Formative Evaluation Research Articles

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 3,6- amide and thioamide substituted- 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazoles for anti-cancer activity

Herein, we report the synthesis of new compounds with demonstrated anticancer properties based on the 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole scaffold. The Fischer indolization method was used to close the heterocyclic motif. The synthesis method's scope and limitations were thoroughly assessed through a series of experiments. Biological assays revealed that two thioamide compounds exhibited significant anticancer activity against MCF-7, HTC116, and A596 cell lines. Comprehensive in vitro profiling included evaluation of cell cytotoxicity, morphological alterations, colony formation and cell adhesion in 3D cultures, cell cycle analysis, DNA damage induction, impact on mitochondria, and apoptosis. Ex ovo studies further demonstrated these compounds' potential to inhibit angiogenic processes. Our results indicate that the newly developed compounds activate processes leading to DNA damage and disruption of mitochondrial function.

Effect of sucrose fatty acid ester on crystal growth of carbon dioxide hydrate in aqueous fructose solution

CO2 hydrate is a remarkable candidate for novel solid carbonated foods because of its large gas capacity. This paper reports the effect of surfactants, essential additives in food production, on hydrate crystal growth by visually observing the CO2 hydrate crystal growth in aqueous fructose + sucrose fatty acid ester solution + gaseous CO2 system. Under all thermodynamic conditions, the surfactants affected the crystal growth of CO2 hydrates at liquid/gas interface, while not influencing growth in the liquid bulk phase. Porous hydrate crystals were formed at the liquid/CO2 interface and grew continuously along the reactor wall. The hydrate crystal morphology in liquid bulk phase was not affected by surfactants, changing from polyhedral and polygonal to dendritic shapes as temperature decreased. Discussion is provided on how the observation results can be specifically applied to intensification of hydrate formation process design and evaluation of hydrated food texture.

Formation evaluation and reservoir potential of the Middle Miocene syn-rift Hammam Faraun Member from the offshore Esh El Mellaha area, southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Formation evaluation and reservoir potential of the Middle Miocene syn-rift Hammam Faraun Member from the offshore Esh El Mellaha area, southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Peer support for borderline personality disorder: A critical review of its feasibility, acceptability, and alignment with concepts of recovery.

Many organizations have adopted peer support to increase service alignment with recovery-oriented principles. Yet, few studies have scrutinized borderline personality disorder (BPD)-specific concepts of "recovery" and "recovery-oriented practice," nor evaluated the extent to which existing peer support services (PSS) align with these concepts. We addressed these knowledge gaps in four phases: (a) a literature review to understand BPD-specific concepts of "recovery" and "recovery-oriented practice," (b) a literature review and open web search to describe the implementation, feasibility, or effectiveness of PSS for people with BPD, (c) a landscaping survey of program administrators regarding their BPD-PSS programs, and (d) a critical review of the extent to which current peer support for BPD aligns with "recovery" and "recovery-oriented practice." We identified 40 published sources that defined "recovery" or "recovery-oriented practice" as it pertains to BPD, and narratively summarize these results, nine sources that described PSS for people with BPD, and received survey responses from seven BPD-PSS program administrators. Our critical review highlighted the distinctive but overlapping concepts of "clinical recovery" versus "personal recovery" and underscored the alignment of BPD-PSS with personal recovery goals, including increased self-knowledge and -acceptance, hope, engagement in meaningful social roles and relationships, and self-determination. While peer support is experienced positively by service users, peer supporters, and clinicians, challenges include setting boundaries, minimizing dual roles, and ensuring adequate training, supervision, and personal support to reduce burnout. Peer support appears to be a feasible avenue for meeting the personal recovery goals of people with BPD; however, formal program evaluations are needed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Practicality of Student-Centered Assessment/Learning using Mathematics Modeling Process Worksheets to Improve the Quality of Education

