Form Of Letter Research Articles

National long-term patient-reported outcomes following mastectomy with or without breast reconstruction: The Swedish Breast Reconstruction Outcome Study Part 2 (SweBRO 2).

The Swedish Breast Reconstruction Outcome Study (SweBRO) initiative is a nationwide study with the primary aim of assessing long-term outcomes after mastectomy with and without breast reconstruction (BR). The current part (SweBRO 2) is designed to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL), with the hypothesis that BR has a positive impact on patient-reported HRQoL in the long-term. Women who underwent mastectomy in Sweden in 2000, 2005, or 2010 and were alive at the time of the survey were identified through the National Breast Cancer Registry. Eligible participants received formal invitation letters to take part in a survey evaluating their HRQoL at 5 , 10, or 15 years post-mastectomy. The EORTC QLQ-C30, EORTC QLQ-BR23, and EQ-5D-3L questionnaires were employed. Of 2904 respondents (50% of 5853 invited), 895 (31%) had received BR. Among them, 516 (58%) were reconstructed with implants and 281 (31%) with autologous tissue. Women with BR scored significantly better in the EORCT QLQ-C30 physical functioning domain (mean 90 versus 81 points), fatigue (mean 21 versus 25), and dyspnoea (mean 16 versus 22) compared to non-reconstructed women. The EORTC QLQ-BR23 revealed that women with BR experienced favourable sexual functioning compared with non-reconstructed women (mean 26 versus 14). The EQ-5D-3L visual analogue scale score was similar between groups. The current study underscores the benefits of BR for long-term well-being, for example, in terms of physical and sexual functioning. These underline the importance of informing women undergoing mastectomy about BR alternatives and its potential benefits in enhancing long-term well-being.

Effect of enforcement of the national referral guidelines on patterns of orthopedic admissions to Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya: Pre-post intervention study.

Inappropriate utilization of higher-level health facilities and ineffective management of referral processes in resource-limited settings are becoming increasingly a concern in health care management in developing countries. This is characterized by self-referral and frequent bypassing of the nearest health facilities coupled with low formal referral mechanisms. This scenario lends itself to a situation where uncomplicated medical conditions are unnecessarily managed in a high-cost health facility. On July 1, 2021, Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) enforced the Kenya Health Sector Referral Implementation Guidelines, 2014, which required patients to receive approval from the KNH referral office and a formal referral letter to be admitted at KNH to reduce the number of walk-ins and allow KNH to function as a referral facility as envisioned by the Kenya 2010 Constitution and KNH legal statue of 1987. To determine the effect of enforcing the national referral guidelines on patterns of orthopaedic admissions to the KNH. This was a pre-post intervention study. Data abstraction was done for 459 and 446 charts before and after the enforcement of the national referral guidelines, respectively. Enforcement of the national referral guidelines reduced the proportion of walk-in admissions from 54.9% to 45.1%, while the proportion of facility referrals increased from 46.6% to 53.4% (p = 0.013). The percentage of non-trauma orthopaedic admissions doubled from 12.0% to 22.4% (p<0.001). There was also an increase in admissions through the Outpatient Clinic and Corporate Outpatient Clinic. The proportion of emergency admissions declined, while that of elective admissions increased. The increase in elective cases was mainly driven by the increase in female admissions with active insurance cover, tertiary education, non-trauma-related conditions and older age groups. However, the use of official formal written referral letters did not change despite the enforcement of the national referral guidelines. The enforcement of the national referral guidelines reduced the proportion of walk-ins' admissions to KNH. While the enforcement of the national referral guidelines had no effect on the use of official formal written referral letters, it did limit access and utilization of inpatient orthopedic services for young male patients with no active insurance cover and in need of emergency orthopedic care.

LETter To the EditoR Standards (LETTERS): Considerations for Authors, Reviewers, and Editors.

