ABSTRACT Most Vietnamese living and fishing in Cambodia are stateless and face a difficult life due to discriminatory treatment by some Cambodian officials and citizens. Therefore, many stateless ethnic Vietnamese have moved back to Vietnam in recent years. This study examines the citizenship policies of Cambodia and Vietnam, which crucially affect Vietnamese migrants’ legal status and ability to find work. The study uses primary data from household and community observations, and in-depth interviews with migrants, local authorities, and representatives of religious-based organisations. All interviews were conducted in Tan Chau district, Tay Ninh province, Vietnam, considered a new residence for many Vietnamese migrants who relocated from Cambodia. The results reveal that restrictions on their legal status have led to a cascade of repercussions that have hampered access to formal jobs and directly impacted their quality of life.