It is necessary to consider reforms to improve the quality of education through assessment/learning. The problem formulation of this research is how to design student-centered assessment/learning using practical mathematical modeling process worksheets to improve the quality of education? This research uses a development research approach developed by Akker, Gravemeijer, McKenney and Nieveen. This development research consists of 3 steps, namely analysis, design and evaluation. In the analysis step, student analysis, curriculum, mathematical modeling and real world problems are implemented. Second step, design and product. In the final step, researchers used a formative evaluation design consisting of self-evaluation, one-to-one, expert review, small group, and field test. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis methods: (1) walk through, analysis based on solutions and student comments in small groups to obtain student-centered assessment/learning using mathematical modeling process worksheets using the best practical transportation context to improve the quality of education; (2) analyzing the results of the review of small group results. Based on the results of the small group worksheet, the mathematical modeling process is practical for improving the quality of education. Students commented that this mathematical modeling process worksheet was interesting, confusing but challenging and had never been found in their classrooms. Students can solve problems on process worksheets even though the mathematization process has not yet appeared, because students only solve them using informal methods. So, this is a golden opportunity to implement in order to improve the quality of education through assessment/learning. So, a practical mathematical modeling process worksheet is obtained to implement student-centered assessment/learning in order to improve the quality of education.

Estimation of porosity distribution from formation image logs and comparing the results with NMR log analysis: Implications for the heterogeneity analysis of carbonate reservoirs with an example from the Asmari reservoir, southwest Iran

Estimating heterogeneity in carbonate rocks is the most important parameter in identifying reservoir and non-reservoir areas. Diagenetic and sedimentary processes directly control reservoir heterogeneity. In this regard, the high hydrocarbon production rate and the reduction of the complexity of the carbonate reservoirs require the evaluation of a new architecture of the reservoir, in which the simultaneous impact of the diagenetic-sedimentary processes on the petrophysical logs is investigated. The current study studies the Oligocene-Miocene Asmari Formation Iran's giant carbonate reservoir. Based on petrographic studies, sedimentary facies, depositional environment and diagenetic processes were characterized. Formation evaluation was conducted to determine lithology, water saturation, fluid volume, and effective porosity. The estimated porosity from the evaluation of the conventional logs (full suite) was compared with the results of estimating the porosity from the NMR T2 distribution curve and the porosity histogram of the image logs. Lorenz's coefficient of heterogeneity was used to understand the heterogeneity of the reservoir. Diagenetic-sedimentary processes and petrophysical logs were used to investigate the pore type and their distribution. The results of petrographic studies, NMR T2 distribution curve, and porosity histogram show that the diagenetic-sedimentary process is the most important factor enhancing the reservoir heterogeneity. Diagenetic and sedimentary processes were traced by evaluating NMR and Image logs. Based on the results, the porosity distribution using the T2 curve and Image show a good agreement. Diagenetic processes mainly dissolution and dolomitization increased the heterogeneity of the main production zones (zones 3 and 4) of the Asmari reservoir that was confirmed using NMR and Image logs.

Formation evaluation and seismic interpretation of the Jurassic sedimentary section in the Matruh concession, North Western Desert, Egypt

Formation evaluation and seismic interpretation of the Jurassic sedimentary section in the Matruh concession, North Western Desert, Egypt

High-Strength Controllable Resin Plugging Agent and Its Performance Evaluation for Fractured Formation.

Lost circulation is a common and complicated situation in drilling engineering. Serious lost circulation may lead to pressure drop in the well, affect normal drilling operations, and even cause wellbore instability, formation fluid flooding into the wellbore, and blowout. Therefore, appropriate preventive and treatment measures need to be taken to ensure the safe and smooth operation of drilling operations. So, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on the development and performance of the plugging materials. In this study, urea formaldehyde resin with high temperature resistance and strength was used as the main raw material, and the curing conditions were optimized and adjusted by adding a variety of additives. The curing time, compressive strength, temperature resistance, and other key performance indexes of the resin plugging agent were studied, and a resin plugging agent system with excellent plugging performance was prepared. The formula is as follows: 25% urea formaldehyde resin +1% betaine +1% silane coupling agent KH-570 + 3% ammonium chloride +1% hexamethylenetetramine +1% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The optimal curing temperature is between 60 and 80 °C, with a controllable curing time of 1-3 h. Experimental studies examined the rheological and curing properties of the resin plugging agent system. The results showed that the viscosity of the high-strength curable resin system before curing remained stable with increasing shear rates. Additionally, the storage modulus and loss modulus of the resin solutions increased with shear stress, with the loss modulus being greater than the storage modulus, indicating a viscous fluid. The study also investigated the effect of different salt ion concentrations on the curing effect of the resin plugging system. The results showed that formation water containing Na+ at concentrations between 500 mg/L and 10,000 mg/L increased the resin's curing strength and reduced curing time. However, excessively high concentrations at lower temperatures reduced the curing strength. Formation water containing Ca2+ increased the curing time of the resin plugging system and significantly impacted the curing strength, reducing it to some extent. Moreover, the high-strength curable resin plugging agent system can effectively stay in various fracture types (parallel, wedge-shaped) and different fracture sizes, forming a high-strength consolidation under certain temperature conditions for effective plugging. In wedge-shaped fractures with a width of 10 mm, the breakthrough pressure of the high-strength curable resin plugging agent system reached 8.1 MPa. As the fracture width decreases, the breakthrough pressure increases, reaching 9.98 MPa in wedge-shaped fractures with an outlet fracture width of 3 mm, forming a high-strength plugging layer. This research provides new ideas and methods for solving drilling fluid loss in fractured loss zones and has certain application and promotion value.