Correspondence in the form of letters to the editor serves multiple scholarly purposes, including critiquing previously published articles, engaging in discourse with other correspondents, commenting on the journal's structure or style, and contributing insights for future publications. The composition of such letters warrants meticulous attention, as they play a crucial role in fostering communication between the journal and its readership. Adherence to specific principles is essential in crafting an effective letter to the editor. These communications should be concise, lucid, and adhere to a professional tone. The content should be constructive in nature and substantiated by rigorous scientific evidence and appropriate citations. The structure of a letter to the editor typically encompasses several key components: a title, an opening section, the main body of the correspondence, a closing statement, and a list of references. This article aims to establish Letter to the Editor Standards as a comprehensive guide for authors, reviewers, and editorial boards, thereby enhancing the quality and impact of this crucial form of academic discourse.

From Scribbles to Stories: A Systematic Review Exploring Handwriting Intervention approaches for Children

This study aims to review the literature related to the effectiveness of various handwriting interventions in combating handwriting troubles in children aged 4 to 12 years. A thorough search across databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and others, was conducted for studies published from 2013 till now. Included studies investigated handwriting interventions by occupational therapists, their effectiveness, and how handwriting impacts the brain and other functional areas. Quality assessment and data extraction adhered to predetermined criteria. Overall, 12 studies met inclusion criteria, covering issues like poor fine motor skills, dysgraphia, and dysfunctional pencil grasp. Examined interventions included pencil grips, pen sizes, sensory feedback, and sensorimotor training. Findings suggest positive effects on legibility, writing speed, fluency, letter form production, alignment, size, spacing, reading, spelling, composition, proficient letter recognition, letter naming, writing fluency, pinch strength, and pencil grasp

Assessment of Executive Functioning in School-Age Children With And Without Stuttering: A case-control study

Background: Stuttering is defined as a neurodevelopmental disorder, with disruptions in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that are inappropriate for the individual's age and language skills. Executive functions (EF) include various cognitive skills, such as directing the attention required for planning and maintaining thoughts and behaviors, suppressing inappropriate stimuli, keeping the processed information active, and providing the transition between the information. This study was aimed at investigating whether there is a difference between school-age children with and without stuttering about executive functions (EF) skills and attention. Method: Twenty-six children with stuttering (14 boys; mean age=10.1±2.88) and twenty-five children without stuttering (14 boys; mean age=10.2±2.77) aged between 7 and 12 were admitted to the study. The participants were administered the Visual Aural Digit Span Test-B Form (VADS-B), which evaluates working memory and audiovisual attention, and the Cancellation Tests (CT), which evaluates sustained attention. The Parents of the participants were applied the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), which was developed to evaluate executive functions, problem-solving skills and adaptive behaviors. Differences in mean subscores of VADS-B, CT, and BRIEF were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with participant group as the factor and VADS-B, CT, and BRIEF subscores as the dependent variable; Chronological age (years) was designated as a covariate. Results: This study was conducted between two groups that were equal in terms of age, gender, developmental steps (walking, talking, toilet training), family structure, and socioeconomic status (p&gt;0.05). All subscales of VADS-B (aural-verbal, aural-written, visual-verbal, visual-written) were found to be significantly lower in children with stuttering (p&lt;0.05). In cancellation test results, there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of hit scores and total number of errors in organized letter and random letter forms (p&lt;0.05). No difference was found between the two groups in the BRIEF scale completed by the parents (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that school-aged children with stuttering had weaker working memory and sustained attention performance in performance-based tests. Thus, we believe that in the evaluation and treatment of stuttering, comprehensive approaches should be adopted to evaluate attention and executive functions and to improve these functions. In this area, studies with larger samples are needed in which stuttering, attention, and executive functions are evaluated more comprehensively with different tasks (computer-based performance tests, parent-teacher scales, etc.) and neuroimaging (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]). Lastly, the tasks used in our study (VADS-B, CT, and BRIEF) were applied to Turkish-speaking school-age children with stuttering for the first time. In this regard, we think that our study will contribute to the literature.

