Formal Job Research Articles

MOTIVASI SEMANGAT BERWIRAUSAHA GENERASI MUDA KHUSUSNYA DI KALANGAN SISWA SMKS AL-QUDSY CIBATU KABUPATEN GARUT

Opportunities for the younger generation to work in government offices or companies are dwindling due to increasingly fierce competition in formal sector jobs. On the other hand, the younger generation does not want to become an entrepreneur and earn work and money independently. The aim of the Community Service (PKM) program is to prepare the productive young generation to become more motivated, have passion, strong character and profits in entrepreneurship. To achieve this goal, students at Al-Qudsy Cibatu Vocational School, Cibatu Regency, Garut Regency were given knowledge and motivation about entrepreneurship. The results of the activity showed that students had high interest and motivation for entrepreneurship, but students still felt confused and afraid to start. Apart from that, the role of support from school institutions and families is still minimal, so in developing young entrepreneurs all parties, including families, communities, educational institutions, and the government and private sectors must play a role.

Social Groups and Unequal Employment Opportunities in Skilled Occupations in India

Differential labour market outcomes are a major concern in the Indian labour market. This article looks into the caste and ethnicity-based employment gap in skilled jobs in India. The study has used data from two Periodic Labour Force Survey rounds, namely the 2021–2022 round and 2018–2019 round. The employment gap has been decomposed using the non-linear decomposition method. The results suggest that socially forward groups are more likely to participate in skilled jobs than socially backward classes. Moreover, a significant part of the employment gap remains unexplained by characteristic differences, including differences in endowments. However, both the employment gap and the contribution of discriminatory hiring practices are generally less in more skill-oriented jobs. The employment gap in high-skilled occupations is significantly explained by differences in productivity factors. The jobs requiring higher levels of skills are largely prevalent in the public sector that comes under the reservation policy. In the private sector as well, compared to low- or unskilled jobs, high-skilled occupations are more likely to be found in the form of formal jobs to which anti-discrimination laws may be applicable. Low-paying unskilled jobs are mainly dominated by socially backward-class workers in the Indian labour market.

Trade and employment in the formal and informal sectors: A natural experiment from Cambodia

How does trade affect formal and informal jobs in developing economies? This paper estimates the impact of exports on employment in the formal and informal sectors by exploiting the European Union (EU)’s reform in rules of origin for duty-free market access, which produced a large positive shock to Cambodia’s garment exports to the EU. We use nationally representative datasets on formally registered and unregistered establishments in Cambodia for 2009, 2011, and 2014. The results show that the export shock caused large employment growth in formal garment establishments, but had little effect on employment in informal garment establishments. While the positive effect is pronounced for incumbent establishments and female workers, our estimates are not magnified by transitions between formal and informal status in the garment industry. Thus, trade promotes employment disproportionately in the formal sector.

How client characteristics cause extra-role behaviours in public service: uncovering invisible frontline work

ABSTRACT Frontline workers have the discretion to extend public services beyond their formal job requirements, yet little is known about the influence of client characteristics on this behaviour. Using a large-scale conjoint design with 1,507 Danish high-school teachers, we uncover how teachers willingly exceed their job expectations when encountering students who demonstrate effort (e.g. handing in assignments) or low well-being (e.g. feeling lonely). However, their willingness diminishes as requested behaviours deviate further from job expectations. Our study highlights the factors driving extra-role behaviours and underscore the importance of recognizing ‘invisible frontline work’.

Implication of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour in Nepalese Commercial Banks

Organizations serve people by working with and for them. Both organizations and their employees are interdependent on each other. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) plays a vital role in the success of any organization. It encompasses discretionary behaviors exhibited by employees that go beyond their formal job descriptions, contributing to the overall effectiveness and functioning of the organization. This study focused on examining the perspective of employees regarding OCB in the banking industry of Nepal. The study adopted a quantitative research approach through a survey design to sample 40 employees from the banks. With the use of several statistical methods, including means, standard deviations, frequencies, and correlation analysis- data gathered from the questionnaire was analyzed and interpreted, and utilized for the analysis of the research objectives and hypotheses stipulated by the study. The study found that there is no direct proportional relationship between demographic variables and OCB.