Professionalising patient safety? Findings from a mixed-methods formative evaluation of the patient safety specialist role in the English National Health Service.

Objectives: While safety-dedicated professional roles are common in other high-risk industries, in health care they have tended to have a relatively narrow, technical focus. We present initial findings from a mixed-methods evaluation of a novel, senior role with responsibility for leadership of safety in English National Health Service organisations: the patient safety specialist. Methods: We conducted interviews with those responsible for designing, developing and overseeing the introduction of the role. We also carried out a national survey of current patient safety specialists. Data collection and analysis focused on the rationale for the role, its theory of change, and experiences of putting the theory into practice. Results: Interview participants articulated a clear theory of change for the role, highlighting ways in which the focus of the role, the seniority, responsibility and influence of role holders, and the expertise they brought might result in better safety management and speedier implementation of initiatives to manage risk and improve safety. Survey respondents had mixed experiences of the role to date, particularly in terms of material and symbolic support from their organisations. Together, findings from the two datasets indicated the need for a careful balance between strategic and operational activities to secure impact for patient safety specialists while ensuring they were embedded in the realities of clinical work as done-a balance that not all role holders found easy to achieve. Conclusions: The vision for the patient safety specialist role is clear, and supported by a plausible account of how the work of role holders might result in the intended objectives. The degree to which specialists are supported and resourced to deliver on these ambitions, however, varies markedly across organisations.

Public Engagement in Health Policy-Making for Older Adults: A Systematic Search and Scoping Review.

As the world's population ages, there has been increasing attention to developing health policies to support older adults. Engaging older adults in policy-making is one way to ensure that policy decisions align with their needs and priorities. However, ageist stereotypes often underestimate older adults' ability to participate in such initiatives. This scoping review aims to describe the characteristics and impacts of public engagement initiatives designed to help inform health policy-making for older adults. A systematic search of peer-reviewed and grey literature (English only) describing public engagement initiatives in health policy-making for older adults was conducted using six electronic databases, Google and the Participedia website. No geographical, methodological or time restrictions were applied to the search. Eligibility criteria were purposefully broad to capture a wide array of relevant engagement initiatives. The outcomes of interest included participants, engagement methods and reported impacts. This review included 38 papers. The majority of public engagement initiatives were funded or initiated by governments or government agencies as a formal activity to address policy issues, compared to initiatives without a clear link to a specific policy-making process (e.g., research projects). While most initiatives engaged older adults as target participants, there was limited reporting on efforts to achieve participant diversity. Consultation-type engagement activities were most prevalent, compared to deliberative and collaborative approaches. Impacts of public engagement were frequently reported without formal evaluations. Notably, a few articles reported negative impacts of such initiatives. This review describes how public engagement practices have been conducted to help inform health policy-making for older adults and the documented impacts. The findings can assist policymakers, government staff, researchers and seniors' advocates in supporting the design and execution of public engagement initiatives in this policy sector. Older adult partners from the McMaster University Collaborative for Health and Aging provided strategic advice throughout the key phases of this review, including developing a review protocol, data charting and synthesis and interpreting and presenting the review findings. This collaborative partnership was an essential aspect of this review, enhancing its relevance and meaningfulness for older adults.