On the issue of studying the granted labels of the XV–XVII centuries issued to the Syrdarya cities of Kazakhstan

The article deals with the systematization of letters of gratitude issued to the Syrdarya towns, in particular Sygnak, Sairam and Turkestan. This range of sources includes four letters of gratitude, referred to in the scientific community as “Diplomas from Sygnak”, the Vakuf letter of Amir Timur and five letters of honor of the Kazakh khans Tavakul and Tursun Muhammad, issued in the period 1598-1625. For the first time, these letters of honor (labels) are being comprehensively studied within the framework of one collection of written sources. At the initial stage, the study of the forms of letters of the Kazakh khans Tavakul and Tursun Muhammad, issued in the period of the XVI-XVII centuries, was performed. For the first time these letters patent of the Kazakh khans were translated into the Kazakh language and published. The significance of the article lies in the historical interpretation of the sources and the identification of these unique sources.The article systematizes letters of commendation, their belonging to one or another type of letters of commendation based on the study of the conditional form of the source

Pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi Bagi Masyarakat Desa Petak Dalam Proses Administrasi Desa

Petak Village has utilized technology in the form of a village information system. However, this has not provided maximum convenience, especially for the Petak Village community. This is caused by the lack of maximum utilization of the information system in terms of community needs related to village administration. The lack of public knowledge about how to utilize the information system and the lack of outreach, make these features not be used as they should. The public service most often needed by the community is regarding village administration in the form of a statement letter from the village administration. So far, people have had to come directly to the village office and then apply for the certificate. The process of submitting this letter can be made more concise if using technological assistance. The solutions offered to these problems are divided into two types of activities, namely training on the use of technology, especially web-based, in facilitating activities in the village and holding training on the use of technology that has been provided by Petak Village Apparatuses in terms of village administration services for the community. The initial activity that has been carried out is training regarding the use of technology in the form of healthy internet training, namely digital literacy for the people of Petak Village. Evaluation of activities was carried out at the end of the training and showed an increase in the knowledge of the trainees by 4.875. The second service activity is training in the use of village information systems in submitting letters. The results of the evaluation of community service activities are 51% of community service activities which are stated to be very good.

기호 인지 체계의 전환 측면에서 글자 그림책의 교육적 활용 방안

Objectives This study explored the educational use of lettered picture books in terms of shifting the symbol cog-nition system.&#x0D; Methods Based on research in cognitive neuroscience, we discuss the symbolic cognitive switch that accom-panies learning to read. Symbolic cognition shifts mean that the same visual and auditory symbols are processed in different ways than before. At the early reading level, the educational use of picture books needs to focus on building an expert system for skillful decoding.&#x0D; Results Letter picture books are effective in promoting visual identification of letter forms, recognition and com-bination of words and materials, and mastery of phonological and representational correspondences. In light of this, the study suggested the following educational uses of letter picture books: visual exposure to different letter forms, opportunities to practice separating and combining graphemes, and play for mastery of phonological and representational correspondences.&#x0D; Conclusions This study attempts to bridge the gap between research in cognitive neuroscience and early reading learning by focusing on lettered picture books. Cognitive neuroscience research on reading has provided insights into the development of reading skills and learning to read that cannot be ignored. We look forward to productive communication between various academic disciplines centered on reading.

Resistance, Transculturation, and Survivance at the Bethany Indian Mission

Abstract This article details an act of Native American protest against the Bethany Indian Mission and the Norwegian Lutheran Church in 1938. In doing so, it engages in and contributes to theoretical discussions of accommodation, transculturation, resistance, and survivance. In 1938 Ho-Chunk in Wisconsin sent a written petition to the Norwegian Lutheran Church in America calling for the removal of the Superintendent of the nearby Bethany Indian Mission. By articulating their grievances in a formal letter sent to Church administrators, the Ho-Chunk invoked a relationship with the Church. The Church did not recognize this mutual relationship with the Ho-Chunk. Instead, Church leaders clearly communicated that its relationship with Native American congregants was tenuous and contingent on numerous factors. The Ho-Chunk signatories contested this unequal relationship, and while the superintendent remained in his position until 1955, their actions prompted the superintendent to both apologize and seek new opportunities to gain the Ho-Chunks’ trust.

