Form Of Transport Research Articles

Assessing Li accommodation at amorphous ZrO2 grain boundaries

Nuclear Pressurised Water Reactors (PWRs) use zirconium alloys as a fuel cladding, preventing the cooling water, at elevated pH using lithium hydroxide, from interacting with the fuel. Boron, as boric acid, is added to the coolant as a reactivity shim. Future reactor designs are considering removing soluble boron reactivity control to aid plant simplification. The presence of lithium in the absence of boron in the coolant has, however, been found to accelerate the corrosion of zirconium-based alloys under certain conditions and the mechanisms by which this occurs is under investigation. The ingress of lithium into the bulk oxide layer of zirconium alloy has been addressed in a previous study and was found to be unlikely. Here, atomistic simulations were used to produce Brouwer diagrams from which the solubility of lithium in amorphous structures representing complex grain boundaries have been predicted. The solubility of lithium in these amorphous structures is predicted to be high and will produce an elevated concentration of oxygen defects within the amorphous structure. This could offer a mode for transport of oxygen to the metal oxide interface and, potentially, offer a mechanism or part of a mechanism for observed lithium-accelerated corrosion of Zr-based alloys.

Magnetically Actuated Surface Microstructures for Efficient Transport and Tunable Separation of Droplets and Solids

Efficient transportation of droplets (≈101–102 μL) and small solid objects (≈101–102 mm3) have important applications in many fields, such as microfluidics, lab‐on‐a‐chip devices, drug delivery, etc. A novel multifunctional surface consisting of a periodic array of micro‐lamellae from a soft magnetoactive elastomer on a plastic substrate is reported for these purposes. The physical origin of the propulsion is the bending of soft magnetic lamellae in nonuniform magnetic fields, which is also observed in uniform magnetic fields. The magnetoactive surface is fabricated using a facile and rapid method of laser ablation. The propulsion of items is realized using a four‐pole rotating magnet. This results in a cyclic lamellar fringe motion over the microstructured surface and brings an advantage of easy reciprocation of transport by rotation reversal. Two modes of object transportation are identified: “pushing” mode for precise control of droplet and solid positioning and “bouncing” mode for heavier solid objects transportation. A water droplet of 5 μL or a glass sphere with a 2.1 mm diameter can be moved at a maximum speed of 60 mm s−1. The multifunctionality of the proposed mechatronic platform is demonstrated on the examples of selective solid–liquid separation and droplet merging.

To share or not to share? Revealing determinants of individuals’ willingness to share rides through a big data approach

Ridesplitting has been widely recognised as a promising mobility mode for sustainable transportation, but its success largely depends on a sufficient number of passengers who are willing to share their rides. To uncover the determinants of willingness to share (WTS), prior studies typically relied on either individual-level survey-based or aggregate-level data-driven methods. To combine the former’s strength in capturing individual choice preferences and the latter’s advantage in utilising available multi-source big data, this study proposes a big data approach to modelling individual choices between the solo and shared options for each trip. To reconstruct the choice process, we leverage large-scale real-world trip records and propose a learning framework to not only retrieve the trip time and fare of the chosen option (solo or shared), but also impute the likely time and fare of the alternative option. These reconstructed trip attributes are then integrated with the sociodemographic, built environment and traffic features from other data sources. Finally, all these variables are fed into a random coefficient logit model to reveal passengers’ ridesplitting preferences. Through a case study of Manhattan, New York City, we reveal the spatiotemporal pattern of WTS and its determinants. Results show that WTS varies greatly across space and time. The time-fare trade-off is identified as the most essential factor, with the value of time revealed to be about $28-36/h. WTS decreases with longer trip distance/commuting time/distance to the urban centre, lower road speed, and higher speed fluctuation/bus station/crime density, but increases with a higher proportion of middle-class/female/young residents, residential land use and metro station. The proposed methodology can be used to explain and monitor WTS in a cost-effective way, complementing traditional survey-based methods to better design and promote ridesplitting services.

