Formal Components Research Articles

Psycho-killer: Shifting spectator address from Psycho to Bates Motel

Leveraging Carol Clover’s influential Men, Women, and Chain Saws, this article attempts to situate the A&E television series Bates Motel as a progressive prequel to Psycho. Through a close reading of the series’ formal and narrative components, vital distinctions are clarified between Psycho and Bates Motel, arguing that the latter achieves a unique mode of spectatorial address. This unique address is accomplished via three devices: a shift in genre away from the horror/slasher film to re-situate the backstory of Norman Bates within the melodrama – a genre traditionally geared to a female spectator; by playing Norman as an active investigative protagonist rather than the prototypical psycho-killer devoid of psychological complexity; and by opening up the narrative to dual protagonists via the inclusion of Norma Bates. Taken together, Bates Motel emerges as an adaptation of the iconic Hitchcock film whose very success is dependent on intentionally altering its mode of spectatorial address.

Implementation of NATO standards in the training system for the Security Service of Ukraine

Incorporation of North Atlantic Alliance standards into domestic legislation, that governs relations in the security and defense sector is one of the key requirements for Ukraine to obtain a NATO Membership Action Plan and further deepen Euro-Atlantic integration with a view to acquiring Alliance membership. An Important condition for these tasks is the implementation of NATO standards and procedures in the legislation governing military education. In the process of standardizing and achieving the state of compatibility of the security and defense sector of Ukraine with the relevant NATO forces, the specificity of the application of standards in improving the system of training specialists for the Security Service of Ukraine should be highlighted separately. According to this development course, military education today includes formal and informal (general training) components, and the improvement of professional competence (special training). Professional training of military specialist according to NATO standards is carried out at the appropriate levels of management: operational, tactical, strategic. It remains compulsory for officers to have received a higher education in the relevant educational programs. Taking into account the specific nature of the professional activities of the members of the special service, the tasks assigned to them and the functions performed for that purpose, namely, countering intelligence and subversive activities, combating terrorism, counter-intelligence and defending national statehood, Ensuring the security of the State in cyberspace, etc., the training system for the Security Service may be differentiated according to its functional direction and institutionalized in the military education system or outside it. At the same time, an important basis for the development of the educational component in the Security Service of Ukraine will remain the recruitment of teaching staff from among persons with practical experience. Despite the format of the model chosen, training for the security forces should be based on NATO standards, with a conceptually new piece of legislation.

Oil Cultures, World drama and contemporaneity: questions of time, space and form in Ella Hickson’s Oil

ABSTRACT Oil is unanimously recognised as the most vital, ubiquitous, yet paradoxically invisible, commodity of modern global economy and history. However, scant critical attention has hitherto been paid to the question of oil and oil culture in the context of contemporary Anglo-American drama. Ella Hickson’s Oil is one of the first works that takes oil and its implications as its sustained focal point. This essay ponders and probes the epistemic, ethical, aesthetic and ontological facets of oil as they feature in Hickson’s Oil. This essay is primarily concerned with the questions of dramatic form, petro-modern subjectivity, and history. Its crux is a demonstration of Hickson’s Oil as a ‘worlded’ play, along with the manner Hickson depicts the age of oil to be capitalogenic – thereby presenting it to belong to a capitalocene rather than an Anthropocene. This task entails the exploration of the treatment of space(s) and time(s) in the play, along with their logic of connection. It also involves a scrutiny of the pivotal formal components and structural logic of Hickson’s Oil. To effectively characterise the non-naturalistic features of the ‘worlded form’ in Oil, I will draw on a cluster of intertwined concepts, including allegory, petro-magic realism, Trauerspiel, and Uchronia.

THE CREATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUCTOR IN THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY

The article deals with the development of a university instructor through the integration of formal and non-formal education within the framework of the School of Pedagogical Excellence (SPE). The relevance of the topic is confirmed by lack of a system of continuous pedagogical education for instructors of specialized universities. The aim is to study the potential of the SPE and generalize the experience in creating educational and developmental environment for pedagogical creativity. Aт overview of researches in training of teaching doctors is given. Authors present the approaches to the integration of formal and non-formal components of continuing pedagogical education. The empirical base of the research is Volgograd State Medical University. The structure and activities of the SPE are presented. An analysis of the learning outcomes has proved the effectiveness of the concept. The content meets the educational needs of the university staff and provides psychological and andragogical support for the development of specialists and the distribution of innovative experience. The SPE provides opportunities for non-formal education through the exchange of experience and joint projects. The collaboration of instructors in humanitarian, natural, medical and social sciences help to enrich the content of all disciplines with professionally and personally significant values, promoting the joint development of educators and students. The possibility of instant implementation of modern pedagogical technologies due to the parallel additional pedagogical education and the professional activities is valuable. The results can improve the system of continuous pedagogical education for university instructors.