Exploring the power of networks and knowledge: how social capital and education drive the success of Chinese migrant workers in the labor market

ABSTRACT This study explores the relationships between social capital, education, income, and job stability in Chinese migrant workers, an under-researched area. Our findings reveal strong positive links between social capital, formal education duration, income, and job stability for migrant workers. Importantly, we distinguish between male and female migrants, unveiling gender-specific differences in the impact of social capital and education on income and job stability. Male migrant workers benefit from both social capital and formal education, while female migrant workers primarily gain from formal education. Regarding job stability, only the formal education duration of female migrant workers demonstrates a noteworthy correlation. Additionally, our analysis examines generational disparities, showing that formal education positively affects all migrant workers, with more pronounced advantages among younger individuals. Furthermore, our study emphasizes the role of social capital in increasing income for migrant workers in the manufacturing and construction sectors, while also enhancing job stability among those in the construction and service sectors. Formal education emerges as a positive factor for both income and job stability across manufacturing, construction, and service domains among migrant workers.

Do Work Permits Work? The Impacts of Formal Labor Market Integration of Syrian Refugees in Jordan

Abstract The integration of refugees into host countries’ formal labor markets is increasingly recommended as a durable solution to forced migration. Yet, this policy response is a contentious political topic with little empirical evidence, especially in low- and middle-income host countries available to support policy. This article examines the impacts of integrating Syrian refugees into Jordan’s formal labor market. We use robust greedy one-to-one propensity score matching on comprehensive high-quality data from almost 75,000 Syrian refugee households collected between 2017 and 2019 to generate novel evidence on the socio-economic benefits of refugee labor market integration. Our findings show that the ability to access formal jobs, reflected by holding a work permit, is significantly associated with increased refugee income, strengthens food security, and reduces protection needs and child labor. These findings contribute to a better and knowledge-based understanding of a prominent policy response for forced migrants.

UNDERSTANDING THE INFORMAL ECONOMY: INSIGHTS FROM AZERBAIJAN AND ITS NEIGHBORS

Topicality. Informal employment, a critical facet of global labor markets, is characterized by jobs lacking legal or social protection and is often synonymous with precarious working conditions and inadequate earnings.Aim and tasks: The primary aim of this study is to explore and better understand the dynamics of informal employment in various economies. The focus is to gain a comprehensive understanding of its causes, impacts, and the socio economic conditions of workers engaged in informal employment. This understanding is pivotal in formulating effective and inclusive labor policies that can contribute towards reducing informality and promoting decent work conditions.Materials and methods. Literature review, data collection, qualitative and quantitative method, comparative analysis, theoretical approach were used in the study. Studied scientific articles, books, reports and studies that address this issue. This will help to understand current views and research related to the informal economy in the region.Various data sources such as statistical reports, surveys, interviews or observations are used to obtain information on the extent and characteristics of the informal economy in the region. Differences and similarities in the structure, characteristics and influence of the informal economy on socio--economic development in the region are compared.Research results. The investigation into informal employment in Azerbaijan and surrounding nations unveiled its substantial presence in these economies, highlighting the sector's importance in the regional labor markets. Key factors contributing to this prevalence include insufficient formal job opportunities and inadequate labor protections. The research suggests that comprehensive policy interventions, such as bolstering labor laws and social protection measures, could aid in reducing informality and fostering more formalized and decent working conditions.Conclusion. The substantial role of informal employment in Azerbaijan and its neighboring countries underscores a significant economic challenge. Addressing this issue effectively calls for comprehensive policy measures that promote the transition towards formal employment, enhance workers' rights, and provide adequate social protection.

Primary Psychopathy in Formal Leaders and Job Satisfaction Levels of Employees Working in Family and Non-Family Firms

This paper aims to explore differences in personality traits, focusing on the levels of primary psychopathy, between formal leaders of family and non-family companies as well as assessing differences in the job satisfaction levels of their employees. Moreover, we assess the relationship between the employees’ perception of their formal leader’s primary psychopathy levels and their job satisfaction levels in family firms. The empirical evidence is provided by a sample of 95 Portuguese employees, who responded to a questionnaire that included their perceptions of their formal leader’s primary psychopathy level and job satisfaction measures. All respondents work in small and medium-sized private companies with no management responsibilities and under formal hieratical supervision. The initial idea that family firms’ employees perceive lower levels of primary psychopathy in their formal leaders than non-family firms’ employees was confirmed. However, employees of family and non-family firms did not differ in their job satisfaction levels. The results also support the notion that perceived levels of primary psychopathy in formal leaders are negatively associated with the employees’ job satisfaction levels. These findings contribute to the research literature by addressing two aspects under-addressed in the comparison between family and non-family firms, while offering insights on the relationship between primary psychopathy in formal leaders and job satisfaction levels of employees working in family firms.

Does High Minimum Wage Attract Immigrants?

