Formal Codification Research Articles

Against telic monism in logic

Telic monism in logic is the thesis that there is one single philosophically primary goal to logic. A different way to put it is that there is only one canonical application to logic. This thesis is widely present—implicitly or more explicitly—in the literature on the philosophy of logic, yet has not been examined nor argued for extensively. In this paper I will present and critically examine telic monism. One prominent candidate for the canonical application of logic, namely the formal codification of logical consequence in natural language, will be challenged directly. The critique will then be generalized by appealing to a practice-based philosophy of logic. The general argument I put forth here claims that we have no principled reason to assume there to be just one primary goal to logic. Rather, I claim that it is more plausible that there actually is a variety of goals, purposes and applications to logic, without one of them enjoying primacy over the others. If this argument succeeds, at least one of the consequences is that it allows for a kind of logical pluralism that has previously been deemed insignificant, namely logical instrumentalism.

Intent Parser: A Tool for Codification and Sharing of Experimental Design

Communicating information about experimental design among a team of collaborators is challenging because different people tend to describe experiments in different ways and with different levels of detail. Sometimes, humans can interpret missing information by making assumptions and drawing inferences from information already provided. Doing so, however, is error-prone and typically requires a high level of interpersonal communication. In this paper, we present a tool that addresses this challenge by providing a simple interface for incremental formal codification of experiment designs. Users interact with a Google Docs word-processing interface with structured tables, backed by assisted linking to machine-readable definitions in a data repository (SynBioHub) and specification of available protocols and requests for execution in the Open Protocol Interface Language (OPIL). The result is an easy-to-use tool for generating machine-readable descriptions of experiment designs with which users in the DARPA SD2 program have collected data from 80 208 samples using a variety of protocols and instruments over the course of 181 experiment runs.

Parrhesia and the ethics of public service – towards a genealogy of the bureaucrat as frank counsellor

Foucault makes clear in his later lectures that the notion of parrhesia has a long and varied history, which he merely sketches in his investigations of ancient politics and philosophy. Recent research extends and modifies Foucault’s genealogy of parrhesia as an aspect of the practice of the adviser or counsellor of a monarch or prince, showing how parrhesia informed notions of counsel at other times: in later antiquity, the middle ages as well as early modern Europe. Here we seek to show that the ancient notion of parrhesia reappears as a graft in another domain of modern truth telling: that of bureaucracy in Britain, in the debates over the organisation of the offices of government, with the middle years of the nineteenth century a decisive moment of rupture. We consider the fate of bureaucratic frank counsel in our own era. Interpreters of Foucault’s later lectures on governmentality have analysed the consequences of neoliberal rule for the government of public servants during the era of Margaret Thatcher. Presenting a reappraisal of the era, we show how important counter-discourses also emerged in this era, bringing the ethics of office to the fore, as civil servants argued for the formal codification of bureaucratic ethics, including frank counsel, as they tried to defend their professional ethics. Our discussion therefore addresses a key, early moment in the emergence of the ideal of codifying frank counsel and bureaucratic ethics. We consider the consequences of codification, arguing that a deep ambivalence now characterises the way in which political authorities seek to govern this domain of ethical practice.

E-Roster policy: Insights and implications of codifying nurse scheduling.

Following a decade of dissemination, particularly within the British National Health Service, electronic rostering systems were recently endorsed within the Carter Review. However, electronic rostering necessitates the formal codification of the roster process. This research investigates that codification through the lens of the 'Roster Policy', a formal document specifying the rules and procedures used to prepare staff rosters. This study is based upon analysis of 27 publicly available policies, each approved within a 4-year period from January 2010 to July 2014. This research finds that, at an executive level, codified knowledge is used as a proxy for the common language and experience otherwise acquired on a ward through everyday interaction, while at ward level, the nurse rostering problem continues to resist all efforts at simplification. Ultimately, it is imperative that executives recognise that electronic rostering is not a silver bullet and that information from such systems requires careful interpretation and circumspection.