Problems of Improving Criminal Law Measures of Counteracting Crimes in the Sphere of Computer Information

The paper discusses the improvement of criminal law norms regulating liability for cybercrimes. The goal of the conducted research was to develop recommendations for improving clauses of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation that determine liability for unauthorized access to digital information as well as for deve­loping, using and distributing computer malware. The methodological basis of this research was the dialectic method, while the results were obtained and processed using the formal-legal and the comparative-legal methods as well as the methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The examined materials included normative legal acts regulating liability for cybercrimes, and data from court practice. The examination of court sentences allowed the authors to state that cybercrimes are often just a first link in a chain of illegal activities. The results of such crimes are used to commit further delicts. The formal components of crimes under Art. 272–274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation do not include, either as a constructive or a qualifying feature, the goal of hiding another crime or facilitating it. The authors suggest including this goal, as a feature that aggravates liability, into Part 2, Art. 272 and Part 2, Art. 273 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Besides, the authors found out that malware is often not only developed, but also purchased for further use. As the purchase of such software is connected with public danger, it is suggested that this action should be criminalized through amendments in Art. 273 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Finally, the authors prove that it is necessary to specify the wording of Part 1, Art. 273 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation to delineate criminal and non-criminal activities. Literal interpretation of Art. 273 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not preclude criminal prosecution in cases when malware is developed for research, educational and expert purposes. The authors conclude that it is necessary to add an indication of the illegal character of actions to the wording of Art. 273 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Persuasive Complex as a Unit of Analysis of Parliamentary Discourse

The method of analysis of speech impact in the parliamentary discourse is considered. The relevance and novelty of the research is seen in the fact that parliamentary discourse is viewed as a persuasive discourse. A methodology for analyzing the persuasiveness of this discourse is pro-posed. The category “persuasive complex” is introduced into scientific circulation, which is considered as a set of tools and methods for realizing persuasiveness, formed in a single discourse and united by a semantic unit — an image or a symbol. Using the material of the discussion of the First State Duma of the Russian Empire, the author dwells in detail on the analysis of the persuasive complex “BLOOD”. The procedure for analyzing this persuasive complex is described. The author comes to the conclusion that the persuasive complex is implemented at three levels: semantic, instrumental and operational. It is shown that representatives of all factions in the first Russian parliament actively used the “BLOOD” persuasive complex, but the options for its implementation in specific persons differed significantly. It is concluded that the persuasive complex is a unit of discourse analysis, which is aimed at identifying the semantic, formal and functional components of the addressee's impact on the recipient.

Environment and Narrative: New Directions in Econarratology ed. by Erin James and Eric Morel (review)

