Form Of Diplomacy Research Articles

PUPLIC DIPLOMACY AND ITS IMPACT IN THE STATES FOREIGN POLICY (QATAR TYPICAL)

The subject of the research tagged (public diplomacy and its role in the foreign policy of the state (Qatar as a model)) dealt with how and the extent of the impact of public diplomacy on the foreign policy of the state, and the importance that the researcher sees for public diplomacy at the international level and its role in making events, directing political policies and decisions and influencing international relations is a basic starting point for studying the subject, and then crystallizing it into a problem worth researching and studying. Which lies in a major question is the meaning of how public diplomacy affects the making and implementation of the foreign policy of the state, has divided the research into three basic sections, the first topic: looking at the concept of public diplomacy and concepts approach, the second topic: focuses on the dimensions of public diplomacy and tools, The third section seeks to clarify its role in the foreign policy of the state by studying the public diplomacy of the State of Qatar as a model for the state that is interested in this form of diplomacy and employs it in its international relations. This led to different results, the most important of which is that the definitions of public diplomacy differed according to the stages they went through and based on the circumstances and variables of the international reality at each stage, and the future of public diplomacy depends on scientific research based on the participation of researchers from different sciences such as communication sciences, media, public opinion, politics and international relations. In this regard, the State of Qatar has been able to overcome its demographic and geographical weaknesses by providing a range of strategic soft power means, including public diplomacy

Strictly unofficial business: Australia’s trade policy towards the People’s Republic of China, 1951 to 1966

Between 1951 and 1966, Australia engaged in an expanding trade with China without extending diplomatic recognition. The Liberal–Country Coalition government not only allowed, but encouraged this connection, mostly by facilitating the exchanges of private citizens and even officials and, increasingly, providing export subsidies. It did so selectively, balancing between the eagerness of businesses and some officials, the pressure from the United States, and domestic critiques seeking either a more total containment of China or to pursue diplomacy with Beijing. By the end of the period, Canberra settled on the formula of making a sizable trade surplus with China without taking the political risk of either conducting formal diplomacy or modifying existing trade restrictions. The coincidence of needs saw the trade relationship assuming some significance in Australia’s agricultural sector, especially wheat production. But the political limitation to this trade also became clear, as did the constraints suffered by its Labor critics.

DIPLOMATIC PROCESSES IN THE DIGITAL AGE: «NET-DIPLOMACY» AND KAZAKHSTAN’S IMAGE

This article examines the problem of public diplomacy and the new “network diplomacy”, which is a current subject of research in the field of international journalism. Meanwhile, due to global “digitalization”, the concept of new forms of diplomacy in modern science is blurred. The authors of the article compare the term “net-diplomacy” with “twi-diplomacy” (X-diplomacy), “public diplomacy”, “digital diplomacy”, “mediated public diplomacy”, which allows to comprehend and evaluate its potential; the authors also pays special attention to the importance of building a positive image. Observation, comparison and mixed methods of the research were used. The authors used «qualitative analysis» also, thereby comparing new forms of diplomacy developing in domestic discourse with the method of US public diplomacy. The authors come to the conclusion that “network diplomacy” is a form of public diplomacy, a means of developing the national interests of the state and raising its image in the international arena. The practical significance of the article lies in introducing a new type of traditional diplomacy and its implementation, proper use of the new forms of diplomacy. The authors of the study prove that traditional diplomacy has undergone major changes in accordance with modern requirements. This article will be relevant and useful not only for political scientists and international relations specialists, but also for specialists in the field of journalism, communication and PR.