Design and construction of the Greek grammar checker

The aim of this paper is to present both the main parts of the designing and the implementation of a useful and user-friendly electronic tool, the Greek grammar checker. This tool carries out the function of analyzing morphologically and syntactically sentences, phrases, and words in order to correct syntactic, grammatical, and stylistic errors ([Iordanidou, 1999][1], [2004][2]). Our premise in order to deal with all these issues is the settings of Grammar (adaptation of Little Modern Grammar of Manolis Triantafyllidis), which is the formal grammatical codification of Modern Greek, since 1976 ([Triantafyllidis, 1991][3]). This paper also presents the formalism used (the Mnemosyne), a formalism that handles with the particularities of the Greek language that hinder the computational processing. This formalism has already been used to identify multi-word terms and to phrase grammars, aiming to automatically extract information. We tested the Greek grammar checker by giving texts that were to be evaluated both to the grammar checker and to a person. In the majority of cases, the human corrector accuracy is almost equal to the grammar checker one. As far as mistakes that have to do with the coherence of the text or with meaning are concerned, the human corrector was the only accurate corrector, not the grammar checker one ([Gakis, 2015][4]). [1]: #ref-21 [2]: #ref-22 [3]: #ref-44 [4]: #ref-16

The Topography of Possible Hungarian Renewable Energy Regions and Cities: A Possible Interpretation Based on Three Models

The main task of my research was to present the process of developing renewable energy regions (RER) in Western Europe and that of it in Hungary. In regional science one always has to face the problem of accurately defining the concept, size, institution and the function of regions, because of manifold region definitions. The 3 types are as follows: Sustainable Energy Action Planning, the Modelling region and the risk based regional developing. In my research I evaluated KAT report data published by Hungarian Energy and Public Utility Regulatory Authority, thus assigning settlements constituting potential RERs in Hungary. Results could demonstrate renewable energy cities, micro-regional and regional spatial initiations started their institutionalization process before the national formal codification of RERs. A few typical examples were found in the Western Hungarian Region, but some of them can be found in Central and Northern Hungary as well as in the Northern Great Plain.

Family Matters: How Queering the Intimate Queers the International

A key insight of queer analytics is that codes and practices of “normalcy” simultaneously constitute “deviancy,” exclusions, and “otherings” as sites of social violence. To reveal how power operates in normative codes and normalizing practices, queer theory aims to “make strange”—disrupt, destabilize, deconstruct, effectively to queer— what is considered normal, commonplace, taken-for-granted, or the “natural order of things.” The point is to contest normativities and orthodoxies (Browne 2006:886), in part by exposing “regimes of the normal” (Eng et al. 2005:3) as historically contingent and power-laden social constructions and by disclosing inconsistencies, instabilities, and fluidities of social meanings and boundaries . In particular, queer work contests “power-ridden normativities of sex” (Berlant and Warner 1995:345) exemplified in heteronormative sex/affective arrangements, and the “normalizing mechanisms of state power” (Eng et al. 2005:1) exemplified in heteropatriarchal marriage/kinship arrangements. Drawing on extensive cross-disciplinary research over several decades, I argue that the making of states is the making of “sex.” In contrast to decentralized networks of societal organization, successful processes of political centralization, that is, state making, are distinguished by their formal (legal) codification of marriage (entailing the heterosexual matrix and “nuclear” family/household form) and patriarchal inheritance of property and citizenship (instituting “private” property and insider–outsider status differentiation). These processes and their power relations are legible initially in early (archaic) state formation, and subsequently (amplified by Christian ideology) in modern European state-making and colonizing practices, eventuating in the now hegemonic form of “sovereign” states constituting Disciplinary IR. In short, the (contingent and contested) normalization of heteropatriarchal principles has historically been key to securing “appropriate” social reproduction and reliable transmission of property and citizenship claims enabling intergenerational continuity of state formations. I have recently summarized this genealogy of “sex,” “the family,” and state formation (Peterson 2014a) and earlier considered the intentional and unintentional queering of states/nations (Peterson …

The Institutionalization of Human Rights and its Discontents: A World Cultural Perspective