Formative qualitative evaluation of an improvement programme delivered in an English hospital trust to reduce harm from pressure ulcers

BackgroundPressure ulcers (PUs) are a leading cause of preventable harm globally and can cause patients significant pain, infection and, in rare incidents, death. There is a strong evidence base for...

Project Based Learning (PjBL) Oriented Textbook to Increase Student Creativity

The learning process that takes place so far has yet to maximize and encourage students' thinking skills and learning creativity. This can be seen from the learning process of social studies education courses, which tends to use approaches that do not maximize the development of student creativity. This study aims to create teaching materials in the form of teaching books for social studies education courses oriented to project-based learning and see the potential effect on student creativity. The subjects in this study amounted to 45 students and involved three types of experts: material experts, design experts and linguists. This type of research is development research, with the development model used as the ASSURE model modified with formative evaluation from Tessmer. The data collection methods used in this research are tests, questionnaires, observation techniques, and interviews using instruments in the form of questionnaire sheets and tests with essay forms. After collecting the data, they were analyzed using descriptive qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods like n-gain. The main results of this study indicate that the project-based Learning-oriented textbook products developed meet the criteria of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. So, the product of the Project-based learning-oriented Social Studies Education course textbook developed is valid, practical, and effective in increasing student creativity. This research makes a meaningful contribution to the field of education, especially in developing project-oriented teaching materials.

2' Life-changing minutes: impact evaluation of a novel health promotion format on cancer prevention.

Cancer is one of the most important societal challenges in the world, with over 23 million new cases/year and 10 million deaths/year, that will only be properly tackled with a stronger focus on prevention. This calls for an informed population, aware of risk factors and willing to adopt preventive behaviors and early cancer screenings. For that purpose, 2' Life-changing minutes was created, the first ever televised Entertainment-Education series on cancer prevention. This study aims to evaluate the impact of 2' Life-changing minutes, a novel E-E format for cancer prevention, on knowledge gains and behavior changes. Two complementary studies were performed involving a total of 1314 participants: a test-screening (TS) study targeting potential viewers of the series, and a natural-screening (NS) study targeting those that spontaneously watched the series on television. We found (i) very high levels of appreciation and narrative engagement, and also willingness to see more episodes; (ii) statistically significant knowledge gains, ranging from 17% to 44%, on all four topics tested; (iii) evidence of effective behavior change. Regression analysis showed that narrative engagement was the best predictor of behavior change [NS: odds ratio (OR) = 3.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.70-6.74, p = 0.001; TS: OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.13-0.371, p = 0.018]. This study demonstrates the series' real impact and serves as a proof-of-concept for a novel strategy of cancer prevention that is based around compelling health narratives, rather than information or data, to engage viewers, increase knowledge and induce behavior change.

Evaluation of Distal Tibiofibular Synostosis Formation and Risk Factors After Surgically Treated Ankle Fractures: A Single Centre Study

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of partial bridging and synostosis in the distal tibiofibular joint after surgically treated ankle fractures and determine possible risk factors. In this retrospective study, patients admitted to our hospital with ankle trauma between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2020, who were operated on for an ankle fracture and had a follow-up period of at least 1 year, were included. Patients underwent anteroposterior, lateral, and mortise radiographs of the ankle and low-dose computed tomography postoperatively. The presence of partial bridging and synostosis in the distal tibiofibular joint was evaluated. The study included 75 patients (50 males, 25 females). There were 40 patients with the right fracture side and 35 patients with the left fracture side. The mean age of the patients included in the study was 43.96 ± 15.07 years. The total follow-up period was 40 ± 13 months. Nineteen patients had partial bridging (13 males, 6 females), and 9 had synostosis (7 males, 2 females). The incidence of partial bridging was 25.3%, and synostosis was 12%. We determined that high-energy trauma is a risk factor for synostosis, but we found that syndesmosis injury is not a risk factor for developing distal tibiofibular synostosis. Additionally, we found that distal tibiofibular synostosis and partial bridging do not affect ankle joint movements.

