailed examination of how strategic decisions influence system performance under varying conditions, such as fluctuating system loads and migration costs. The analysis also examines the balance between individual processor job satisfaction and overall system performance, highlighting the effect of rigid task reallocation frameworks. Through this study, the paper not only improves our understanding of strategic interactions within computational systems but also provides key ideas that could guide the development of more efficient computational frameworks for various applications.

Critical Evaluation and Thermodynamic Optimization of the Cr–P and Cr–Fe–P Systems

Existing thermodynamic descriptions of the whole Cr–Fe–P system are insufficiently accurate for understanding the thermodynamic behavior of the Cr–Fe–P materials during the manufacturing process. To construct a more precise and consistent thermodynamic database of the Cr–Fe–P system, thermodynamic modeling of the Cr–P and Cr–Fe–P systems was conducted using the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) approach based on critical evaluation of the experimental data. The modified quasichemical model and compound energy formalism were employed to describe the liquid and solid solutions, respectively. The Gibbs energies of stoichiometric compounds Cr3P(s), Cr2P(s), CrP(s), and CrP2(s) were carefully determined based on reliable experimental data. The ternary (Cr,Fe)3P, (Cr,Fe)2P, and (Cr,Fe)P phosphides were modeled as solid solutions considering mutual substitution between Cr and Fe atoms. In addition, the phase equilibria of BCC_A2 and FCC_A1 solutions and the liquid phase of the ternary Cr–Fe–P system were also optimized for more accurate descriptions of existing phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties data. As an application of the present database, the experimentally unexplored thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams of the Cr–Fe–P system are predicted.

Combining Probabilities with Full Beliefs

AbstractOne of the major problems in formal epistemology is the difficulty of combining probabilistic and dichotomous (all-or-nothing) beliefs in one and the same formal framework. Based on the properties of actual human belief systems, a set of ten desiderata is proposed for belief system models that contain both probabilistic and full beliefs. Previously proposed combined belief systems are shown to fall short of these desiderata. A proof of concept is provided to show that they can be satisfied in a formal model. In the proposed model, the amnesia problem of probabilistic updating is solved by introducing infinitesimal probabilities as carriers of memories of beliefs that have been given up. In the resulting system of probability revision, contingent propositions can be transferred in both directions between full beliefs and beliefs held to a lower degree, in a way that mirrors real-life acquisitions and losses of full beliefs. The subsystem consisting of full beliefs has a pattern of change that constitutes a credible system of dichotomous belief change.

A formal model of primitive aspects of cognition and learning in cell biology as a generalizable case study of the threefold logic of Peircean semiotics in natural systems

A formal model of primitive aspects of cognition and learning in cell biology as a generalizable case study of the threefold logic of Peircean semiotics in natural systems

A Review of 15 Years of Public Earthquake Forecasting in Aotearoa New Zealand

Abstract New Zealand entered a period of increased seismic activity in 2003, which, to date, has included around 20 large or damaging earthquakes. Building on decades of forecast model research and including research into formal model evaluation, GNS Science, the governmental institution tasked with providing natural hazards information, began issuing public earthquake forecasts following the 2009 Mw 7.2 Darfield earthquake. This article provides a review of the public earthquake forecasting methods and outcomes since that time. Initially the release of forecasts was motivated by the scientific team, but interest, use and understanding quickly rose in the public, government, and private sectors which led to regular refinement and additions to the type of forecast information provided. The basic tenet of forecasting has remained the same, with the forecasts being used to inform decisions requiring consideration of timeframes from days to decades. The operational models were all based on the previous 10–20 years of research in model development and testing; this included the development of methods for combining multiple models into a single hybrid model that typically provides increased statistical forecast skill. The hybrid models combine models from three classes of time horizons: (1) short-term aftershock clustering based on the epidemic-type aftershock sequence class of models, (2) medium-term clustering with time horizons of years to decades, and (3) long-term models with time horizons of decades to nominally time independent. Forecasts have been issued in response to 14 large or significant earthquakes with the forecasts and accompanying information regularly updated on the GeoNet webpages. An important component to the successful deployment and uptake of the models was the foundation laid in the previous decades in model development and testing. This provided understanding and confidence in the models’ ability to provide useful forecasts for response and recovery decisions.

An empirical investigation of health dynamics of elders in China

Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), an index of health frailty is developed for individuals ages fifty-five and older. The evolution of the Frailty Index with age is first contrasted with self-reports of health. Then the temporal moments of the data are examined by considering the covariance structure of shocks that arrive at different ages with frailty in subsequent years. Then a formal model is estimated that incorporates both age-dependent auto-regressive and transitory components. The covariance structure of frailty is found to be convex in age. Larger shocks arrive as the sample ages but they decline rapidly. The evolutions of shocks beyond a specific age are modestly persistent (auto-regressive). The initial age-dependent transitory shocks become a larger portion of the total health risk as age increases.