A recurring theme in the sociology of human rights is the vast decoupling that exists between the formal codification of these rights in principle and their implementation in practice, fueling much debate about the effectiveness of international law. Yet, despite this disjuncture, a deeper question remains: given all the barriers that have impeded the realization of human rights, why have they become so widely institutionalized? Revisiting previous work in this journal, I argue that one important component of the expansion of human rights is the rise of the universal, egalitarian individual as the primary entity of social organization in world society. Additionally, I explore how the nature of human rights law itself promotes widespread decoupling that, in turn, fuels ongoing efforts to close the gap between principle and practice. Indeed, while human rights law envisions an ideal world that is practically unrealizable, it inspires a never-ending, global crusade to bring about that vision.

DIGITAL COUNTERFEITING: STATES REGULATION OF FEDERAL, FOREIGN & DIGITAL FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS USED AS CURRENCY

ABSTRACT The relatively recent appearance of Internet-based transactions necessitated the develop of digital forms of payment. These payments have evolved into various forms, including digital currency. This paper discusses the regulatory authority and/or lack of authority, of the sovereign States of the United States to regulate the counterfeiting of financial instruments used as currency, including digital currency. Federal and Foreign (non-U.S.) currencies are explicitly examined. Some digital currencies are not regulated or authorized specifically by a government. Can a currency without formal codification from a government be regulated by a State? As financial transactions have shifted historically from various governments’ legal tender to combinations of government and private issuances and from the hard currency of coins and paper to electronic transactions, many States’ counterfeiting statutes are unclear or fail to consider that technological changes can impact legal and common tender. The rise in transactions being facilitated in digital currencies and regulations protecting states from digital counterfeiting is examined and discussed. Keywords Financial instruments, fiscal policy, currency, monetary policy, digital currency, counterfeiting.

The Polish Duel and Its Last Apologia: Władysław Boziewicz’s Polski kodeks honorowy (The Polish Code of Honor)

Abstract The "code of honor" as most people know it is a set of assumptions and expectations about what a person is entitled–indeed, is obliged by social custom–to do when "insulted" in order to preserve his personal self-respect and public dignity. In a word, to defend his "honor"–leading in more serious instances (nowadays, mostly in novels and films) to challenging one’s offender to a duel. However, few in our time would know how to stage a duel if called upon to do so. The Polski kodeks honorowy [Polish code of honor], a slim volume (suitable, say, for tucking into one’s weapons case) by Władysław Boziewicz (1886-1946), is the last and by far the best-written formal codification of the system of dueling growing out of centuries of practice on the territory of Poland. Like almost no other, it is a work that needs to be examined in the context of the country and of the times in which the author lived, that is, interwar Poland.

Organizational Climate and Perceived Manager Effectiveness: Influencing Perceived Usefulness of Knowledge Sharing Mechanisms

In this study, we examine how perceptions of organizational climate and manager effectiveness influence individuals’ perceived usefulness of three types of knowledge sharing mechanisms (KSMs): (1) informal personalization KSMs, (2) formal codification KSMs, and (3) formal personalization KSMs. We collected survey data from 1036 employees from five different subsidiaries of an organization to test our hypotheses. We found that having a warm and cooperative climate has a positive influence on individuals’ perceptions of all KSMs. A competitive climate, on the other hand, increases individuals’ preference for using formal codification and personalization mechanisms relative to informal personalization mechanisms. Finally, individuals who perceive their managers to be more effective tend to be more supportive of top-down initiatives provided by senior management; thus, these individuals have a significantly more positive opinion of formal mechanisms compared to informal mechanisms. This study provides an extended and more nuanced perspective of how knowledge sharing can be enabled in different social contexts. The results will help managers to customize a portfolio of knowledge management mechanisms based on the climate of their organizational unit.