Indonesia Spice Up The World (ISUTW) Campaign As An Indonesian Nation Branding Effort

The development of globalization throughout the world also affects the interaction between state actors in the international system, especially in the practice of diplomacy carried out by states. One form of diplomacy that has developed is the gastrodiplomacy campaign carried out by Indonesia. At the end of 2020, an Indonesia Spice Up the World (ISUTW) gastrodiplomacy campaign was initiated which was initiated by the government and across ministries in Indonesia with the aim of increasing exports of Indonesian spices and local culinary seasonings and expanding the network of Indonesian restaurants abroad as one of the efforts in Indonesia's national economic recovery after the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose jncarried out by Indonesia through the Indonesia Spice Up the World (ISUTW) campaign. Gastrodiplomacy campaigns carried out by a country can be analyzed through nation branding strategies in seeing how the strategy can achieve a country's national interests. The research was conducted using the conceptual framework of "Nation Branding" from Juyan Zhang. Data collection techniques and data analysis are carried out by qualitative methods and descriptive analysis. The research conducted found that Indonesia with the ISUTW gastrodiplomacy campaign has carried out a nation branding strategy through six nation branding strategies proposed by Juyan Zhang including, product marketing strategy, food event strategy, coalition-building strategy, use of opinion leaders, education strategy and Media Relation Strategy. The six strategies in the nation branding effort in the gastrodiplomacy campaign help Indonesia to achieve Indonesia's national interests in terms of the national economy and culinary promotions carried out

The British Council and British cultural diplomacy 1934-1959: a new form of diplomacy?

ABSTRACT There are grounds for considering the creation of the British Council in the interwar period as a manifestation of post-World War One internationalism and the search for a ‘new diplomacy’. Yet, as an arms-length body established by the Foreign Office (FO), it was expected to support not supplant traditional diplomats. If the creation of a body dedicated to cultural relations did indeed represent a new departure for British diplomacy, to what new destinations did it hope to carry that diplomacy? Focusing on the first decades of the Council’s existence, this article shows that the British Council’s growing commitment to cultural internationalism did not prevent it from continuing to function as a vector for British cultural propaganda. It also argues that the transition to Commonwealth did not diminish a commitment to the Empire, and shows the importance of recognising the tensions at work within the model of cultural internationalism adopted by the Council given that development would represent an increasingly significant proportion of its work from the 1960s onwards.

The Conflicting Soviet Responses to the Lausanne Process (1922-1924)

The article examines the Soviet responses to the Lausanne Process, which took place from May to November 1923. The process involved the trial of Russian émigrés Moritz Conradi and Arkadii Polunin, who were accused of murdering Vatslav Vatslavovich Vorovskii, the Soviet representative in Italy and head of the delegation to the Lausanne Conference, on May 10, 1923. The acquittal of Conradi and Polunin by a Swiss jury on November 16, 1923, under the verdict of "not guilty," as they were seen as avenging victims of Soviet repression, had a significant impact on the Russian emigration. While the historiography increasingly recognizes the role of various Russian émigrés in turning the trial into a denunciation of Bolshevism, little is known about the Soviet government's response to Vorovskii's killing and the efforts of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs (NKID) to participate in the legal proceedings. By analyzing unpublished letters written by Soviet government officials found in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation and considering the international context of 1923, this study aligns with the historiographic trend that emphasizes collective leadership and institutional autonomy in Soviet foreign policy decisions following Lenin's increasing isolation in late 1922. The research demonstrates that when the Swiss government prevented the Soviet counterpart from participating as a legal party in the process, Moscow resorted to non-traditional foreign projections, which encompassed actions beyond formal diplomacy, and even involved non-communist actors to present the USSR in a positive and "objective" light at Lausanne. However, the bureaucratic complexities of the Soviet state hindered success in court. Thus, the handling of the Lausanne Process by the prosecution serves as an illustrative example of how post-Civil War Soviet institutions operated in relation to one another, characterized by intricate dynamics and an entrenched bureaucracy, far from the alleged "totalitarian" tendencies.