Algebraic Thinking Profile of Junior High School Students with Reflective Cognitive Style in Solving Mathematics Problems

The differences in algebraic thinking when solving problems are determined by the characteristics of students. One of the distinguishing characteristics is cognitive style. The aim of this study was to describe the algebraic thinking profile of students who have reflective cognitive styles in solving math problems. This research is descriptive qualitative research, focusing grade 8 junior high school students with reflective cognitive style. Data collection methods using tests and interviews. This study used three types of tests, the Matching Familiar Figure Test (MFFT) to determine students' cognitive style, the Mathematics Ability Test (AMT) to measure students' mathematical abilities, and the Problem-Solving Test (PST) to obtain data related to students' algebraic thinking profile in solving math problems. Data analysis is conducted in three stages: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the algebraic thinking of students with reflective cognitive style in solving problems meets the three aspects of algebraic thinking indicators, namely performing activities to generalize the pattern and determine the next term of the given pattern, represent and compare data in tabular form, and understand the meaning of variables and use variables in the form of letters or symbols as a representation of something unknown value in algebraic form. Students with a Reflective Cognitive Style in solving problems can understand the problems given well, be careful and thorough in writing the steps of completion, straightforward and coherent in answering questions so that the answers given tend to be correct.

PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN MENULIS TEKS EKSPLANASI DENGAN PENDEKATAN COLLABORATIVE LEARNING MENGGUNAKAN PADLET

Writing can be described as one of the components of education to be able to develop useful abilities. Writing as a component of useful skills is the articulation of language used to convey reflections or thoughts in the form of letters, images and words to readers. Writing is the most difficult skill to master compared to the other three skills, especially listening, reading and speaking. The aim of this study is to examine the role of the Padlet application in increasing the ability to write explanatory text by applying a collaborative learning approach. The study methodology applied in this study is a systematic literature review by collecting reading material from various scientific articles and then comparing hypotheses and study findings, which are analyzed descriptively. Obtaining a literature review from 19 scientific articles indexed by SINTA, and SCOPUS, it was found that the Padlet application was able to improve the ability to write explanatory text using a collaborative learning approach. Apart from that, this article also included studies regarding digital teaching materials, Padlet applications, collaborative learning, and explanatory text.

Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa Indonesia dalam Surat Dinas di Kecamatan Sindangkasih

A letter is a means of conveying information in writing from one party to another. Then there are elements that fall into the category of Indonesian language errors in this letter, namely errors in using letters, errors in writing words, errors in writing punctuation marks, ineffective use of words. Errors in correspondence made by writers do not refer to letter writing standards, based on the letter writers' knowledge and skills regarding grammar and limited letter form. The location of this research is the Sindangkasih sub-district office, Ciamis Regency. The aim is to improve letter writing in agencies because there is a habit where writers only rely on samples without following new rules. The research method used in this research is descriptive analytical method. The sampling carried out was comparing three letters as material for research. The results obtained from the research and analysis on the effectiveness of sentences were six errors from the 3 letters, and in spelling errors there were nine errors from the 3 letters.

Preventing HIV Infection in Pregnant Women in Western Uganda Through a Comprehensive Antenatal Care-Based Intervention: An Implementation Study.

