Use Of Formal Language Research Articles

The Impact of Social Media on Language Development: A Linguistic Study of Emerging Online Slang

This study explores the impact of social media on language development, focusing on the emergence of online slang. With the rapid expansion of social media platforms, the language used online has evolved significantly, giving rise to new linguistic patterns, abbreviations, and expressions. This research employs a qualitative approach through an extensive literature review to investigate how social media influences language acquisition, communication styles, and the creation of digital lexicons. By analyzing a range of scholarly articles, studies, and online discourse, the study examines how social media facilitates the evolution of informal language, particularly through the creation and adoption of slang. The research further explores the socio-cultural implications of online slang, discussing its role in shaping youth identity, group dynamics, and communication within digital communities. This paper also reflects on the implications of this language shift for formal language use, education, and communication in both digital and traditional contexts. The findings suggest that while online slang promotes creativity and inclusivity, it also poses challenges in maintaining linguistic norms and understanding across generations. The study contributes to the growing field of linguistic research by highlighting the dual nature of social media’s impact on language—both as a tool for innovation and as a source of linguistic fragmentation.

The Influence of Social Media on Language Evolution: A Linguistic Analysis of Emerging Internet Slang

This study investigates the influence of social media on language evolution, focusing specifically on the emergence and spread of internet slang. Using a qualitative, literature review-based approach, this research analyzes existing studies and linguistic theories to explore how platforms like Twitter, TikTok, and Instagram contribute to the creation, dissemination, and standardization of new forms of expression. By employing library research, the study examines the dynamics of internet slang, its social and cultural contexts, and the role of social media in accelerating linguistic changes. The findings indicate that social media not only fosters the rapid development of slang but also blurs the boundaries between informal and formal language use, as online expressions often cross into mainstream communication. Key linguistic features of internet slang, such as abbreviations, acronyms, and non-standard spelling, are analyzed to understand their function in digital communication. Additionally, the study highlights the global nature of social media platforms, which allows for the rapid globalization of slang, transcending regional and linguistic boundaries. The research concludes that social media plays a crucial role in shaping modern language use, contributing to the continual evolution of language in a digital era. This study offers insights into how language changes in the age of social media, with implications for linguistics, sociolinguistics, and communication studies.

Pemerolehan Leksikon Ragam Bahasa Gaul pada Aplikasi X

The study used a qualitative descriptive approach method. The purpose of this study was to determine the acquisition of slang lexicon by teenagers on the X application, providing insight into language in the modern era, the role of social media in language development, understanding slang in forming individual and community identities in social media, and understanding rapid language changes due to technological developments. Language variety is a variation of language that differs according to the context of use, including the relationship between the speaker and the listener. Slang, as a form of variation that continues to develop, is heavily influenced by social media, especially the X application (formerly Twitter), which is the main platform for teenagers. Through interactions on social media, users learn and absorb new vocabulary quickly, which shapes their social identity. This study used a qualitative approach to analyze the slang lexicon that appears in the application, finding categories such as abbreviations, foreign words, and phonological changes. Although slang enriches communication, there is a risk of reducing the use of formal language that needs to be balanced with language literacy education.

The use of formal language as a strong sign of verbal autistic children in diglossic communities: The case of Arabic.

The current study aimed to investigate whether the use of formal language (Modern Standard Arabic [MSA]) by young children in diglossic Arab communities offers diagnostic insights, especially for verbal autistic children and to further explore this phenomenon. We used a cohort study design, with 4-6-year-old fluent first language Arabic-speaking children attending Arabic Kindergartens in two representative Kuwait governates. Reported cases for MSA use were assessed via a computer-based structured language test and corroborated cases were further assessed for exposure to sources of MSA, verbal IQ, temperamental characteristics, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Four children from the same class without developmental difficulties were selected for each MSA user as control group. The frequency of MSA use among verbal pre-schoolers was 0.46%. Use of MSA did not correlate with parents' education, amount of exposure to MSA, verbal IQ, but with severity of ASD. Predicted probability of ASD in the presence of MSA was 0.86. Executive functions of ASD-MSA users were similar to those of the control group and significantly higher than unselected autistic peers in the literature. The use of MSA has the potential to serve as a strong sign for the diagnosis of verbal autistic children, often missed or delayed in being diagnosed. We also discuss strategies via which language is acquired in ASD.