The Art of Defense Diplomacy: How New Forms of Diplomacy are Shaping International Relations

<h1>Defense diplomacy has further developed into a new form of diplomacy in international relations, which is supported by various forms of technology and also the development of social media. This research study aims to explore how this new form of diplomacy shapes international relations more broadly, as well as to determine whether defense diplomacy effectively promotes cooperation and stability among states in the context of security and defense. Then find the challenges and opportunities of defense diplomacy in the modern era. The research used mixed methods research by analyzing 244 scientific articles based on the Scopus database, Google Sholar, and Web of Science. In addition, this research also analyzed the data obtained from the VOSviewer tool. This study reveals that defense diplomacy has emerged in various forms of diplomacy, also defense diplomacy affects interactions of international relations and influences the construction of norms, identities, and interests in the international system. In terms of norms, defense diplomacy can help promote international norms related to security and defense, such as human rights and international law. In terms of identity, defense diplomacy can shape national identity in terms of defense and security. In terms of interests, defense diplomacy can influence national interests and security through cooperation in defense and reaching regional and international security agreements. Defense diplomacy brings changes in the form of building cooperation, reducing tensions, improving defense capabilities, and promoting human rights principles and international law. Through defense diplomacy, countries can strengthen international cooperation in security and defense and build strong relationships between countries. In the long run, this can help reduce tensions between countries and promote stability around the world.</h1>

Politika transgranichnoj peredachi dannyh: perspektiva, osnovannaya na global'noj politicheskoj diplomatii

Digital diplomacy is a new form of diplomacy that has emerged along with the development of digital technology. Through a historical comparison of the US, the EU, China, and Russia data cross-border policies, this article shows how with the help of network technology can help China transform from traditional diplomacy to digital diplomacy.

Sustaining the Confederacy: Informal Diplomacy, Anglo-Confederate Relations, and Blockade-Running in the Bahamas

Sustaining the Confederacy: Informal Diplomacy, Anglo-Confederate Relations, and Blockade-Running in the Bahamas Beau Cleland (bio) In early 1862, the acting governor of the Bahamas welcomed the arrival of “numerous strangers from the neighbouring continent,” as Confederates and their supporters flowed into Nassau to open a critical and lucrative trade with the nearby Confederate coast. Their friendly reception in Nassau was not simply an accident of geography.1 In an unlikely triumph of informal Confederate diplomacy, merchants, planters, and ship captains on both sides created ties of trade, self-interest, and genuine sympathy and sustained them against pressure from both the U.S. federal and British imperial governments. It was a diplomacy of personal acquaintance, business relationships, and shipping routes rather than one of formal envoys, and these informal networks gave the Confederacy a rare success in international affairs. By using British colonial partners, the Confederacy’s ad hoc collection of minor officials, merchants, and shipowners pressed claims on the British government, and, through the British, on the Union, in ways that formal diplomats could not. In doing so, this Confederate commercial-diplomatic network formed and protected the blockade-running enterprise that sustained much of the Confederate war effort and created the means [End Page 61] for expatriates and foreign allies to materially aid the rebellion. This Confederate web extended across British America, from Toronto and Halifax to British Honduras and numerous places in between, but it had its greatest success in Nassau. This reassessment of who mattered and what constituted “success” in Confederate diplomacy is important for bringing scholarship on Civil War diplomacy in line with the broader deinstitutionalization of diplomatic history.2 It is also an opportunity to reconsider how and why individuals and subnational groups shaped the course of the war and international relations in the nineteenth century—and to push back against the paradigm of the state as the most important actor, a perspective that underlies even the “new” diplomatic history of the Civil War.3 Whatever the relative claims over state capacity in this era, it was still a time of comparative bureaucratic weakness and agonizingly slow and unreliable communication. We must embrace the trend in histories of empire and sovereignty that deemphasizes the role of the state by decentering the diplomatic history of the war from the State Department or Foreign Office and placing focus on the people who personally shaped the transformation of state policy into action and, perhaps more frequently, vice versa.4 This approach allows us to ask different questions about things like blockade-running. Rather than just assessing how much it helped the Confederacy in material terms, or what it meant for formal diplomacy, we have the opportunity to reassess the actual importance of formal state power, both in blockade-running as well as in the “international” Civil War. The merchants, supercargoes, and minor officials who [End Page 62] conducted the informal diplomacy that enabled blockade-running were but one aspect of a broader universe of filibusters, ad hoc militias, settler colonists, and others who mobilized private resources and violence in behalf of (or in resistance to) empire building in mid-nineteenth-century North America.5 While they have often escaped the notice of historians, these grassroots foreign policy actors deeply affected the course of the Civil War and the shaping of sovereignty and empire. The United States government certainly took notice of the Confederacy’s friends in the Bahamas. Secretary of State William H. Seward noted, “Among those British subjects who were the first to institute a contraband trade with the insurgents, in violation of our laws, and in contempt of the Queen’s proclamation [of neutrality], is a house established in Nassau and Liverpool, under the name of Adderly & Co.” Seward, with undisguised anger, referred to the head of that firm, Henry Adderley, as “a person who is so vicious as to dishonor his own country and send desolation abroad through mine upon the motive of commercial gain.” As Seward informed a British diplomat, “I desire that the British nation may understand that . . . we do not confound the just and the good with the unjust and depraved.”6 Henry Adderley, whom blockade-runners dubbed “King...