REPRESENTATION OF SPA TOURISM IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Today's tourism movements involve a huge number of tourists. Each of them has a different interest or need that needs to be satisfied. Some tourists wants swimming, others sunbathing, others wants skiing or hiking, and some of them wants visiting the cultural-historical monuments. However, apart from what the tourists want, the satisfaction of the needs also depends from the tourist offer, what is offered to the tourists. The following factors play a role here: what types of transportation are available for that destination, what accommodation facilities are there, what tourist resources are available, etc. There are several aspects of tourism, according to: tourist needs, attractive-motivational values, according to the tourist season, the way the trips are organized, etc. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to see the representation of spa tourism in the Republic of North Macedonia in relation to other types of tourism. In this case, the division is made into city tourism (the city of Skopje as a tourist attraction), spa tourism, which includes all spa centers in the Republic of Macedonia, mountain tourism, lake tourism and all other types of tourism that are represented in the country. Methodology: To achieve the set goal, the methods that were used are analysis and retrospective analysis of the number of domestic and foreign tourists and the number of overnight stays in the Republic of North Macedonia for the period from 2017 to 2021. The data were collected by the State Statistics Office and were processed tabularly and graphically. The analysis was performed on the basis of previously studied scientific theoretical content of materials that include: literature, books, magazines and newspapers, reports, relevant publications, on-line databases, as well as all other published materials. Results: In the researched period from 2017 to 2021, the most attractive places for domestic tourists to visit are lake places (64%), while for foreign tourists it is the city of Skopje with (43%) of tourists. Spas are in the last place in terms of visits for both domestic (5%) and foreign tourists (1%). According to the number of overnight stays, spa tourism is in second place for domestic visitors (10%), while for foreign tourists it remains in last place with 2% of the total overnight stays. Conclusions: Spa tourism is the least developed tourism in the Republic of North Macedonia. From the total number of visitors in the analyzed 5-year period, only 5% of domestic tourists and 1% of foreign tourists visited the spas. In terms of the number of overnight stays, spa tourism is in second place for domestic tourists with 10% and in last place with 2% for foreign tourists.

Four new intuitionistic fuzzy bimodal topological structures

Two intuitionistic fuzzy modal operators from a second type are used for introducing of new intuitionistic fuzzy modal topological structures. After this, these structures, extended with the two standard intuitionistic fuzzy modal operators, generate four new intuitionistic fuzzy bimodal topological structures. They are illustrated with examples.

Content analysis of the logistics project of international trade on the example of intermodals transportation

The aggressive war of the Russian against Ukraine dealt a devastating blow to the world economy, the transport industry, in particular, the world's leading carriers of goods, freight forwarding companies, were seriously affected. Also, in the article, the authors performed a content analysis of the modern theoretical base of logistics project management, highlighted the problem of substantiating the parameters of the products of logistics programs and projects. The features and possibilities of using the international rules of Incoterms 2020 are described to provide a clearer picture of the work of the logistics project by types of transportation of goods, for more effective management of resources in it. The authors emphasize that logistics projects are often divided into two phases: creation and operation; in addition, the importance of logistics projects for efficient transportation of goods and cargo and their impact on the competitiveness of the intermodal transport system is described. This study allows for a more detailed understanding of the features of managing the phases of logistics project implementation, especially in the post-war period, and also brings new knowledge to project management. Project logistics is a complex service for a specific investment project, which includes all methods of goods delivery, consulting, development of a transport concept and related services. Project logistics is built on a clear time frame and sequence. Thanks to project transportation, the construction of airports, factories, terminals, hubs and other large industrial enterprises becomes possible. Obtaining the maximum benefits from participation in logistics projects from cargo transportation of the transport market, taking into account the component of international mechanisms "Incoterms 2020" of balanced development of the country, which provides for high productivity, fair distribution of opportunities and results of profits from activities in logistics centers, hubs, ports in the paradigm of uncertainty of crises.

Robustness Analysis of an Urban Public Traffic Network Based on a Multi-Subnet Composite Complex Network Model.

An urban public traffic network is a typical high-order complex network. There are multiple types of transportation in an urban public traffic network, and each type has different impacts on urban transportation. Robustness analyses of urban public traffic networks contribute to the safe maintenance and operation of urban traffic systems. In this paper, a new cascading failure model for urban public traffic networks is constructed based on a multi-subnet composite complex network model. In order to better simulate the actual traffic flow in the composite network, the concept of traffic function is proposed in the model. Considering the different effects of various relationships on nodes in the composite network, the traditional cascading failure model has been improved and a deliberate attack strategy and a random attack strategy have been adopted to study the robustness of the composite network. In the experiment, the urban bus-subway composite network in Qingdao, China, was used as an example for simulation. The experimental results showed that under two attack strategies, the network robustness did not increase with the increase in capacity, and the proportion of multiple relationships had a significant impact on the network robustness.