Formal Language Use in Conversations among Second-Semester Students at English Education Study Program of Universitas Nias

This study aims to describe the use of formal language in conversations among college students semester II at English education study program of Universitas Nias. This research used comprehensive qualitative method. Data were taken from video conversations to evaluate how students apply formal language in formal situations. The results show that students begin to use formal language with respect and professionalism through the use of standard vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and correct grammar. The study also highlights the factors that influence the use of formal language, as well as the importance of practice and feedback in developing formal speaking skills and preparing students for future professional environments. By emphasizing formal language practice and providing constructive feedback, teaching can help students build competence and confidence in a variety of communication contexts.

Pengaruh Bahasa Gaul Terhadap Penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia di Kalangan Gen Z

In this study, quantitative methods using structured questionnaires were used to assess the impact of slang use on good and correct Indonesian use among Generation Z. The study participants consisted of 35 people from Generation Z. Data analysis concluded that although the majority of respondents admitted to using slang in daily life, awareness of the importance of using Indonesian formal language still remained high. The results showed that the use of slang did not have a significant effect on the participants' ability to use Indonesian words accurately. This highlights that although Gen Z generally embraces slang culture, Indonesian is still considered important in the context of communication. Therefore, continuous efforts are needed to encourage the use of Indonesia's official language in various communication situations. Therefore, continuous efforts are needed to encourage the use of Indonesia's official language in various communication situations. A follow-up study examined the impact of slang use on Generation Z's interpersonal and professional communication, and highlighted that although slang has an interesting cultural influence, awareness of formal language use remains relevant.

Building Models in Pairs for Cross‐Verification Using SDL and DEVS

AbstractThe objective of the paper is to present a methodology that can be used to translate a model from one formalism to another allowing model reuse and cross‐verification. With the use of formal languages, the model specifications can be expressed in a rigorous and univocal way, and the model can be validated against the specifications or conceptual model. Expressing the same model in different formal languages opens the conceptual model validation to a varied number of specialists. Also, in the context of modeling a new system, where there is no data to perform validation against a real system, having pairs of models can be used to perform cross‐model verification to ensure that the model specifications or conceptual models are correctly implemented by comparing the results produced by both models. Specifically, a method is presented to translate a model conceptualized on specification and description language (SDL) to discrete event system specification (DEVS). The transformation mechanism between SDL and DEVS formalisms is described. The methodology is exemplified with a disease spread model for COVID‐19, and it is shown how the results obtained by the two models can be used for cross‐verification.

Analisis Dampak Bahasa Gaul pada Mahasiswa Ilmu Ekonomi B Unimed Terhadap Bahasa Indonesia Masa Kini

The research at Universitas Negeri Medan focuses Use of slang between students in the Economics class of 2022, utilizing a survey method. The results reveal significant impacts of slang, both positive and negative, particularly concerning the proper use of the Indonesian language. Factors such as popular culture and globalization contribute to these effects, with the negative impact manifesting as a decline in overall proficiency in the Indonesian language. This study elucidates student perspectives, emphasizing the need to raise their awareness of it importance of using Indonesian properly. Recommendations include concrete steps, such as broadcasting pride demonstrations in Indonesian on social media, to strengthen the use of formal language and prevent the lossof Indonesian.

Politeness Strategies in Computer Mediated Communication (CMC): An Issue of University Professors and Students.