Humanitarian Diplomacy and Its Origins in Non-State Actors’ Diplomacy

The term humanitarian diplomacy has been gaining prominence in recent decades and is used by both state actors and non-state actors to describe their humanitarian activities. It was claimed to have emerged in the 1990s when the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty and the 1998 Rome Statute were adopted at the United Nations (UN) dominated by state actors. This study aims to examine the origins and initiators of humanitarian diplomacy. It proves that even though the term has become popular in recent decades, despite not having a universally recognized definition, humanitarian diplomacy is not a new form of diplomacy. Through research on literature, including recorded history from practitioners and scholars, this study argues that the origins of humanitarian diplomacy can be traced back to the efforts of non-state actors in the 19th century that led to the first Geneva Convention in 1864. The protagonist was Henry Dunant, a young Swiss businessperson turned humanitarian, whose advocacy led to the first Geneva Convention, which marked the beginnings of international humanitarian law that also codified humanitarian principles in international law for the first time. The conduct of humanitarian diplomacy initiated by Dunant has become the basis for ensuing humanitarian diplomacy to adopt subsequent treaties with the aim of reducing suffering in armed conflicts. It includes heavy involvement of non-state actors, strong public communication strategy that is driven by the impulses of achieving humanitarian objectives. There is a lack of study on the origins of humanitarian diplomacy as the existing literature is largely produced by practitioners who focus on their distinct ways of conducting humanitarian diplomacy. This research is expected to fill this gap in the literature. Keywords: humanitarian diplomacy, non-state actor, Henry Dunant, international humanitarian law. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55463/hkjss.issn.1021-3619.60.13

"Digital global health diplomacy" for climate change and human security in the Anthropocene.

The COVID-19 pandemic has now affected everyone, threatening every aspect of our well-being with over 617597680 confirmed cases, including 6532705 deaths globally. The context of the Anthropocene is the backdrop for the novel, interlinked, systemic, and global threats. Anthropocene is a term proposed to designate the era in which human beings have become predominant drivers of planetary change, drastically altering the planet's biosphere. The concept of global health diplomacy (GHD), which connects the domains of health and international relations, has a critical role in advancing human security. Thus, there is a need for new forms of diplomacy, which is critically important in this complex intermestic and interdependent Anthropocene era, where globalization has inevitably linked nations and population health. This paper introduces, analyzes, and attempts to define "Digital Global Health Diplomacy" (DGHD), which has gained great momentum during this COVID-19 pandemic with concurrent health and human security threats. The application of digital formats to the existing traditional structures for dialogue has become a more popular tool recently. Furthermore, digital means are being used during the COVID-19 pandemic to share the health diplomacy discourse at subnational, supranational, international, regional, and global platforms. DGHD reminds us again of the criticality of this multidisciplinary concept involving the contributions of diplomats, global health specialists, digital technology experts, economists, trade specialists, international law, political scientists, etc., in the global policymaking process. If used effectively by trained global health diplomats through innovative digital platforms, DGHD has a great scope of delivering results faster and has more reach than the traditional approach.