Reviewed by: Environment and Narrative: New Directions in Econarratology ed. by Erin James and Eric Morel Pamela J. Rader Erin James and Eric Morel, eds. Environment and Narrative: New Directions in Econarratology. Ohio State UP, 2020. 224p. This essay collection is suited for students and scholars of narrative theory and/or ecocriticism who are looking for methods to blend the two seemingly disparate lenses. Part of The Ohio State University Press’s Theory and Interpretation of Narrative series, it is no surprise to see arguments rooted in the work of its prolific co-editors and eminent narrative studies scholars James Phelan and Peter J. Rabinowitz. The inclusion of well-respected ecocritical scholars like Greg Garrard and Ursula Heise bolsters the volume’s heft along with its formulation of questions that drive each chapter. For instance, in Postcolonial Green: Environmental Politics and World Narratives (2010), Heise urges [End Page 118] readers to attend to the “aesthetic transformation of the real” to better understand and even remake the “ecosocial imaginary” (258). In Markku Lehtimäki’s words, “the rhetorical emphasis in narrative studies can also be seen in the service of ecocritical or other politically engaged literary studies” (87). This collection responds to reading narrative as transformative and to envisioning ecocriticism as an evolving but committed praxis. Grounded in questions raised by Monica Fludernik’s and Jan Alber’s works, Hegglund’s chapter opens section one, “Narratology and the Nonhuman,” with the natural and the unnatural not as binary opposites but as a method for reframing questions around mimesis, emergent agency, and “the contingency of the ‘human’ as a narratological category” (43). In his study of VanderMeer’s Annihilation, Hegglund argues that boundaries are blurred between real world and impossible storyworld, which he coins as “weird storyworld” for a narrative that refutes the subject/object divide for a hybrid emergent ontology. While methodically outlining how object-oriented plots decenter human realities, Caracciolo’s case study stretches narratology practice to concern itself with the intertwining of human experiences and nonhuman phenomena in Underworld and Babel. In the second section, “Econarratological Rhetoric and Ethics,” authors Morel, Lehtimäki, and Garrard draw heavily on Phelan’s narratology influence. Morel’s chapter opens with a practical interrogation of how Rabinowitz’s rules can be useful to gauge readers’ reactions to climate change and how climate change might influence reading. Revisiting Twain’s paratext of The American Claimant and responding to reader-writer reactions in contemporary print culture such as The New Yorker and The New York Times, Morel makes a clear case for infusing econarratology with rhetorical narrative theory lexicon and practices as climate change is continually interpreted by readers who bring their contextual framework to older and newer texts. Lehtimäki reads McEwan’s Solar as a “metarhetorical narrative about climate change,” claiming that literary fictions abet insights into the rhetoric around climate change. Garrard’s analysis of Richard Powers’s novel Gain offers a model for bringing Phelan’s “ethics of telling” to the forefront of ecocritical studies; focusing on the story’s formal components, Garrard illustrates the dilemma of responding ethically to texts that do not narratively offer a pat moralism. [End Page 119] In the third and final section, “Anthropocene Storyworlds,” the authors draw upon the cognitive narratology scholarship of David Herman, Marie-Laure Ryan, and Erin James. Von Mossner builds on cognitive narratology and examines the role of embodied simulation and character empathy to understand the reciprocal relationships between characters and narrative environs. She argues that readers sense and feel along with Babb’s prairie protagonists because literary works “evoke virtual environments in emotionally salient ways” (144). Next, Low recognizes that narrative has played a significant role in perpetuating the notion of the prairie as barren; interested in restoration ecology, he pairs fieldwork with narrative theory for the reconstruction of the prairie ecosystem and prairie storyworld. Distinguishing it from Trexler’s Anthropocene fiction, Bracke defines climate fiction (or cli-fi) as novels that paint climate change and crisis; the genre underscores the familiarity of the textual world to the real world that results in defamiliarization. With a stress on the telling and its form, she argues that how we tell the...

The Role of Technology in Enhancing Place Attachment in Public Place

Place attachment fulfills people’s emotional, social and environmental needs as cultural beings. It creats distinctive places that reveal the locality of the place, the political and economic reality of the society and interactive places It enhances urban perceptual factors such as sounds and smells and visual pleasure. It adapts to the factors of time and the spirit of the times and keeping place with advanced technology. Finally, the legibility through Information (cues, messages, Signals) achive the interaction of public place, environment quality, safety and security. This research aims to find the role of technology in increasing the sense of place in public places, and how the dynamic of technology can lead to place attachment and. It presents technology as an interactive dimension in public place,. By developing a theoretical framework for the vocabulary of attachment to place (the formal, conceptual and symbolic components of place), the human experience, interaction and the relationship of technology (function, program and design) by strengthening the interactive process between place and technology at the level of urban space, and the approach of analyzing urban projects that achieved connection with place was adopted by attracting the local and global community to apply these vocabulary and enhance research through it and show that technology represents the interactive dimension in public places by achieving human needs and achieving a diverse urban environment through (form and function) by applying new and developed programs. This does not reduce the attachment to the place, but rather enhances the feeling of interaction and physical and spiritual attachment.