This paper examines the politeness theory in the light of Austin & Searle’s speech act theory as reflected in CMC between students and their lecturers or supervisors. Thus politeness aspects were analyzed as enacted in the five categories such as: Assertives, commisives, directives, expressives, and declaratives. The paper also examined politeness in other language aspects that are usually present in any form of communication, such as: Address phrases, meeting requests, request for reply, and adjunct phrases. The objective of this article was to shed light on the politeness strategies employed by the lecturers and students in their e-communication through Whatsapp and SMS (short messages or text messages) platforms. Fifty communications were downloaded from the lecturers’ phones through their permission and the students’, which were used as data for this study. Five lecturers and seven postgraduate students made the population of this study. The findings indicated that students seem to be comfortable using this mode of communication, and it is important to understand how students and lecturers make choices and how these choices affect the perception of the cultural appropriateness of CMCs. The results also revealed that elements of politeness greatly decrease in the follow-up messages, that is, messages that require some kind of response. From the study, lecturers adhered to formal language use as compared to the students in their communication.

A deep learning approach for the depression detection of social media data with hybrid feature selection and attention mechanism

AbstractDepression is a severe mental health issue. The user‐generated content on social media (SM) is growing nowadays. Some computational approaches have been proposed for detecting depression based on users' SM data. However, because of the use of formal language, short range of words and misspellings in the SM data, depression detection (DD) is a challenging task. This paper proposes a novel deep learning (DL) technique for performing DD of the SM data with the help of the hybrid feature selection (FS) mechanism. Initially, two publicly available datasets containing user tweets are collected for implementing the proposed research model. Then the collected datasets are preprocessed for further processing. The preprocessing phase includes critical processes that contribute to creating a ready‐to‐use dataset for training and testing. After preprocessing, the preprocessed data is divided into prime and non‐prime words based on the dictionary approach. After that, the hybrid FS approach is implemented to select the most relevant features from the prime and non‐prime words for higher classification accuracy (AC). In the hybrid model, firstly Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency integrated Modified Information Gain (TFIDF‐MIG) approach is proposed that assigns the score value of each prime and non‐prime word in the dataset. Secondly, optimal features are selected from the weighted features using the Improved Elephant Herding Algorithm (IEHA). Finally, the decided features from the hybrid model are fed into the DL model, namely attention included improved ReLU‐based Convolution Neural Network with Long Short‐Term Memory (AIRCNN‐LSTM) for DD. Experiments are performed on the collected datasets to assess the proposed model's performance efficiency. The results of the extensive experiments show that the presented work outperforms existing techniques regarding DD classification AC by locating the best solutions. At the same time, it reduces the number of features chosen.

“Jerry was a terrific host!” “You were a brilliant guest!”

Abstract Expanding the research investigating compliments in CMC genres, this study explores reciprocal compliments from consumers and service-providers on Airbnb, a major tourism platform. Specifically, the study examines distribution of compliments in both guest reviews of Online Experiences (a virtual tourism service) and hosts’ responses to those reviews, focusing on compliment topics, their syntactic realizations, and their associated intensification strategies. Despite some similarities with prior research on CMC compliments with respect to the overall frequency and general expression of compliments, we also identified several differences related to compliment reciprocity as well as a greater tendency toward more formal language use in this professional digital context. These differences are likely related to the different relationships among participants, as well as different user goals when communicating on commercially-oriented sites versus social networking sites, demonstrating the need to expand the scope of CMC compliment research to include a broader range of platforms.

Historians and Programmers in the 1970s: Formal Languages, the Writing of History, and Ideas of Science.

This article analyzes some of the issues raised by historians after turning to computers for historical research in the 1960s and 1970s. The main point is to enrich this context by looking into the debates computer programmers were having in their own field at the same time. In particular, the use of formal languages to enhance the theoretical basis of both practices is discussed. A second point, the debates in programming, is also highlighted: as historians were turning to computer programming, programmers were becoming historians of their own practice, engaged in methodological discussions on how to write their history.