Identifying the conceivable diplomatic outcomes of Sport Diplomacy initiatives

Although studies around Sport Diplomacy (SD) are expanding rapidly, there is no specific agreement on the outcomes of SD initiatives. The purpose of this study is to identify the conceivable diplomatic outcomes of SD from the perspective of international public diplomacy and sport experts. Researchers used a fuzzy Delphi method, which is an advanced version of the qualitative Delphi method that employs statistics to determine the distance between the levels of consensus within the expert panel. Thirty online surveys were completed by the experts, who were selected through targeted sampling. The statistical population included public diplomacy and sports scholars, and the researchers identified about 200 individuals who qualified for the sampling population because of their academic studies in the fields of public, cultural, and sport diplomacy. After running two rounds of fuzzy Delphi, the SD outcomes were classified into two categories of explicit/specific outcomes and implicit/general outcomes. The results showed that the outcomes of “cross-cultural communication,” “mutual understanding,” “trust building,” “nation branding,” “country reputation,” “attraction,” and “co-option” were the most possible explicit/specific outcomes of SD initiatives undertaken by countries’ ministries of foreign affairs and related agencies. “Sport industry development,” “sport tourism development,” and “socio-economic development” were the most possible outcomes of the implicit/general efforts of SD initiatives undertaken by the sport federations, private sector, NGOs, and other institutions outside the formal diplomacy system. Co-option-A term derived from Nye's theory of soft power as the ultimate goal/outcome of SD endeavors is manifested in “Peace Building (Conflict Conciliation)” between hostile states/nations and “Peace Development” between friendly states/nations.

Politics of Grassroot Sports Diplomacy in National Cohesion

The current international relations system is quite dynamic, forcing many state governments to turn to sports as the most efficient soft power tool. Sports is perceived as an integral element of national identity more so, for a country that internationally has a good reputation in sports. Values of sports diplomacy include competition, teamwork and fair play. This form of diplomacy has the potential to inform, engage and influence key actors, especially youth, emerging leaders and women and girls. However, sports, as a diplomatic tool has been always associated with mega-sport events, elite sports and professional athletes, neglecting sports at the grassroots level, where the organizations, interventions and stakeholders are considered irrelevant for state-led public diplomacy. Yet, grassroots sport-based interventions have the capability of strengthening people-to-people relations, hence contributing to national cohesion. By developing grassroots sports, the objective is to grow elite sports men and women who will eventually form teams that will compete favorably on the international arena. This paper hence discusses the politics of grassroots sports diplomacy towards national cohesion. It specifically addresses three objectives; First, it examines actors in grassroots sports diplomacy; Secondly, it Assesses tools used to promote grassroots sports and lastly it interrogates the discourse on grassroots sports diplomacy towards national cohesion. . A descriptive research design enabled primary and secondary data to be collected. The data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The paper concludes that grassroots sport diplomacy creates cooperative relations among citizens hence addressing the national unity crisis that most countries are faced with. Recommendations in relation to grassroots sports diplomacy as a tool for national cohesion have also been included.

Economic and environmentaldiplomacy: strategic contextof development

Introduction. An important issue is to ensure the intensification of international economic rela­tions in the context of globalization and the strength­hening of environmental determinants. The use of mechanisms, models and tools of economic and envi­ronmental diplomacy will improve the competitive position and image of countries. Problem. It is necessary to develop the potential of economic and environmental diplomacy as integrators of politics, economics and ecology, initiators of the functioning of platforms for consolidation of countries in solving global problems. The aim of the article is to define the features of economic and environmental diplomacy in the context of strategic directions of development in the context of globalization and increasing inter­na­tional competition. Methods. The methodological basis of the study are general and special methods, comprehen­sive analysis. Results. The article considers topical issues of modern development of economic and environmental diplomacy, directions of policy changes in international economic relations, image formation and competitive positions. The development of the country’s national economic potential on the world stage depends on new forms of diplomacy, mechanisms to protect the economic and environ­mental interests of countries, development of inter­national dialogue, trade negotiations, business coope­ration and intensi­fication of business initiatives. Conclusions. The development of economic and environmental diplomacy of Ukraine is a prog­ressive type of activity aimed at representing and protecting the national interests of the country and assisting exporters in world markets.