We implemented and assessed a comprehensive, antenatal care (ANC)-embedded strategy to prevent HIV seroconversions during pregnancy in Uganda. HIV-negative first-time ANC clients were administered an HIV risk assessment tool and received individual risk counseling. Those attending ANC without partners obtained formal partner invitation letters. After three months, repeat HIV testing was carried out; non-attending women were reminded via phone. We analyzed uptake and acceptance, HIV incidence rate, and risk behavior engagement. Among 1081 participants, 116 (10.7%) reported risk behavior engagement at first visit; 148 (13.7%) were accompanied by partners. At the repeat visit (n = 848), 42 (5%, p < 0.001) reported risk behavior engagement; 248 (29.4%, p < 0.001) women came with partners. Seroconversion occurred in two women. Increased odds for risk behavior engagement were found in rural clients (aOR 3.96; 95% CI 1.53-10.26), women with positive or unknown partner HIV-status (2.86; 1.18-6.91), and women whose partners abused alcohol (2.68; 1.15-6.26). Overall, the assessed HIV prevention strategy for pregnant women seemed highly feasible and effective. Risk behavior during pregnancy was reduced by half and partner participation rates in ANC doubled. The observed HIV incidence rate was almost four times lower compared to a pre-intervention cohort in the same study setting.

Letters to the editor: reporting disasters and creating identity in the late nineteenth century Philippines

ABSTRACT A revolution in how news was reported occurred in the Philippines during the late nineteenth century with the publication of daily newspapers, the establishment of a postal system, and the construction of a telegraph network that allowed correspondents in the provinces to give timely accounts of what was happening in country towns and their hinterlands. Many of these reports graphically described the typhoons, floods, fires, tremors and the like that all too frequently afflicted rural communities. These descriptions mainly took the form of letters written to the editors of Manila-based newspapers, such as El Comercio, Diario de Manila and La Oceania Española. Who were these correspondents, where were they, what were their concerns and what did they have to say? Looking in depth at the newspaper accounts of one year, 1881, a singly uneventful year in terms of ‘big news’, this article provides a snapshot into rural life and its vicissitudes towards the end of the Spanish colonial era. It also explores how reporting the news began to build a collective consciousness of the Philippines as a nation.

STRATEGI GURU DALAM MENINGKATKAN PEMBELAJARAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS II SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 238/VI TANJUNG PUTUS II

STRATEGI GURU DALAM MENINGKATKAN PEMBELAJARAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS II SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 238/VI TANJUNG PUTUS II

DEVELOPMENT OF MASTER STUDENTS’ FORMAL LETTER WRITING SKILLS BY MEANS OF ONLINE TOOLS DURING ACADEMIC FOREIGN LANGUAGE COURSE

The article deals with the peculiarities of using Internet tools for the development of formal letter-writing skills of Master students during Academic foreign language course. It is widely accepted that formal communication cannot exist without online applications, as they provide an opportunity to quickly exchange information, documents and data in real time from any location. The purpose of the article is to analyse and describe the main online platforms that can be used to improve foreign language skills in general and master the skills of formal correspondence in particular. It is emphasized that online applications of various types can become an effective means of practical and realistic mastery of foreign letter writing. The authors provide examples of online applications (WriteExpress, Letter Generator, LettersWriter, Grammarly, LanguageTool, Ginger), paying special attention to their features, advantages and disadvantages. The article highlights educational goals for which such online tools can be used, namely: initial acquaintance with modern formal letter templates and formats, creating Master students’ statements, editing a document, correcting spelling, punctuation, and stylistic mistakes. Online platforms are stated to save time, improve the quality and efficiency of formal letters, their structure and format, advise on the formal style linguistic peculiarities and tone, help to avoid mistakes and write more confidently. While studying Academic foreign language course Master students are expected to acquire not only knowledge about the standards and norms of formal correspondence but also critically analyse the product they receive after using online applications. Master students are expected to take into account the specific needs and expectations of the addressee, make the letter more personalised and targeted, focus on specific information, offer new ideas, look for alternative solutions, etc. It is concluded that the time for using IT technologies in the classroom should be clearly defined and limited, as they serve only as support tools designed to help transfer knowledge, comprehend the content of learning and improve the results of course studying.&#x0D; Keywords: Master students; formal letters; Academic foreign language course; development of formal communication skills; online tools; IT technologies; letter writing skills; foreign correspondence.

Examining Letter Detector Tolerance through Offset Letter Halves: Evidence from Lexical Decision.