Immigration is associated with an effort to get a better living. Therefore, this research analyzes whether the high minimum wage attracts immigrants. This study utilizes secondary data from Indonesian Statistics that cover the condition of immigrants in Java, an island with the highest population density. In this research, the proportion of immigrants is the dependent variable. At the same time, the minimum wage is the independent variable and the percentage of formal jobs and prosperity as covariates. The secondary data is analyzed by regression based on Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS). This regression analysis is complemented by primary data through questionnaires sent to some economic experts. The primary data is analyzed by Delphi Method. The regression result shows no association between the proportion of immigrants and minimum wage. A high minimum wage does not attract people to enter an area. At the same time, a percentage of formal jobs and prosperity attract people to immigrate. In addition, the Delphi analysis exhibits similar results. The expert’s opinion about the impact of minimum wage is not convergence. Not all experts agree that migrant considers the high minimum wage. However, all experts agree that formal jobs, infrastructure, prosperity, amenities, and living costs have an impact on immigrants.

Can the ocean economy in Brazil become blue?

PurposeThis study aimed to identify the potential for economic activities related to the ocean economy in Brazil to become blue economy (BE) activities, in which the concept of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is central.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the aim, the authors collected information on the SDGs and estimated data from the ocean economy sectors for the 256 Brazilian coastal cities. The authors predicted the indices for potential development of territories and sectors in the BE using two parameters: employed persons (EP) and sectoral added value (AV).FindingsThe results show that the capitals of coastal states present the highest potential indices for the BE, especially Rio de Janeiro, which accounted for 83.3% of sectoral added value in the Brazilian ocean economy with potential for sustainable development and generated 107,800 active formal jobs (26.9% of the country's total). In addition, restaurants, hotels and similar establishments are, on the Brazilian coast, the most frequent on the coastal zone and have the highest potential for BE activities.Originality/valueRegarding its contributions, this research innovates by developing an indicator that can help stakeholders understand the similarities and differences between cities and regions, whether through a social, economic, or environmental lens. Therefore, by following this methodological path for measuring the BE, viewing the distinct patterns of sustainable development by area is possible, thereby supporting action plans for the fulfillment of the 2030 Agenda and the implementation of a marine spatial planning process for the country in the context of the Ocean Decade (2021–2030).Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-02-2023-0112

Exclusion and discrimination of the LGBTTTIQ+ community, in the labor market of Tonalá, Chiapas

Tonalá is a coastal municipality of Chiapas, with approximately 90,000 inhabitants, in which 49% are men and 51% women, recognized for its different business, commercial, restaurant and hotel activities, with conservative traditions, where people with different sexual attractions and inclinations known as the community (LGBTTTIQ+), are victims of discrimination, verbal and psychological aggression in the workplace. The main objective of this research is to determine the different problems that professionals have faced from the different work areas, hindering their standard of living, causing them moral damages due to the rejection they have faced. Generating the question: What level of exclusion and discrimination have they faced in the labor market for belonging to this community in the municipality of Tonalá? A case study was carried out in the local labor market, to graduates with an educational level of Bachelor's degree and who have or have had a formal job, all members of this community, based on structured interviews, in order to obtain direct and Detailed based on your work experience. The results have been surprising, since there is marked discrimination among professionals, from the moment they seek to enter the labor market and during development, since there are difficulties between acceptance of people with sexual diversity and respect for human rights and labor.

An Exploration of the Psycho-sexual Aspects of the Motivation to Avoid Success and its Association with Gender Roles and Work-Family Conflict Using a Mixed Method

Aims: The current study attempted to explore how gender roles and work-family conflict contribute to fear of success in urban, married, middle-aged, and working women. Materials and Methods: A mixed method was used in which “gender role,” “work family conflict,” and “fear of success” were measured using the Indian Gender Role Identity Scale, 1 the Work Family Conflict Scale (Carlson et al.), 2 and the Fear of Success Scale (Canavan-Gumpert et.al.), 3 respectively, followed by an interview of 10 voluntary participants for a period of 30 min each. Analysis: A stepwise multiple regression analysis of work-family conflict and gender roles on fear of success was computed as part of the quantitative analysis of the data. Open codes and focus codes were computed as part of the qualitative analysis of the data. Results and Conclusion: The results of quantitative data analysis revealed that both dimensions of “work-family conflict,” i.e., “time-based work to family” and “time based family to work,” are significant predictors of “fear of success” and that there is a significant negative correlation between “masculinity” and “fear of success.” The analysis of qualitative data revealed that the majority of the participants have talked about unpleasant consequences related to success in or being engaged in a formal job. The findings have been discussed in the context of the internalization of societal expectations and implicit coercions in urban, middle-aged, and married working women.