The Development Strategy of Tourist Attraction in Taman Ayun Temple, Badung, Bali

This research aims to develop tourism that is friendly to culture and the environment through the concept of special interest tourism so that tourist attractions remain sustainable and have a positive impact on the welfare and happiness of the community. This research begins with identifying tourism, especially at Taman Ayun Temple, Badung Bali. This study uses qualitative methods, data collection is done by observation, interviews, document studies, and questionnaires. The results of the study indicate that there are internal factors that can influence the development of cultural festivals as a special interest tourist attraction at Taman Ayun Temple, namely professional staff. A strategic location is in the tourist attraction area of Taman Ayun Temple, while the external factor, which is the main weakness, is that the community is not aware of tourism, and the external factor, which is the main threat, is that there is no cultural festival tour package as a destination. The main opportunity is good road access that can be passed by various types of land transportation. The overall qualitative study shows that there is a great opportunity to develop a cultural festival that is used to attract tourism interest at Taman Ayun Temple, namely by opening good road access that can be passed by various types of land transportation wheels, which easily makes tourists feel comfortable and calm in making tourism trips.

The Relationship between Stress and the Number of Hours That Students in Bangkok Spend Traveling to and Back from School

People living in Thailand spend approximately 2 hours traveling every day due to traffic jams and long distances from their home to the destination.[1] The problem is also faced by Thai adolescents, particularly high school students, who are susceptible to experience stress due to traveling to and from school. Thus, this study analyzes the relationship between stress and the number of hours high school students in Bangkok spend commuting to and from school by conducting survey research. The survey was conducted using online questionnaires given out to Thai high school students in Bangkok, where a total of 273 responses were collected and analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS). The result shows that commute time, leisure, and the change of transportation types are significantly related to stress with the p values of 0.27, 0.005, and 0.045, respectively. This indicates that stress increases in high school students are due to long commute times greater than 2 hours, less leisure time less than 3 hours, and transportation. Nonetheless, there is no considerable relationship between students’ grades and stress. Thus, travel time can influence teenagers’ stress levels, so children may consider studying near their home to prevent themselves from being stressed.

Syntax of European Union Law

The article investigates the significance of syntax in the multilingual EU law. It attempts to respond to the question whether syntax is apt to contribute to the uniformity of that law and how, with regard to this function, it relates to the (widely disputed yet uncontested) semantic and pragmatic methods of achieving such a uniformity. In order to respond to this question, the article firstly, recalls fundamental concepts which would help conceptualize the endeavour and, secondly, presents examples of analysis of syntax arrangements which can be deemed representative for the study of the said problem of contribution. The study finds that EU law (expressed in 24 official languages which have equal authentic status) relies on diversified syntax of its respective constitutive languages. Syntax structures used in respective language versions of EU law represent narrower, law-specific, form of syntax structures available in these languages. Its specificity is determined mostly by legislative traditions of respective EU member states. Syntactic structures of EU law produced in different official languages do not represent a single pattern because of diversified mode of producing illocutionary value of provisions in which strongly idiomatic modal verbs (modal operators) and even special modal structures (not necessarily containing modal verbs) are used to express legal norms. They also differ when it comes to their law-specific compositionality, i.e. flexibility of different syntax structure to produce the same meaning and, in the same time, to preserve their genre/register informational value. Notwithstanding, these structures have well pronounced and system-significant common features within respective Germanic, Romanic, and Slavic families of languages in which EU law is mostly reproduced. The sentence structure and the relevant register of EU law provisions are the same for respective versions of EU texts of law expressed in the languages belonging to the respective three language families which were examined for the sake of this study. These common features are re-enforced by the synoptic mode of producing EU law which imposes formal resemblance of provisions reproduced in respective EU official languages to each other. The multilingual EU legislator also uses patterns which grant legal text the relevant register, yet its specific EU character ultimately transpires through semantic aspects of EU texts rather than their mere syntax. The unity of the system is achieved most strongly through the EU specific interpretation, where the teleological methods (which can be conceived as a language means to achieve EU law goals and objectives at the pragmatic level) are of utmost importance. Thus, there is no EU-specific syntax which would, as such, contribute to unity of EU law. Instead, unity is achieved in the area of semantics and pragmatics. The well exposed anaphoric character of EU law (as any other type of law) may contribute to narrowing down possibility for differentiation of respective language versions of EU law.