Survey on onboarding practices in Carnegie research institutions

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe survey findings on onboarding initiatives at the Carnegie Doctoral Research Institutions of Higher Education libraries. The findings would be helpful to libraries that are at the beginning of their own onboarding initiatives or that wish to compare ongoing efforts.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a survey of Carnegie Doctoral Research Institutions of Higher Education libraries using Qualtrics, an online survey software. Link to the survey with a short explanation was e-mailed to the 319 identified contacts and 111 responses were received at the end of the survey.FindingsSurvey responses revealed that the most prevalent types of onboarding initiatives are an orientation to campus policies and procedures and meeting with human resources. Half of the respondents introduce new employees to the social/cultural norms of the library informally, with responsibility for onboarding falling on the supervisor. Surprisingly, diversity and inclusion have not been identified as formal components of the onboarding by those who engage in it.Originality/valueSpecific research into the onboarding initiatives of Carnegie Doctoral Research Institutions of Higher Education libraries does not exist.

ТИПОЛОГІЯ ПОМИЛОК В усноМУ ПРОФЕСІЙНОМУ перекладІ

The article considers the problem of typology of errors in professional interpretating based on the analysis of approaches and their classifications. Minding the main parameters of target text assessment (the degree of preserving the main content of the original text, correctness of language units and external impression), there were identified typical mistakes, which can help the interpreter prevent future difficulties and choose the right translation strategy. Based on general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, observing and abstracting – to substantiate the theoretical grounds to determine the quality criteria of the translated text); comparative and translation analysis methods which made possible to compare the original and target texts to identify typical translation errors, descriptive-analytical and comparative methods, according to which the material being analyzed is generalized, typical translation errors are described and analyzed to identify the ways to prevent them. Minding such important constraints in interpreting activity – one-time presentation and tough time restrictions, the interpreter needs to resolve the situation on the spot and quickly, using short-term translation strategies over the long-term strategies. While interpretating in such conditions the issues of correct grammar, normative language, style of the original text may recede into the background. The main goal of an interpreter is to achieve immediate communication. Errors in the final translation text, which has already been given to the client, can lead to negative consequences: from a fine to a loss of trust and termination of cooperation. But in addition to this important role, mistakes and their consideration in professional activities are also a great tool to improve and find the proper translation strategy. The problem of errors typology in professional interpreting is not new, but today it is considered debatable. Modern classifications of translation errors are based on the principle of equivalence and adequacy, where the error is considered the discrepancy between the original and the translation. Moreover, errors are related to the distortion of the content or violation of the rules and usage of the language of translation. Based on the analysis of approaches and classifications of translation errors, we distinguish the following ones in professional interpretating: errors of perception, understanding, expression and behavior. Perception errors can be the result of information saturation of the source text (numbers, dates, names, proper names, etc.), unusual speaker’s accent, fast speech, insufficient extralinguistic and background knowledge, incorrect distribution of resources of attention and concentration. Misunderstandings of the original text can be caused by incorrect semantics, memory problems, analysis of the original message, misunderstanding of grammatical or lexical phenomena, inaccurate understanding of the meanings of some words in the original or ignorance of the subject of the message, inefficient or insufficient preparation for translation. The current situation requires the interpreter to understand not only the superficial level of expression, but also to recognize the deep intentions of the participants in communication, to determine the general context that describes the circumstances, time, objects, and so on. Expression errors can be the result of insufficient knowledge of the target language, violation of the rules of the target language, incorrect distribution of attention in the process of decoding the translation records. Such errors can result in the loss of a number of message elements in the target language as well. Behavioral errors can be caused by anxiety, excessive anxiety, inability to overcome stress and focus on the translation process, lack of experience in public speaking, and so on. Confident interpreter should have a good idea of the translation strategy, make and justify his translation decision. The first step is to determine the specifics of the picture of the world in two languages and cultures that are directly related to a particular unit of translation and that are relevant to the translation. Then the stylistics and structural features of languages should be taken into account. The second step consists of choosing a translation strategy that corresponds to the first step. This choice is made depending on the level of the translation unit. In case when the unit of translation belongs to the level of phrases, words and morphemes, transformations of concretization or generalization are used. The third step (tactics) involves the establishment of formal grammatical and structural relationships based on general logical operations: omission / addition, replacement / substitutions of semantic (and formal) components. ISSN 2523-4463 (print) ВІСНИК УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ ІМЕНІ АЛЬФРЕДА НОБЕЛЯ. ISSN 2523-4749 (online) Серія «ФІЛОЛОГІЧНІ НАУКИ». 2021. № 2 (22) It is established that the success of each situation of professional interpretating activity depends directly on the ability of an interpreter to choose the right translation decision, as a result of which the native speaker of the target language will react to the proposed text in such a way, which corresponds to the sender of the original text.

РЕІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЯ ПРОЗОВИХ ТВОРІВ У П’ЄСАХ МИХАЙЛА СТАРИЦЬКОГО

The article represents the study of the peculiarities of the reinterpretation of prose works by Myxajlo Staryczkyj (1840–1904) in plays to enrich the repertoire of the “Coryphées theater”. Attention focuses on the coverage of the author’s literary communication, which is characterized by the involvement of ethnographic, household, folklore findings, coverage of history in a new perspective, unexpected plot changes related to the spectacle of the play and the Ukrainian mentality, psychologism and coverage of internal conflict. The work investigates the formal and semantic components, in particular the problems of artistic texts, characters and actors, specifics of text organization (presentation, interspersed paremias and song inserts, suggestiveness), the role of pictorial and expressive means (contrast, gradation, symbol, antithesis, parallelism). The investigation clarifies the author’s idiostyle and outlook. The famous playwright and one of the founders of the “theater of Coryphées” reinterprets the prose works of his contemporaries, takes into account the peculiarities of the national mentality (cordocentrism, individualism, sacredness of the family), considers the scenic artistic text emotional changes, conversations of minor characters, focuses primarily on psychology, which determined the thoughts and actions, presenting vivid characters, clashes of different natures, covers portraits and internal conflicts of actors in monologues, dialogues and non-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions), emphasizes the ethnic marking of history, intersperses with rituals, fairy tales and games, proverbs and sayings, songs. Myxajlo Staryczkyj enriched the repertoire of the Ukrainian professional theater thanks to sensual images and timeless topical issues of his own, original and reworked, dramatic works.

Theoretical and Methodological Foundations of the Study of the Processes of Political Institutionalization of Regional Conflicts

The article discusses the possibilities and prospects for different approaches of political science to study the processes of political institutionalization of conflicts at the regional level. To date, concepts of complex and bloc conflict have been recognized as the theoretical bases for their analysis. They have great heuristic potential, but are mainly oriented towards analyzing the dynamics of conflict and transforming its structure and manifestations. The institutional management of regional conflicts is not seen as a priority. Therefore, the principles and provisions of the neo-institutional approach need to be adapted to meet research challenges of this kind. In the author’s view, neo-institutionalism should be used primarily to identify the normative and regulatory role of political institutions, the interaction of their formal and informal components, and ensuring non-violent development of political processes. In addition, attention should be drawn to the possible mixed impact of institutionalization on the development of regional conflict: ineffective but stable political institutions often reproduce the negative effects of conflict on society. A promising research approach is the theory of political networks, which can be integrated with the neo-institutional research paradigm. Ongoing studies of regional processes within the concept of “flow spaces”, the analysis of conflicts from an agency-­centred perspective, and the application of network analysis to the study of local conflicts demonstrate a variety of possibilities for rethinking the perceptions of the factors, structure and mechanisms of institutional management of regional conflict. However, this area of research needs to be developed on the basis of existing theoretical developments and the expansion of the empirical base.

Online residency training during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey of otolaryngology head and neck surgery program directors

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has deeply impacted healthcare and education systems, including resident education. The impact of the pandemic on the different types of pedagogical activities, and the displacement of pedagogical activities to online modalities have not yet been quantified. We sought to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on formal pedagogic components of otorhinolaryngology–head and neck surgery (ORL–HNS) residency, the switch to distance learning and program director’s perceptions of the future of teaching and learning.MethodsA nationwide online survey was conducted on Canadian ORL–HNS program directors. The use of standard didactic activities in-person and online, before and during the pandemic was rated with Likert scales. Perceptions of the pandemic were described with open-ended questions.ResultsA total of 11 of the 13 program directors contacted responded. The analysis were conducted using nonparametric statistics. There was a significant drop in overall didactic activities during the pandemic, regardless of the teaching format (3.5 ± 0.2 to 3.1 ± 0.3, p < 0.05). The most affected activities were simulation and in-house lectures. Online activities increased dramatically (0.5 ± 0.2 to 5.0 ± 0.5, p < 0.001), including attendance to lectures made by other programs (0.5 ± 0.3 to 4.0 ± 0.8, p < 0.05). Respondents stated their intention to maintain the hybrid online and in-person teaching model.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that hybrid online and in-person teaching is likely to persist in the post-pandemic setting. A balanced residency curriculum requires diversity in academic activities. The pandemic can have positive consequences if higher education institutions work to better support distance teaching and learning.Graphical

SCIENTIFICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT PROCESS IN STATE BODIES

The article presents the results of the analysis of problems of scientific and methodological support of the personnel management process in public authorities and substantiates the recommendations to overcome them. Author has analyzed a list of the main issues of personnel management in public service on which employees require the provision of methodological assistance, namely: the definition of key performance indicators, efficiency and quality of service activities; preparation of individual programs to improve the professional competence of civil servants; development of situational tasks: drafting job descriptions and professional training of civil servants, disciplinary responsibility, psychological aspects in personnel management; HR-branding; provision of leave; calculation of work’s length; assigning ranks and maintaining personnel documentation, etc. The main sources of information and methodological exchange between the National Agency of Ukraine for the Civil Service and public authorities are indicated. It’s recommended to form an institution which should manage or coordinate the mechanisms that must provide the complementarity of formal and informal components of institutionalization in field “Public Administration and Management”. Such an institution should be an operating or advisory body under the National Agency of Ukraine for Public Service as a center of management, coordination and monitoring of development of the branch of knowledge in the field of “Public Administration and Management”. It is advisable to put also on this body the task of coordinating scientific and dissertation research in the field of knowledge “Public Administration and Management” to exclude repeated cases of duplication of scientific and dissertation research. The most important function will concern the implementation of scientific and methodological support of the personnel management process in public authorities.

"Ächt antike Denkmale"?: Goethe and the Hemsterhuis Gem Collection

The small collection of engraved gems selected by Dutch philosopher and connoisseur Frans Hemsterhuis was, for more than thirty years, a source of fascination for Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. This article examines the aesthetic principles on which Hemsterhuis based the formation of his collection and traces the collection's reception and influence on Goethe. Motifs illustrating the classical ideal, be they of Greek or modern origin, were the primary justification for inclusion, with authenticity playing a subsidiary role in the collection. Hemsterhuis's appreciation of the Greek ideal was based purely on stylistic characteristics, formal components dependent entirely on observation. Analysis of the dating attributions for this collection since its formation demonstrate claims of authenticity based on connoisseur-ship to be permanently in a state of flux. The collection also informs aspects of Goethe's own principles of classification.

Жанр биографического очерка в творчестве удмуртских писателей

Introduction: genre transformation in the Udmurt journalism of the end of the XX century is most clearly manifested in the biographical essays, based on real-life facts from the lives of famous representatives of the intelligentsia, natives of Udmurtia. The biographical essay in the Udmurt literature of this period demonstrates the presence of the elements of memoir, biography, elements of portrayal, problematic, biographical, social, historical essays as well as document / fact and fiction within the same work; the mental, intellectual principle is strengthened in it. The relevance of the article is due to the . fact that for the first time an attempt was made to consider the problems and poetics of the biographical essay in the work of Udmurt writers. Objective: to study the features of the biographical essay in the Udmurt social and political journalism at the end of the XX century; to describe the content and the formal components of the biographical essay, based on particular texts by Udmurt authors. Research materials: biographical essays of the Udmurt publicists M. A. Lyamin and S. A. Samsonov. Results and novelty of the research: the article is one of the first attempts of comprehensive analysis of the genre of the Udmurt biographical essay. The peculiarities of the modern Udmurt biographical essay are largely due to the desire of writers to convey the complex of the personality traits of their famous fellow countrymen – public figures, scientists, politicians, culture professionals. A biographical essay which combines «portrait-biography» and «portrait-characterization» as well as the parameters of a documentary story, a literary portrait and a historical biography testifies to the expansion of the aesthetic boundaries of Udmurt prose.