Re-Examining the US 'Six Assurances' to Taiwan

The 'Six Assurances' is an extremely unique practice in the history of diplomacy. It literally creates a viable international norm in the theory of international relations. Further, given the origin of such unilateral political statement and its subsequent developments, it also establishes an alternative format in the international law since it never has the formal codification, signing, ratification and depository process generally adopted for pledging the legitimacy and legality.Authors of this paper intend to re-exam the nature of the Six Assurance from the angle of realpolitik because of its fundamental pragmatism. Various versions taken by different parties that satisfying their individual political preference is also a point to be noted in the paper so that to certify its utilizations. Nevertheless, examples and arguments will be suggested to verify the validity of statements noted in the Six Assurances. Issues regarding the US arms sales to Taiwan will be discussed since the starting point of such assurances are driven by a US-PRC communique regarding the US arms transactions to Taiwan.Moreover, whether the US would have the legitimate position to have such assurances will also be reviewed so that to assess the genuine functions of such political statements. Perspectives of various US administrations towards the Six Assurances are another dimension worth of review. The stances defined by the US Congress after it had aware of such political statements and their subsequent developments may possibly reflect the potential of the Six Assurances in the future.Authors of this paper have a genuine conviction that the Six Assurances is not only the valuable political asset for both the US and the Republic of China but also a value human wisdom ever addressed by the international relations theorists and political practitioners in the sphere of diplomacy. To some extends, it also benefits Beijing as it may still have certain reluctances to corner Taipei into some track that the communist regime would never wish to happen simply because it may actually terminate the US arms sale to Taiwan.Facing some political commentators in Washington advocate to review the Six Assurances, authors of this paper had a good reason to exam it again so that suitably arguing why such a practice is still a cornerstone supporting cross-strait interactions and regional stability. Even such a political promise may not so perfect in its original design, yet, it does act as many parties involved originally expected. By the standards or criteria generally adopted in theories of international studies, it is never a perfect design. But its perfection has been validated by the executions in the past years. Authors of this paper are most willing to share their perspectives to those who are interested in the theory of international relations, international judiciary arrangements and realpolitik.

The Failures of Liberal Constitutionalism in Israel

Notions of equality have long posed a normative problem for liberal theory. What stance should the liberal take toward the failure of the political system to remedy the seemingly inevitable inequitable distribution of socioeconomic wealth and resources? This question squarely highlights one of the ironic paradoxes associated with the confluence of liberalism and constitutionalism, because both are simultaneously necessary and incompatible with each other for at least one germane reason — collective self-government, representative institutions, and individualism can operate to produce unegalitarian relationships between disparately situated groups in a given society, which can in turn substantially harm the project of political (as well as economic) equality.Israel presents a remarkable examination on the relationship between liberal theory and equality. First, Israel is commonly described as the only democracy in the Middle East. Because the common assumption is that Israel’s political system holds natural affinities with Western democratic tradition, it would seem safe to assume that what is meant is Israel’s liberal democracy. Yet the tension between its contradictory values — a “Jewish” state and a “liberal state — has continue to generate intense controversy. This essay proceeds from the contention that Israel embodies an ethnic “democracy,” in which the dominant Jewish majority control State functions with the aim of advancing peculiar demographic, religious, security and cultural norms, often at odds with the rights and freedoms of its Arab minority population.Second, the status of this Arab minority in Israel continues to present one of the most intense and intricate issues in Israeli society. The reality is that 1.2 million Arab citizens of Israel (18.5% of the population) do not enjoy equal access with Jewish citizens to state resources. Geographical inequality in the distribution of services follows ethnic lines, negatively affecting Arab communities which tend to be disadvantaged in relation to the rights and economic security enjoyed by relatively well-off Jewish communities. Governmental policies also continue to offer preferential treatment for residents of some of the Jewish settlements on West Bank territory. Although The Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty is widely considered a mini-bill of rights by Israeli legal scholars, it does not enumerate a right to equality; on the contrary, it exclusively emphasizes the character of the state as a Jewish state. This can partly be attributed to the lack of “constitutional” (i.e., legal) guarantees for economic and social rights to minorities in Israel. Part I examines Israel’s democratic and legal structure. Ultimately, the discussion concludes that the idea of a Jewish state is squarely incompatible with protection of minority rights — a central tenet of constitutionalism. This discussion thus suggests why Israel cannot claim to comply with democratic liberal norms while simultaneously privileging one ethic group over another. The pairing “Jewish” and “democratic” both codifies discrimination against non-Jewish citizens and impedes realization of full guarantees for political and socioeconomic equality.The political implications of this argument are substantial. First, as mentioned, it critically calls into question the democratic nature of the State of Israel. Second, it strongly questions popular Western conception that views Palestinians and Israelis as equal, symmetrically balanced parties. To this end, Part II analyzes three important Israeli High Court decisions that grapple with complex issues relating to discrimination and (in)equality. In short, the so-called Israeli “constitutional” structure has largely remained unresponsive to its Arab minority. Because the peculiar “liberal” form of Israeli governance long praised by liberal scholars has not resolved the troubling divergence between a rights-based jurisprudence and continued economic and institutional discrimination against Arab-Israelis,entrenching civil liberties and socioeconomic equality in Israel requires not only formal legal codification but also the creation of the conditions for political willingness.