Linguistic Formality and Audience Engagement: Investors' Reactions to Characteristics of Social Media Disclosures*

ABSTRACTAs firms increasingly use social media to provide disclosures to investors, it is important to understand whether the characteristics that are associated with these disclosures lead to different reactions from investors than disclosures provided via more traditional channels. In this paper, we use an experiment to examine whether linguistic formality in positive news disclosures, and engagement of social media users surrounding the disclosures (e.g., “likes” and “retweets”), affect investors' judgments about a firm and its management. Results suggest that, as predicted, investors are more sensitive to signals of audience engagement when disclosures use informal rather than formal language. Specifically, when associated with signals of high audience engagement, the use of informal language leads to greater willingness to invest than the use of formal language in a disclosure. However, also as predicted, the use of informal language hurts willingness to invest when associated with signals of low audience engagement. In two follow‐up experiments, we investigate how news valence and linguistic formality are expected to affect the level of audience engagement in the first place, and we investigate whether managers strategically vary their use of linguistic formality based on characteristics of the setting. Overall, our results provide evidence on how firms might use social media disclosures to better connect with investors. This study contributes to the growing literature on linguistic attributes of disclosures, and the emerging literature investigating the consequences of issuing financial disclosures through social media.

Változó attitűdök a szleng használatában

A dolgozat a mai magyar nyelvhasználat egyre látványosabban megnyilvánuló, sajátos nyelvi és társadalmi kérdésével foglalkozik: azzal, hogy a felnövekvő nemzedék tagjai milyen nyelvi attitűdökkel viseltetnek az idők során változatos szerepköröket betöltő, nemcsak szókészletét, hanem státuszát és stílusát tekintve is állandóan módosuló szleng iránt, hogy ez milyen hatással van az őket körülvevő és nevelő idősebbek, a szélesebb magyar beszélőközösség nyelvi mentalitására és fordítva, s hogy mindezek hátterében milyen nyelvi és társadalmi változások állnak. A kutatás elsősorban a fiataloktól változatos módszerekkel gyűjtött objektív és szubjektív nyelvi adatokra épül, de további adalékként vonja be idősebb, falusi beszélők véleményét is. A szleng definíciójához hagyományosan a funkciók felsorolásával közelít a szakirodalom, és a kutatás e funkciók módosulásának és a nyelvi változás néhány külső okának a feltárásával figyelmeztet arra, hogy a hivatalos nyelvhasználatban is fel-felbukkanó szleng korántsem minden esetben a fiatalok nyelvi és/vagy kommunikációs (in)kompetenciájáról árulkodik, hanem a változó társadalom változó közösségi mentalitásának egy következménye. Ennélfogva pedig a szlenggel kapcsolatos pedagógiai gyakorlatot is érdemes lenne újragondolni.

Rationality for subclasses of 321-avoiding permutations

We prove that every proper subclass of the 321-avoiding permutations that is defined either by only finitely many additional restrictions or is well-quasi-ordered has a rational generating function. To do so we show that any such class is in bijective correspondence with a regular language. The proof makes significant use of formal languages and of a host of encodings, including a new mapping called the panel encoding that maps languages over the infinite alphabet of positive integers avoiding certain subwords to languages over finite alphabets.

A New Feature Selection Method for Sentiment Analysis in Short Text

Abstract In recent internet era, micro-blogging sites produce enormous amount of short textual information, which appears in the form of opinions or sentiments of users. Sentiment analysis is a challenging task in short text, due to use of formal language, misspellings, and shortened forms of words, which leads to high dimensionality and sparsity. In order to deal with these challenges, this paper proposes a novel, simple, and yet effective feature selection method, to select frequently distributed features related to each class. In this paper, the feature selection method is based on class-wise information, to identify the relevant feature related to each class. We evaluate the proposed feature selection method by comparing with existing feature selection methods like chi-square ( χ 2), entropy, information gain, and mutual information. The performances are evaluated using classification accuracy obtained from support vector machine, K nearest neighbors, and random forest classifiers on two publically available datasets viz., Stanford Twitter dataset and Ravikiran Janardhana dataset. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed feature selection method, we conducted extensive experimentation by selecting different feature sets. The proposed feature selection method outperforms the existing feature selection methods in terms of classification accuracy on the Stanford Twitter dataset. Similarly, the proposed method performs competently equally in terms of classification accuracy compared to other feature selection methods in most of the feature subsets on Ravikiran Janardhana dataset.