‘Publish or Perish’: a Transformation of Professional Value in Creating Literate Academics in the 21st Century

The academics of higher education are required to write scientific papers in reputable international journals, which they find challenging in terms of English language skills and the lack of research skills, low literacy skills, and skills in accessing references. Thus, this study aims at exploring the framework for improving academics’ literacy competence for scientific publication activities. Action Research was employed as a design by involving 24 doctoral program students at one campus in West Java Province, Indonesia, who were lecturers at four universities in Indonesia. This research resulted in 7 stages as a critical reflection step in improving literacy competence. The seven stages are summarized in the acronym LITERAT as an extension of Literacy, Investigation, Writing Techniques, Exploration, Reflection, Actualization and Translating. This study concludes that these seven steps proved that 87% of academics’ literacy competences have increased. This study contributes by providing guidance for academics in improving literacy competence and boosting the number of scientific publications of each university as a manifestation of a country's pride in the form of diplomacy portrayed in the quality of education and science.

China's “Wolf Warrior Diplomacy”: The Interaction of Formal Diplomacy and Cyber-Nationalism

For all the popular interest in “wolf warrior diplomacy,” scant attention has been paid to the internal logics and mechanics of representative communications, notably the intersection with grassroots cyber-nationalism. Centring the connections between official and unofficial actors, we situate Chinese diplomatic communications within the domestic nationalist cyberspace cultures that demand and nourish the “dare to fight” orientation of formal Chinese diplomacy on the international stage. We argue that there is a synergistic interaction between officials and popular nationalism that creates bottom-up incentives to adopt a “wolf warrior” posture, distinct from simultaneous top-down pressures from the central leadership under Xi Jinping to appropriately represent China's “confident rise.” We show through case studies involving MoFA spokesperson and archetypal “wolf warrior” Zhao Lijian, that this interaction extends to sharing unofficial content and ideas in a mutually reinforcing cycle that facilitates a harder edge to diplomatic communications.

Analysis on the Global Health Diplomacy of ASEAN Countries under COVID-19

Global health diplomacy is a new form of diplomacy. Affected by COVID-19, countries have been actively engaged in global health diplomacy, and cooperation in fighting the epidemic has become the norm. ASEAN countries have used the epidemic as an opportunity to strengthen cooperation in the field of health and health. On the one hand, as the most important and influential regional intergovernmental international organization in Southeast Asia, ASEAN provides ASEAN member states with an efficient platform for global health diplomacy. On the other hand, ASEAN countries also conduct global health diplomacy through traditional bilateral diplomatic channels. ASEAN countries have developed their own special experience in the global health diplomacy to combat COVID-19, that is, bilateral diplomacy and multilateral diplomacy go hand in hand, which has important implications for other countries in the world on carrying out global health diplomacy to fight against COVID-19.