Helium resource and play classification systems, effective reservoir control elements, and enrichment patterns in China

The classification system, effective reservoir control elements, and major enrichment and exploration modes of helium resources in China are analyzed based on the source of helium, carrier, geological background, and anatomy of typical helium-rich fields. Firstly, based on the special characteristics of helium and the correlation analysis of natural gas accumulation and reservoir formation, we analyzed and sorted out the helium resource and play type classification scheme and classification system in China from nine aspects, namely, the source of helium parental sources, helium type diversities, the storage and carrier types, the technically and economically recoverable characteristics of carrier gases, the carrier gas genesis, the main components of carrier gases, the matching combination of helium sources and reservoirs, background of prototype basin structure, and helium content, to lay the foundation for the subsequent targeted and detailed studies and evaluation programs in different categories. Secondly, the analysis points out the characteristics of helium resource types in the east, middle, and west of China in terms of longitudinal and transverse distribution, tectonic dynamics, geological and geochemical characteristics, and key conditions for the formation of helium deposits. Thirdly, from the perspective of the helium “generation-migration-accumulation” system and the controlling elements and effectiveness of helium-rich reservoir formation, we analyze the effective controlling elements of helium accumulation and the related problems that deserve attention in geological evaluation and point out the misunderstandings in helium reservoir formation and exploration evaluation. Last but not least, from the perspective of basin tectonic background, helium enrichment controlling mechanism and exploration direction, the exploration and evaluation direction and classification scheme for the four element combination zones of “original basin–structure–lithology–carrier gas” helium accumulation in China have been proposed, based on which, four types of basins and eight types of helium-rich zones in China have been sorted out. In these eight types of helium-rich zones, eight typical helium-rich field enrichment and exploration patterns, including the ancient uplift type of China's craton, fracture-fold variant of the craton margin, fracture-rise type of depression basin, slope bulge and uplift type of foreland basin, fracture-convex type of fracture basin, and U/Th-rich basement type of basin were analyzed, and the main controlling factors of the formation of different types of helium-rich deposits were analyzed, which will provide a reference for the subsequent exploration and discovery of similar helium-rich areas and exploration target evaluation.

Development and evaluation of scenario-based e-simulation for humanitarian health training: a mixed-methods action research study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop and evaluate a scenario-based e-simulation (SBES) to address the limited avilability of accessible and practical training for humanitarian public health responders. The objectives included SBES...

Student Progress Tracing of Arabic Learning: A Qualitative Investigation of Speaking Skills Formative Evaluation in Islamic Elementary School

Formative evaluation of Arabic language proficiency plays a crucial role in identifying students' progress in the learning process, particularly in speaking skills or maharatul kalam. The aim of this study is to explore the implementation of formative evaluation on Arabic speaking skills in the third-grade class of SDIT Harapan Bunda Manado. The research adopts a qualitative approach with data collected through interviews with Arabic language teachers and observations in three different classes. The findings indicate that the types of speaking skills tests implemented in this school align with the principles of Arabic language teaching for beginners. The formative evaluation method of maharatul kalam includes reading texts aloud and identifying vocabulary words presented by the teacher. This evaluation is conducted formatively throughout the learning process. Both evaluation methods aim to measure students' reading, pronunciation, and vocabulary mastery as a foundation for developing more complex Arabic language skills in subsequent levels. Interactive evaluation, utilizing varied technologies and approaches, enables teachers to provide constructive feedback and customize learning according to individual student needs.

Can Lesions in the Right Basal Ganglia Cause Aphasia? Crossed Aphasia in a Right-Handed Patient.

Aphasia is a common neurocognitive disorder caused by impaired speech and language, with stroke being the most frequent cause. The neuroanatomical mechanism underlying this condition is not yet fully understood. This case describes a 74-year-old Caucasian woman admitted with a clinical picture of right total anterior circulation infarct (TACI) and aphasia, scoring 17 on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Neuroimaging showed a large cortico-subcortical frontotemporoparietal and insular infarct involving the basal ganglia of the right hemisphere and bilateral focal atherosclerotic stenosis on the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery. There was no left hemispheric lesion or abnormal electric activity on the electroencephalogram. A formal evaluation was compatible with transcortical motor aphasia. The aetiological study revealed atrial fibrillation, and the case was admitted as an ischaemic stroke of undetermined aetiology with two possible causes - intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis or atrial fibrillation. Our patient fulfilled all the formal criteria for crossed aphasia in dextral (CAD): aphasia, a lesion in the right hemisphere coupled with the structural integrity of the left hemisphere, an established preference for right-hand use without a familial history of left-handedness individuals, and an absence of brain damage in childhood. Our patient's case adds to the evidence that deep structures - alone or in combination with cortical structures - are primarily affected in CAD. The diagnostic criteria for crossed aphasia in dextral (CAD) are derived from clinical case studies and include aphasia, a lesion in the right hemisphere, a strong preference for using the right hand, the structural integrity of the left hemisphere and no history of brain damage during childhood.The right lentiform nucleus was found to be the most frequent anatomical substrate involved in CAD patients, consistent with our case description.Our patient experienced transcortical motor aphasia due to a stroke in the right hemisphere, adding to the evidence that in CAD patients, deep structures are primarily affected. In contrast, in left hemispheric lesions, cortical structures seem to be the main culprits.