On trade policy and workers’ transition between the formal and informal sectors: An application to the MENA region in the time of COVID-19

This paper looks at the transition of workers in the MENA region between formal and informal jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic, and investigates whether trade policy could be adopted as a measure to enhance the transition of workers from the informal to the formal sector. We use the combined COVID-19 MENA Monitor Household Survey constructed by the Economic Research Forum for 5 MENA countries and 11 sectors. This topic is timely and critical for the MENA region where informal employment is widespread, applied tariffs are still high, and female labor participation is low. Our results show that: first, fewer trade restrictions are associated with an increased probability for the worker to become formal and this effect is more pronounced post-pandemic. Second, fewer trade restrictions are linked to an increase in the probability of becoming formal for blue collars only, with an insignificant effect on white collars. Third, fewer trade restrictions are associated with an increase in the probability of men to become formal, with an insignificant effect on women. Finally, the effect of trade policy on job formality depends on the sectoral occupation of the individual with this effect being more pronounced in agriculture and manufacturing relatively to services sectors.

Short-term labour transitions and informality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America

Latin America was one of the regions hardest hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper analyses, from a dynamic and comparative perspective, labour transitions triggered by the pandemic in six Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, Paraguay, and Peru. Special attention is paid to transits around labour informality during this period. Unlike previous crises, the fall in informal occupations deepened the overall contraction in employment. This was explained by a significant increase in exit rates from these jobs and, to a lesser extent, by reductions in entry rates. Most of the informal workers who lost their jobs left the labour force. Contrary to this labour movement, transits from informal to formal jobs significantly dropped during the most critical phase in this crisis. Partial recovery in employment since mid-2020 has been led by an increase in informal jobs. The labour dynamic has been different between men and women. This study reveals the relevance of dynamic analysis to clearly identify labour transitions that occurred during a labour crisis of unprecedented intensity and characteristics in Latin America.

Employment Formalization in Indonesia: Role of Parents’ Employment Mobility Toward Children’s Employment Mobility

This study aims to analyze the impact of parents’ employment status mobility on the children’s employment status mobility. In doing so, we applied a two-stage multinomial logistic regression model. In this research, employment status mobility refers to a mobility status from informal to formal jobs and vice versa. Using data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) for the period 2007 and 2014, the profile of the Indonesian workforce was dominated by stayers. The estimation results of multinomial logistic regression indicate that only fathers’ employment status mobility has a significant effect on the children’s employment status mobility, where fathers who are stayers and experiencing upward mobility will provide greater opportunities for their children to be stayers and fewer opportunities to experience downward mobility. Moreover, the employment status mobility of mothers does not have a significant impact on their children’s employment mobility. Our study points out the pivotal role of fathers in influencing employment formalization in Indonesia. Our findings could be valuable inputs for policy-making regarding employment formalization in Indonesia.

Assessing climate change and urban poverty in the context of the COVID 19 lockdowns: Rethinking personality and societal challenges in Zimbabwe

The study explored the challenges urbanites faced due to climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic. Urban vulnerability ills such as food insecurity, poverty and malnutrition have increased as climate change and COVID-19 jointly affect societies. Urban residents have resorted to urban farming and street vending as coping strategies. COVID-19 protocols and strategies for social distancing have compromised the urban poor livelihoods. Due to lockdown protocols such as curfew, closure of businesses, and the limited number of people doing certain activities, the urban poor often compromised lockdown rules to earn a living. The study used document analysis to gather data on climate change and poverty amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Academic journals, newspaper articles, books and information from various reliable websites were used for data collection. Content and thematic analysis were used to analyse data, while data triangulation from various sources enhanced data reliability and trustworthiness. The study found that climate change increased food insecurity in urban areas. Low agricultural output and climate change impacts compromised food availability and affordability for urbanites. The COVID-19 protocols increased financial constraints on urbanites as lockdown restrictions negatively impacted income from formal and informal jobs. The study recommends looking beyond the virus for prevention strategies to improve poor peoples’ livelihoods. Countries must develop response strategies to cushion the urban poor from climate change and the COVID-19 impact. Developing countries are urged to sustainably adapt to climate change through scientific innovation to promote people's livelihoods.