The utilization of a creative strategy in the prevention of the use of psychoactive substances with children and adolescents

IntroductionThe work describes a successful experience in the utilization of art as a tool to work the prevention of the use of drugs. The experience was developed with children and adolescents between the ages of 3 and 17 who reside in a risky area near Latin America's biggest dump, located in the city of Taguatinga, FD, Brazil.ObjectivesCreate a therapeutic space to make possible the dialog with the children and adolescents, promoting the prevention and the consciousness about the harm of the use of psychoactive substances, providing clarification on the theme, through art, being the use of formal language and terms, like “illicit drugs”, unnecessary.MethodsThe children, who participated in the project, used, as expression tool, several painting items. The public was divided by age in two groups: the children received ludic approach, allowing the team nearness and interaction with them, in such a way that the former transmitted information and guidance about the harm on the use of psychoactive substances.ResultsThe results were satisfactory. All the children and adolescents involved in the project demonstrated adhesion to the use of the offered tools and established a communication link, which allowed the receptivity of information about prevention in the use of psychoactive substances.ConclusionsThrough the developed activities, it was observed that the strategy utilization of art as a language had better effiency than a formal approach since the children and adolescents could have a learning space in a spontaneous way, demonstrating interest.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Speech level shift in Japanese and Slovene

In verbal communication, we always aim to establish and maintain harmonious relations with others. Proper use of expressions and the choice of the way we speak are closely connected with politeness. In Japanese speech level is a level of formality or politeness in conversation, which is expressed by the use of linguistic forms (formal vs. informal) within and at the end of an utterance and the use of honorific expressions. In Slovene the level of formality or politeness in conversation is mainly expressed by the use of formal language and general colloquial language. Speech level shift is a shift from one speech level to another – e.g. from a formal style to an informal, etc. According to previous research, these shifts express speaker's psychological distance and a change of attitude towards a hearer. In this paper I will first briefly present the theoretical framework of politeness and an outline of speech levels in Japanese and Slovene. I will then present the data and the method used in this study. Finally, I will present and discuss the results of the analysis of both Japanese and Slovene conversation.

The Implementation of Cooperative Principle in Class Group Discussion

This study is aimed to understand the implementation of Grice’s cooperative principle in class group discussion at Indonesian Language and Literature Study Program of Faculty of Teachers Training and Education of UNTIRTA Serang. The research was conducted through ethnographic study. Data of the research were collected through observation and transcription of documentation which investigated into the analysis of domain, taxonomy, componential, and cultural themes. The result of study showed that the implementation of Grice’s cooperative principles was found in class group discussion at Indonesian Language and Literature Study Program of Faculty of Teachers Training and Education of UNTIRTA Serang. The maxim that mostly occurred was maxim of quantity, continued by maxim of relevance, maxim of quality, and maxim of manner. The result also showed that the use of cooperative principles in class group discussion could not be separated from the influence of students’ origin culture and mother tongue which reflected into the use of formal language, politeness, tone, sense of respect and focus on the discussion, and the use direct speech.

The Implementation of Cooperative Principle in Class Group Discussion

This study is aimed to understand the implementation of Grice’s cooperative principle in class group discussion at Indonesian Language and Literature Study Program of Faculty of Teachers Training and Education of UNTIRTA Serang. The research was conducted through ethnographic study. Data of the research were collected through observation and transcription of documentation which investigated into the analysis of domain, taxonomy, componential, and cultural themes. The result of study showed that the implementation of Grice’s cooperative principles was found in class group discussion at Indonesian Language and Literature Study Program of Faculty of Teachers Training and Education of UNTIRTA Serang. The maxim that mostly occurred was maxim of quantity, continued by maxim of relevance, maxim of quality, and maxim of manner. The result also showed that the use of cooperative principles in class group discussion could not be separated from the influence of students’ origin culture and mother tongue which reflected into the use of formal language, politeness, tone, sense of respect and focus on the discussion, and the use direct speech.