Neurobiological models of reading assume that the specialized detectors at the letter level (e.g., the arrays of detectors for the letter 'n') possess a certain degree of tolerance (e.g., Local Combination Detectors model, Dehaene et al. 2005). In this study, we designed two lexical decision experiments that examined the limits of tolerance of letter detectors by introducing a novel manipulation involving shifting letter halves (e.g., in Experiment 1; in Experiment 2) relative to intact items. This manipulation alters the transition between upper and lower parts of the letters, adding junctions that do not exist in the intact letter forms. We included high- and low-frequency words in the stimulus list to investigate whether letter distortion affects processing beyond the letter level, reasoning that interactive effects would signal top-down lexical feedback. In Experiment 1, which employed a subtle letter shift, we observed a minimal cost of letter distortion that did not interact with word frequency. Experiment 2, employing a larger letter shift, revealed an overall greater reading cost that affected differentially high- and low-frequency words. Overall, these findings offer insights into the limits of resilience in letter detectors to distortion during word recognition and introduce a novel manipulation of letter distortion.

Kilka uwag na temat recepcji twórczości Owidiusza w chrześcijańskeij poezji nowołacińskiej doby baroku

In the Neo-Latin poetry written from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries, one can find numerous references to the works of Ovid. The aim of this article is to reflect on the ways works by the famous Roman poet were received in Neo-Latin Christian literature of the Baroque period. The article discusses three poetry cycles inspired especially by Ovid`s elegies. Ovidius Christianus, whose author is the Jesuit Laurent Le Brun, refers to the Bible and informs about the New World in the form of poetic letters. Ovidius Christianus by Johannes Baptista Bebber presents in the form of elegies the moral principles of Thomas à Kempis contained in his work De imitatione Christi. The third item described is the booklet Novum liber tristium, which contains a series of seven elegies dedicated to the sorrows of Our Lady. The author of the article tries to show how the works of Ovid influenced the poetic imagination of Christian authors.

Keats, Letters, Grief, and Delay, 1818-1820

ABSTRACT Digital technologies offer a quick and convenient method of communicating across distance, but there are unique benefits to engaging in forms of delayed communication. Long-distance letter writing in the early nineteenth century was often a slow business, and one that Romantic poet, John Keats, capitalised on. In particular, the letter provided Keats with a means of managing the reality of his circumstances when he was faced with inexorable loss and tragedy. In the period of time leading up to the death of his brother, Tom, in 1818, Keats exploited the specific cultures and forms of letter writing to generate a unique consolation for himself and his family members; as he confronted the reality of his own death two years later, the letter played a similarly crucial role in managing his feelings of loss and grief. Letter writing, during these difficult periods, presented Keats with a unique dichotomy: the letter kept him grounded in the cruel reality of his situation while often functioning as a singularly effective means of managing it. How the specific cultures of letter writing and disease intersect, and how Keats’s imaginative epistolary narratives coalesce with the increasingly urgent facts of consumption and death, will be examined here.

Legal Protection For Investors of Government Bonds Whose Clauses Do Not Have A Maturity Period

The state in running its government needs funds with the aim of national development and maintaining the stability of the country's economy. One of the funds obtained is through debt instruments, both domestic debt and foreign debt. The government avoids foreign debt, thus optimizing domestic debt with consideration so that the public can participate in raising funds for national development. With this goal, the government issued government bonds or better known as Government Bonds (SUN). Government Bonds are securities in the form of debt recognition letters in rupiah and foreign currencies guaranteed by the payment of interest and principal by the Republic of Indonesia, in accordance with the validity period. However, the SUN issued in 1950 by the government, has no perpetual bond. Unlike the SUN issued today, there is a maturity period and guaranteed by interest and principal payers as stipulated in Law Number 24 of 2002 concerning Government Bonds. Meanwhile, the SUN issued in 1950 has no time period, so it does not provide legal certainty and legal protection to holders of the 1950 SUN, even though the SUN was issued by the same government.