Women and Mining in Zambia: Opportunities and Challenges

The rise of urbanisation in colonial Zambia particularly on the Copperbelt province is associated with the discovery of minerals in the early 1900s. The widespread discovery of minerals and exploitation of the same minerals required labour both skilled and unskilled labour. Skilled labour was drawn from overseas while unskilled labour was available from the local population. During the colonial period, the predominant labour force on the mines were men while women were by law were not allowed to enter towns during the early years of urbanization or to take residence in urban areas anywhere in the country. Early researchers commented that early African migration to mine towns essentialised as men’s wage work, depended on agricultural and reproductive labour performed by women, who officially remained in rural areas. Local labour migrations were highly restricted and employment of women in urban areas was scarce or none existent in the initial stages of urbanisation.
 Skilled and none skilled labour for women employees on the mines initially did not exist in the colonial period because they (women) were not viewed as important labourers needed for production in the mines. This restriction of women in urban areas created a legacy of gender inequalities in almost all the sectors of labour employment and more so in the mining sector during the colonial period. Consequently, one can argue that since the colonial period to date, women have been a minority group in the mines occupying low positions in their majority compared to men and very few women hold executive positions in the mining sector.
 Employment during the colonial period was not easily found due to clear discrimination. The end result of this type of discrimination in employment resulted in few or no women at all in some instances in the mines. With passage of time, women were allowed into towns and on the mines but formal jobs for women were difficult to find. The current state of gender inequalities in the mines in Zambia today is a carryover from the colonial period. Currently, training institutions for mine workers such as universities, colleges and technical institute are still dominated by male students.
 The above situation eventually results into a gendered labour force in the mines with men occupying highly skilled jobs while women dominate the low skilled and non-skilled jobs in mining conglomerates. The current gender inequalities on the mines are historically embedded in the mines as patriarchal institutions owned and ran by the same men. Consequently, very few women are in the executive positions in mines and even very few do own mines.

Prevalence of workplace violence against young workers in the United States.

Workers under the age of 25 may be at particular risk for workplace violence, given their predominant employment in the high-risk retail and service industries. Little research exists, however, that estimates the scope of the problem within this population. To fill this gap, we conducted the first national study of workplace violence against young people in the United States. We analyzed survey data collected via telephone interview from a national sample of 1031 young workers ages 14 through 24 who held a formal job in the last 12 months. Weighted frequencies were calculated and χ2 tests of significance were used to detect differences between groups. Many youth experience workplace violence (60%). Verbal abuse of the sort that made victims feel scared and unsafe (53%) and sexual harassment (24%) were the most commonly reported forms of violence. Females were more likely than males to experience workplace violence overall (p < 0.001) and sexual harassment (p < 0.001) in particular. Males were more likely to experience verbal abuse (p < 0.001). Workplace violence was most prevalent among workers in healthcare settings and eating and drinking places. The occupation with the highest prevalence of workplace violence was customer service. Workplace violence is common among young workers in the United States and more widespread than prior estimates have suggested. This study is the first to provide a true national prevalence estimate of the problem of workplace violence among young workers ages 14 to 24 in the United States. These findings should be used to locate areas of concern and target resources where they are needed most to address this significant problem.

The effects of informality on socio-spatial inequalities in accessibility to job opportunities: Evidence from Fortaleza, Brazil

Unequal access to job opportunities among different socioeconomic groups can be a result from the land-use spatial mismatch problem, especially for peripheralized individuals in low-income groups. This type of spatial pattern is commonly observed in large cities of the Global South, that tend to present a highly concentric distribution of formal jobs. In the last decades, these cities have also experienced growth in informal jobs, which are normally more dispersed across the territory. Therefore, failing to include informal jobs in analyses of access to employment may bias conclusions about the degree of socio-spatial inequalities in accessibility to job opportunities. The main purpose of this paper is, thus, to analyze the effects of informality on these inequalities, using the city of Fortaleza, Brazil, as a representative case study of large cities in the Global South. In addition, the paper makes a methodological contribution by comparing two approaches for estimating the spatial distribution of formal and informal jobs. These two approaches, which need to be interpreted with caution, aim to validate an alternative method based on official socioeconomic data from annually available surveys, to be applied whenever a recent Household Travel Survey (HTS) is not available. On this secondary goal, it was observed that, although the alternative method provided a more concentrated distribution of informal jobs than the HTS method, it can be a valuable tool for analysis in the absence of more specific employment data. Regarding the main findings, the case study's empirical evidence showed that incorporating informal jobs into the analyses lessens the problem of socio-spatial inequalities in job accessibility, reinforcing the need to consider informality especially in large developing cities with similar socio-spatial patterns to Fortaleza.