COMPREHENSIVE APPLICATION OF LEXICO-SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATIONS OF THE NOVEL “JANE EYRE” BY CHARLOTTE BRONTE

Objective. The objective of the article is to analyze the application of lexical and semantic transformations in the process of translations of Charlotte Bronte’s novel «Jane Eyre» into Ukrainian, carried out by U. Hryhorash, P. Sokolovskyi and M. Kiianovska, and carry out their comparative analysis. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained applying a set of general scientific and special methods of research, namely: analysis and generalization of scientific and educational-methodical literature on the problems of translation transformations; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis; holistic and integral approaches to the study of linguistic phenomena; comparative, descriptive and analytical methods. Results. On the basis of comparative analysis the authors investigate the problem of lexico-semantic transformations application in translation process of the novel “Jane Eyre” by Charlotte Bronte and identify their integrity and propriety. Transformation is a basis of the majority of the translation receptions involving changing formal (lexical or grammatical transformations) or semantic (semantic transformations) components of a source text while preserving the information intended for transference. In translation process of the novel “Jane Eyre” U. Hryhorash, P. Sokolovskyi and M. Kiianovska applied all types of lexico-semantic transformation: synonymous substitution, calque, descriptive translation, contextual substitution, transcoding, antonymous translation, compression, decompression, permutation, transposition, concretization of meaning, and generalization of meaning. Synonymous substitution and transposition were more often applied, the rare are permutation and generalization of meaning. Summing up the carried-out analysis, it’s possible to draw a conclusion that in most cases transformations are justified. Lexico-semantic transformations play an important role in the process of translation, providing the text with dynamics, enhancing expressivity, serving to enhance the image- expressive functions of a language. It is important in the process of translation to convey not only the content but also the mood with which the work was created. Therefore, most of the transformations were of complex nature: to achieve adequacy — the main goal of translation — the translators applied several transformations simultaneously.

Socio-Hydrological Modelling to Assess Reliability of an Urban Water System under Formal-Informal Supply Dynamics

Increasing water scarcity in developing world cities combined with poor performance of water supply systems has led to an increasing reliance on informal water supply systems. Although the availability of informal supply provides a coping mechanism that enables water consumers to be resilient to failures in water supply, the longer-term effects on formal water supply systems (FWSS) are uncertain, with a potential reduction of tariff recovery (RT), and in turn a service provider’s financial sustainability. This motivates an analysis of the coevolving dynamics and feedbacks involved in water systems where formal and informal components co-exist. Investigating Hyderabad, Pakistan as a case study, a dynamic socio-hydrologic system model is built, comprised of a formal system’s water and fund balance, consumer behaviour and infrastructure conditions. Simulations are executed on a monthly basis at a household level and for a 100-year period (2007–2107) using data available from years 2007–2017. Demand shift to informal is observed to be weakly associated with lower recovery rates, with household income as a major predictor. The FWSS’s financial balance, predominantly driven by infrastructure condition, appears to be less sensitive to recovery of a tariff to generate sufficient revenue.

Responses of carnivore assemblages to decentralized conservation approaches in a South African landscape

Abstract Conservation efforts in South Africa play out across multi‐use landscapes where formal protected areas coexist with private wildlife business (ecotourism and/or hunting) in a human‐dominated matrix. Despite the persistence of highly diverse carnivore guilds, management idiosyncrasies are often orientated towards charismatic large predators and assemblage‐level patterns remain largely unexplored. We conducted an extensive camera‐trap survey in a natural quasi‐experimental setting in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. We sampled across a protection gradient characterized by a provincial protected area (highest and formal protection status), a private ecotourism reserve, game ranches and traditional communal areas (lowest protected status). We evaluated assemblage‐level and species‐specific responses of free‐ranging carnivores to the varying management contexts and associated environmental gradients. Despite similar assemblage composition between management contexts, site‐scale carnivore richness and occupancy rates were greater in the formal protected area than adjacent private reserve and game ranches. Carnivore occupancy was more similar between these private wildlife areas, although putative problem species were more common in the private reserve, and contrasted with depauperate assemblages in least protected communal lands. Variation in carnivore occupancy probabilities was largely driven by land use contexts, that is, the level and nature of protection, relative to underlying fine‐scale landscape attributes (e.g. distance to conservation fences) or apex predator populations. Synthesis and applications. Our findings provide convincing empirical support for the added value of multi‐tenure conservation estates augmenting and connecting South Africa's protected areas. However, our emphasis on free‐ranging carnivores exemplifies the importance of maintaining areas under long‐term formal protection and the risks with viewing lucrative wildlife business as a conservation panacea. We suggest that unmanaged carnivore species be the formal components of carnivore reintroduction and recovery programmes to better gauge the complementary conservation role of South Africa's private land.

Examining the Formal and Decorative Components of Safavid Arches as Evidenced by Contemporary Paintings and Miniatures

Examining the Formal and Decorative Components of Safavid Arches as Evidenced by Contemporary Paintings and Miniatures