Data simulations for advancing psychological research: Insights, preparations and investigations

Simulation has become an essential tool in psychological research, offering unique insights into statistical concepts, optimising research project planning and modelling human behaviour and cognition. This tutorial navigates simulations' diverse applications across various research stages. This tutorial begins by demonstrating simulations' impact on understanding statistical concepts. Amidst growing demands for effect size reporting and interpretation, simulations can help clarify the relationship between data and effect sizes, benefiting both educational purposes and advanced research. Simulations play a crucial role in planning psychological research. They provide flexible solutions for power, helping to determine necessary sample sizes and aiding in robust research planning, providing evidence of planned procedures. Simulations are pivotal in exploring human behaviour and cognition, as well as statistical method properties. By forcing researchers to translate verbal theory into formal models, simulation can help specify the assumptions. The paper also discusses improving simulation efficiency, such as using calculation clusters, optimising simulation practices and recognises simulations' limitations. This paper emphasises simulations' versatile role in psychological research. They enable deep insights into complex datasets, streamline project preparation and uncover subtleties in human behaviour, cognition and statistical methodologies.

E-CARGO-based dynamic weight offload strategy with resource contention mitigation for edge networks

With the widespread use of Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) in smart manufacturing systems in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and 5G networks, determining how to efficiently offload computing tasks has become a hot research area. The Role-Based Collaboration (RBC) Environments-Classes, Agents, Roles, Groups, and Objects (E-CARGO) model is introduced to comprehensively manage MEC servers and user computation tasks in edge network environments, thereby improving the effectiveness and performance of task offloading in smart manufacturing systems. To begin with, latency and energy consumption are important indicators for evaluating the offloading effect. A pre-allocation algorithm based on user latency tolerance is proposed to dynamically adjust the latency-energy consumption weighting factor to optimize system resource allocation for real-time adjustment of offloading decisions. Second, the Group Role Assignment of Agent Role Conflicts (GRACAR) model based on E-CARGO is extended, along with a dynamic weighting of the GRACAR (GRACAR-DW) model and formal modeling. By introducing resource contention constraints, the resource contention caused by excessive task data offloading to the same MEC server is proactively mitigated. Finally, a Gurobi solution based on Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) is developed to help validate and synthesize the proposed model. Simulation results show that the strategy considerably enhances the MEC system's overall performance in terms of latency and energy consumption while also providing new ideas and technological support for offloading decisions in edge networks.

Implementing national performance indicator ontology: A case study of Botswana's development agendas

This paper presents the National Performance Indicator Ontology (NPIOnto), a knowledge model designed for the semantic representation of national performance indicators (NPIs) and related performance variables to enhance the semantic capabilities of open data. The research addresses the lack of semantic representation for NPIs, particularly within Botswana's development agendas, which impedes the effective use, accessibility, and integration of performance data essential for monitoring and achieving sustainable development goals. NPIOnto was developed through five steps: discovering the ontology purpose, studying the development agenda knowledge domain, developing the conceptual knowledge model, formalizing the conceptual model, and evaluating the formal model's effectiveness in enhancing the semantic capabilities of open data resources. The evaluation, based on practical application in Botswana, demonstrated that NPIOnto significantly improves the accessibility, understandability, interoperability, integrability, and intelligibility of open data. Insights from the Botswana case study indicate that while NPIOnto is tailored to meet Botswana's development agenda needs, it can be adapted for use in other developing countries.

A comprehensive survey of UPPAAL‐assisted formal modeling and verification

AbstractUPPAAL is a formal modeling and verification tool based on timed automata, capable of effectively analyzing real‐time software and hardware systems. In this article, we investigate research on UPPAAL‐assisted formal modeling and verification. First, we propose four research questions considering tool characteristics, modeling methods, verification means and application domains. Then, the state‐of‐the‐art methods for model specification and verification in UPPAAL are discussed, involving model transformation, model repair, property specification, as well as verification and testing methods. Next, typical application cases of formal modeling and verification assisted by UPPAAL are analyzed, spanning across domains such as network protocol, multi‐agent system, cyber‐physical system, rail traffic and aerospace systems, cloud and edge computing systems, as well as biological and medical systems. Finally, we address the four proposed questions based on our survey and outline future research directions. By responding to these questions, we aim to provide summaries and insights into potential avenues for further exploration in this field.