A Morphological Method for Predicting Permeability in Fractured Tight Sandstone Reservoirs Based on Electrical Imaging Logging Porosity Spectrum

Summary Permeability is a crucial parameter in formation evaluation, which reflects reservoir fluid mobility and directly influences subsequent development and production. In conventional to tight sandstone formations without fractures, numerous methods have been developed to predict permeability. However, permeability prediction accuracy based on the current method is low in fractured tight sandstone reservoirs due to the influence of heterogeneity, and little research is focused on permeability evaluation in such reservoirs. Conventional wireline and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging lose their role in fracture parameter evaluation, whereas electrical imaging logging is available for reflecting fracture information. Hence, we adopt electrical imaging logging, instead of conventional wireline and NMR logging, to predict permeability in fractured tight sandstone reservoirs. In this study, we propose a morphological method for permeability prediction using electrical imaging logging. Initially, we process the electrical imaging logging data to obtain the porosity spectra and determine the peak of the primary porosity spectrum. We then extract the mean and standard deviation of the primary porosity spectrum based on its distribution morphology. Meanwhile, we also use the normal distribution function to fit the primary porosity spectrum and accumulate the amplitudes of the original and fitted porosity spectra, respectively. When the cumulative amplitude of the fitted spectra stabilizes, the corresponding porosity indicates the boundary between primary and secondary pores. This boundary allows us to calculate the proportion of primary pores to total pores. Permeability in fractured tight sandstone formations is influenced by both primary and secondary pores, showing a strong correlation with the proportion of primary porosity. Finally, we establish a permeability prediction model based on total porosity and the proportion of matrix pores. The reliability of our established permeability evaluation model is confirmed by comparing the predicted permeabilities with core-derived results in the Triassic Chang 63 Member of the Jiyuan area in the Ordos Basin. In unfractured formations, the predicted permeability based on our raised model closely matches the results derived solely from total porosity. In fractured formations, however, the calculated permeability using our proposed model aligns more closely with the core-derived result, while predictions based on current and NMR models tend to underestimate permeability.

Development of the Technical Assistance Engagement Scale: a modified Delphi study

BackgroundTechnical assistance (TA) is a tailored approach to capacity building that is commonly used to support implementation of evidence-based interventions. Despite its widespread applications, measurement tools for assessing critical components of TA are scant. In particular, the field lacks an expert-informed measure for examining relationship quality between TA providers and recipients. TA relationships are central to TA and significantly associated with program implementation outcomes. The current study seeks to address the gap in TA measurement tools by providing a scale for assessing TA relationships.MethodsWe utilized a modified Delphi approach involving two rounds of Delphi surveys and a panel discussion with TA experts to garner feedback and consensus on the domains and items that compose the TA Engagement Scale.ResultsTA experts represented various U.S. organizations and TA roles (e.g., provider, recipient, researcher) with 25 respondents in the first survey and 26 respondents in the second survey. The modified Delphi process resulted in a scale composed of six domains and 22 items relevant and important to TA relationships between providers and recipients.ConclusionThe TA Engagement Scale is a formative evaluation tool intended to offer TA providers the ability to identify strengths and areas for growth in the provider-recipient relationship and to communicate about ongoing needs. As a standard measurement tool, it lends a step toward more systematic collection of TA data, the ability to generate a more coherent body of TA evidence, and enables comparisons of TA relationships across settings.