Slavery and the Magna Carta in the Development of Anglo-American Constitutionalism

If English and American constitutional thought rests on one shared foundation, it is the principle that executive power, in order to be legitimate, must be subject to law. In the thirteenth century, the English jurist Henry de Bracton declared that “the law makes the King”—rather than the King makes the law—and urged, “Let the King … bestow upon the law what the law bestows upon him, namely dominion and power, for there is no King where will rules and not law” (White 1908, 268). Bracton no doubt had in mind some of the recent provisions of the Magna Carta (1215), which provided a formal codification of this principle. The rebel barons who imposed the Magna Carta on King John were animated by a desire to limit arbitrary executive power, and, in Article 39, they secured a promise from the monarchy that “no free man shall be arrested or imprisoned, or disseised or outlawed or exiled or in any way victimised, neither will we attack him or send anyone to attack him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land” (Turner 2003, 231). In the fourteenth century, Article 39 was redrafted by Parliament to apply not only to free men but also to any man “of whatever estate or condition he may be,” and this process of reinterpretation continued throughout the next several centuries as Parliament expanded “the Charter's special ‘liberties’ for the privileged classes to general guarantees of ‘liberty’ for all the king's subjects” (Turner 2003, 3).

The Effects of Ethics Institutionalization on Marketing Managers: The Mediating Role of Implicit Institutionalization and the Moderating Role of Socialization

Because of increasing ethical problems in business during the last two decades, many organizations have implicitly and/or explicitly institutionalized ethics. Implicit ethics institutionalization refers to a work climate where ethical behavior is either implied or understood to be crucial to the functioning of the firm (e.g., informal expectations that all employees demonstrate a high level of professionalism, honesty, and integrity). In contrast, explicit ethics institutionalization refers to the formal codification of ethical behavior in terms of policy manuals, orientation programs, and ethics committees. It has been argued that the upsurge of ethics institutionalization was a result of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines first approved by Congress in the early 1990s, which essentially provides for reduced penalties for organizations that demonstrate an adequate degree of ethics compliance. Specifically, the main objective of this research is to empirically demonstrate the direct and indirect effects of different forms of ethics institutionalization (implicit and explicit) on marketing managers’ behavioral responses, such as perceived importance of ethics, quality of work life (QWL), job satisfaction, esprit de corps, and organizational commitment. Demonstrating the significant effects of ethics institutionalization is important from a macromarketing perspective, because findings highlight the moral premise that institutionalizing ethics in the organization (thus benefiting society at large) is likely to influence employee behavioral responses that are traditionally related to the financial health of the organization.

Indian Modernity and Tagore's Dance

Abstract Rabindranath Tagore's invention of an entirely new dance style liberated dance from the formulaic choreography and narratives of classical Indian dance. Tagore advocated naturalistic rather than stylized expression, with the stated purpose of creating an aesthetic vehicle for conveying the drama of human emotional experience. This style, Rabindra-nritya, the first ‘modern dance’ of India, was and has remained entirely uncodified, relying on the creative impulse of the individual dancer interpreting poetical compositions. This flexibility, however, has tended to be accompanied by a lack of formal rigour and codification, which may help explain why Rabindranath's dance style has never gained acceptance in India as a serious art beyond the Bengali cultural domain.