Формальная модель оценки образа персонажа художественного произведения (на материале романа Дж. Оруэлла «1984»)

The aim of the research is to develop and test a formal model for evaluating the image of a character in a fictional work based on the corpus approach. The scientific originality lies in the fact that for the first time such an analysis of the character of a fictional work is carried out on the basis of the corpus approach. In the course of the work, a balanced corpus of the original text of the novel “1984” by G. Orwell was formed, which includes the marking of hierarchical relationships between the tokens. A number of search queries to the corpus were carried out using the author’s software “Balanced Linguistic Corpus Generator and Corpus Manager”. With the help of this tool, a frequency list of proper names from the novel was obtained and lists of tokens characterizing its main characters were output. The data obtained is extracted during the operation of a special algorithm built into the corpus manager, which selects from the text significant character traits and related lexical units. Thus, a model for evaluating the image of a character is built as a formal description of a system of interconnected hierarchical text elements. The results of the study were analyzed and compared with the results of mental interpretation. Thus, the characters’ profiles were compiled in terms of a formal description of their actions and those objects to which their actions were directed.

From whole-slide image to biomarker prediction: end-to-end weakly supervised deep learning in computational pathology.

Hematoxylin- and eosin-stained whole-slide images (WSIs) are the foundation of diagnosis of cancer. In recent years, development of deep learning-based methods in computational pathology has enabled the prediction of biomarkers directly from WSIs. However, accurately linking tissue phenotype to biomarkers at scale remains a crucial challenge for democratizing complex biomarkers in precision oncology. This protocol describes a practical workflow for solid tumor associative modeling in pathology (STAMP), enabling prediction of biomarkers directly from WSIs by using deep learning. The STAMP workflow is biomarker agnostic and allows for genetic and clinicopathologic tabular data to be included as an additional input, together with histopathology images. The protocol consists of five main stages that have been successfully applied to various research problems: formal problem definition, data preprocessing, modeling, evaluation and clinical translation. The STAMP workflow differentiates itself through its focus on serving as a collaborative framework that can be used by clinicians and engineers alike for setting up research projects in the field of computational pathology. As an example task, we applied STAMP to the prediction of microsatellite instability (MSI) status in colorectal cancer, showing accurate performance for the identification of tumors high in MSI. Moreover, we provide an open-source code base, which has been deployed at several hospitals across the globe to set up computational pathology workflows. The STAMP workflow requires one workday of hands-on computational execution and basic command line knowledge.

Time to Consensus in International Negotiations

Contemporary international relations, anchored in the principles of multipolarity, frequently employ consensus-based decision-making, which prioritizes respect for all negotiating parties and ensures that the views of all participants are considered equally. While consensus remains a core mechanism for many international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), it has increasingly come under criticism for its inefficiency and substantial time requirements. This highlights the importance of examining the factors that influence the time needed to reach consensus. Utilizing formal mathematical modeling based on a modified DeGroot model, this article explores how variables such as the size of the negotiating group, the level of authoritativeness, dominance dynamics within the group, and coalition formation affect the time required to achieve consensus. The findings indicate that an increase in group size, on its own, results in only a minor increase in the time needed to reach consensus, becoming a significant factor only when paired with high levels of authoritativeness among the participants. Conversely, the presence of a highly authoritative member within a negotiating group significantly prolongs decision-making time, even in smaller groups, and the formation of coalitions (e.g., due to multiple highly authoritative members) can make reaching consensus impossible. The "consensus minus k" rule, intended to break deadlocks, is found to be ineffective for international organizations with numerous participants and divergent interests. In hierarchical structures, consensus is typically achieved through preliminary negotiations within subgroups, which further prolongs the consensusbuilding process.

Formal Modelling and Model Checking of a Flood Monitoring and Rescue System: A Case Study of Safety-Critical System

The flood incidents are becoming more often and severe, thus extreme events require efficient and effective means of controlling and saving lives and property. The reason for this paper is to use Formal Modelling and Model Checking to analyse a new safety critical Flood Monitoring and Rescue System (FMRS) that shall form the basis for the efficient response to floods. Employing the TLA+ analysis, which outlines the FMRS’s dynamic behavior and operational specifications comprehensively. It is important to stress that in our work we address one of the most exciting directions of applying formal methods for the first time in collaboration with real-world safety-critical system designers and offer a powerful and transparent systematic approach to verifying safety-critical systems’ correctness, safety, and reliability. The TLA+ specifications are very carefully designed to represent multiple aspects of the FMRS, such as sensor systems, communication interfaces, as well as the rescue activity itself. To this end, we use model checking methodologies in order to assess the system’s compliance with the required safety properties, including timely detection of floods, correct delivery of data, and synchronization of rescue operations. The performed model checking demonstrates the presence of essential information about the system’s potential failure and weaknesses, which can be used for FMRS architecture improvement and development. Thus, this case shows that the best use of formal methods exist not as ad hoc methods for resolving some issues in the development of safety-critical systems, but a structured template that could be applied in other domains where high degree of assurance in the reliability of a system is needed. Besides the novel method for the better future of the field of formal verification, the proposal also sketches functional relevance of integrating the effective and efficient approaches for monitoring floods and emergency rescue operations in real-world contexts.