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO DIPLOMATIC RHETORIC

Speech culture is a branch of linguistics, and later, as a result of further researches, another new term, rhetoric, entered the field of linguistics. The culture of rhetoric is a science that goes hand in hand with the field of public speaking, which is primarily focused on the formation of a person's abilities and talents. While rhetoric is the science that studies the talents of the speaker, the culture of speech is the science that studies the literary language and its norms. Rhetoric is a complex art that requires persistence, patience, skill and experience. Real speech requires great skills and careful preparation. Therefore, representatives of any sphere should not only know the rules of public speaking, but also be able to express their opinions in accordance with them. Within the years of independence, the role of diplomacy, like all other spheres, has become invaluable in our country. Special attention will be paid to diplomacy for the peaceful solution of the interests of the state. We see that the beautiful speeches of diplomats serve the future of the whole nation and the whole society. As in the diplomacy of all countries, the style and form of diplomacy in Uzbekistan is different. Uzbek diplomacy uses all the fruitful means of the world practice. It is held on the basis of bilateral and multilateral meetings of heads of state, as well as meetings of heads of government, foreign ministers, plus conferences, seminars and others. Based on their job responsibilities, we examined the types of diplomatic speeches including presidential speeches, speeches of diplomats, and representatives of diplomatic missions, speeches during official visits, diplomatic correspondence and diplomatic documents. This article gives a quick overview of who a diplomat is, what a diplomatic speech is, and more.

Sports diplomacy as a modern means of solving international problems

Problem setting.. The scientific article is devoted to the issues of considering the peculiarities of one of the types of public diplomacy - sports diplomacy both in historical retrospect and in terms of current achievements. The authors try to analyze the historical stages of development of sports diplomacy, the essence of this concept and other names of "sports diplomacy", namely "cricket diplomacy", "ping-pong diplomacy", "basketball diplomacy" and so on. This chapter states that public diplomacy is an integral part of the state's strategic communications, and its function is to establish a state-to-human dialogue, taking into account the diversity of national and global audiences, and to promote human-to-human interpersonal contacts. At the same time, one of the components of achieving the desired result in the field of international relations by peaceful means is sports diplomacy. In addition, the term sports diplomacy is actively used by many modern international organizations (International Olympic Committee (IOC), International Football Association (FIFA), International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC), etc.) to establish relations. Analysis of recent researches and publications. This topic occupied an important place in the works of such scientists as N. Litvinenko, V. Shchetkina, S. Martynenko, S. Kulik, Yu. Filippova, I. Gridina, N. Bogolyubova, S. Murey, Yu. Nikolaeva, G. Malone, I. Kant, V. Telipko, A. Ovcharenko, D. Feldman, H. Dzhantayev. Target of research. The scientific article states the following purpose: 1) coverage of the history of the formation and essence of sports diplomacy; 2) definition of the main forms of sports diplomacy, their advantages and practical application; 3) highlighting the shortcomings of sports diplomacy and prospects for their solution and improvement of this type of diplomatic activity. Article`s main body. The article reveals the forms of this diplomacy in the following important aspects: diplomacy of sports competitions; diplomacy of sports organizations; sport as a means to achieve foreign policy goals. Also, the negative side of sports diplomacy is reflected, such as its shortcomings such as fierce competition, neglect of friendly relations between countries, commercialization of this area and so on. The authors propose measures to improve the current situation and improve this type of diplomacy. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of solving acute problems that exist in sports diplomacy for the further development of international communication between the countries.

Dissonance and diplomacy: coordination of conflicting values in urban co-design

ABSTRACT This article seeks to contribute to the ongoing discussion on values in co-design processes, by introducing concepts from the emerging field of valuation studies. Using the work of David Stark and Ignacio Farías as an entry point to this perspective, it shows how co-design can be understood as a collective process of finding negotiated settlements among conflicting accounts of value, through practices of coordination. This idea is illustrated by a case in which co-design is mobilised as a tool for developing and governing ‘active frontages’ in a regenerating district in Gothenburg, Sweden. The article shows how the valuation studies perspective relates to, and in part differs from, other approaches to collaborative and participatory design. While sharing some of the intuitions of both agonism- and actor-network theory-informed approaches, its front-staging of practices and principles of valuation does nevertheless provide an alternative perspective on co-design. The valuation approach depicts co-design processes as a negotiation-based search for settlements, which suspends rather than solves value conflicts. Thus, co-design may be construed as a form of diplomacy, which operates within certain political limits of designerly peacemaking.