A constructional network in appositive space

The concept of apposition remains an obscure notion despite the fact that it has figured prominently in the history of grammar. Modern grammatical frameworks have done very little if anything to clarify it, and, with very few exceptions, they continue to merely invoke it in passing when dealing with grey areas in the study of other phenomena. Characteristically, one starts studying NPs or reduced relatives, and when the grey areas become visible the words “apposition” or “appositive” come to the rescue. In fact, such rescuing is none other than an admission of defeat. Here I defend the view that so-called appositions inhabit a conceptual space that is best understood in reference to the notions of family resemblance, prototype, and construction. A crucial characteristic of this conceptual region is the fact that its lack of strong formal codification leaves it at the mercy of frequent, palliative, pragmatic construal.

Cent ans après La Haye, cinquante ans après Genève: le droit international humanitaire au temps de la guerre civile

Abstract In the author's view the state of international humanitarian law as we approach the 21st century may be characterized by two major developments. The first is the trend away from well-structured conflicts between States and towards chaotic violence within the territory of the classic State entity. The second is the growing tendency to target civilians. The result is an increase in suffering and casualties among the civilian population. After considering the major obstacles to humanitarian action in present-day conflicts, the author looks at what she calls “the remarkable development of the international rules governing non-international armed conflicts”. She discusses ways of strengthening and developing standards applicable to such conflict other than formal codification of new rules. The paper finishes by stressing the decisive importance of making the law known among those who need to know it, particularly those engaged in violence.

El ateísmo considerado como delito extremo en las Leyes de Platón

This article focuses on Plato’s conception of atheism in the tenth book of the Laws. The Laws themselves are seen as Plato’s last great effort to propose a written code, a project that involves major theorizing. In contrast, the treatment of atheism as a capital crime appears merely as the working out of questions of detail (which feature prevention, a subtle typological analysis of atheists, and the means of eventual repression). Punishment of atheism is a strategic principle, closely associated with a new conception of punishment that includes the possibility of long-term imprisonment for offenders that commit serious crimes. The set of the relevant legislative dispositions against religious offenders is thus put in context (of which the broad outlines are the civil and penal codes), payingspecial attention to ‘unspeakable crimes’. The paper puts in perspective the significance of Plato’s last written work (particularly its pioneering character in the history of formal codification of law) and stresses how he restates his thoughts on what political life and its rules should be, thus substantially (and valuably) revising the utopia of the Republic. The main point of contrast between these works can be said to consist in a shift from the philosopher-king to the embodiment of values in the laws, the promotion of a complex system of internalization of rules and values in all citizens and by all citizens, the establishment of numerous means to achieve the conditions and social atmosphere in which the laws can actually come to live inside each and every one. This represents a considerable change if we compare it to the absolute trust put upon philosopher kings in the earlier work. It is, then, against this general background that Plato’s notion of atheism as “the worst of crimes” should be understood. The strong bond between religion and public morality is the basis supporting the set of social policies, measures of detection and strategies of repression of atheism that Plato proposes (described and briefly discussed by Rossetti). So, considering all that Plato carefully prescribes in the tenth book of the Laws, if atheism and impiety appear as the worst sort of crimes, punishable in a few extreme cases by death, this suggests, on the one hand, that the level of cruelty known in classical times was quite low by modern standards, and secondly, that Plato shows a rather admirable moderation for his time. Making atheism punishable by death and so perhaps the only really unspeakable crime is then only an “extreme prophylactic measure”, not “vengeance of the state”.

The Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union

The European Union is presently exploring new territory through the operation of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). However, politicians, lawyers and journalists are still divided into two camps when evaluating Title V of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and its prospects for practical implementation. On the one hand, a rather negative attitude is voiced, according to which the CFSP is nothing but a further formal codification of the policy alignment of EPC. According to this view, the CFSP will not lead to any substantive changes, because intergovernmentalism has been maintained. Consequently, the first camp argues that the modified institutional and legal framework, though constituting a formal reform, will not add anything in practice, because the achievement of objectives will continue to be entirely dependent on the political will of the partners involved.