Route optimization of hazardous freight transportation in a rail-truck transportation network considering road traffic restriction

With the increasing demand for chemical products in China, how to manage the risks associated with hazardous freight transportation has attracted arising attentions from both government and industry practitioners. From the perspective of carrier companies, transportation modal choice and routing for hazardous freight transportation need to be carefully designed, which motivates current research. This paper aims to optimize the service mode and routing for hazardous freight transportation in a rail-truck network with bi-objectives optimization approach. Several practical concerns are addressed, including the coordination of rail transportation which has fixed train running plan and road transportation which is flexible and mobile, and the consideration of alternative path when the expressway is temporally blocked for hazardous freight due to the traffic restriction measurements on inter-city road segments. Furthermore, the time-varying transportation risks and costs associated with accidents of hazardous freight transportation are investigated. The Max-Min Ant-colony Algorithm (MMAS) algorithm is adopted for solution. For model validations and conclusion generalization, this paper implements a real-life case study in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in China with the objective of minimizing transportation risks and costs. The solutions show that traffic restrictions have an adverse impact on the carrier and alternative paths are able to help the carriers further optimize their routing strategy. A careful consideration and appropriate processing of differences in operational characteristics of two transportation modes, is able to provide a better and more realistic understanding of rail-truck hazardous freight transportation problem.

A Holistic View of the Tourist Experience of Generation Z

This paper seeks to find out what the characteristics of the tourist experience of Generation Z are. The research was designed using qualitative research techniques. Interviews were conducted with 139 young tourists living in 45 different provinces in Turkey and were analyzed using content analysis. Generation Z has a limited budget for travel. They need to devise certain strategies to cope with this. Escape from everyday life is their most important motivation in travel. The idea that the best time to travel is school and youth years. Young tourists find cultural, historical, and architectural elements interesting and are interested in traditional cuisine. They prefer types of transportation that they have not experienced before.

Analysis of the impact of the railway allowance policy and the increase in fines for loaded trucks on the transfer of modes to rail transportation types

Currently, cargo trucks dominate logistics transportation, so the condition of the Pantura (Java North Coast Road) route is quite poor and often suffers severe damage even though it has been repaired. If there is no solution to the high volume of trucks on the coastal route, then the budget for repairing the coastal route will continue to increase, so researchers want to minimize the repair of the coastal route by switching modes from trucks to trains. One of the ways that previous researchers have found is one of the policies to be able to support mode shift by giving allowance to trains and increasing the fines of freight trucks. Therefore, researchers investigated many policies connected to the increase in fines for freight vehicles on the railway, as well as allowances. Analysis regarding the impact caused by the policy will be included. According to the SEM-PLS model, preferences are indirectly impacted by existing and perceptions, with existing and perceptions intermediary path scores with high preferences. The fines variable, on the other hand, is not a good preference for mode shift policies. Business merchants that have a positive perception of rail transportation offered a considerably greater response for rail transportation allowances. Therefore, they will seek to utilize the train. The perception variable influenced the amount of the proposed train allowance policy, but not the freight truck fines policy. Train allowance and truck fines policies can be utilized in conjunction with one another, depending on the logistical conditions in a given location. Because this is a logistics network in Indonesia, an archipelago country where trucks are more flexible if they want to travel between islands, train allowance is the best choice to support mode shift persuasively and maximize the potential of trains for travel within the island

The Accessibility of Public Transportation Stops: Istanbul Case

The study emphasizes the importance of creating a sustainable public transportation system that people can use comfortably. This sustainable transportation approach aims to deliver transportation plans focused on people, society and space. Developing public transportation systems that contribute to social equality by appealing to all segments of society and reducing traffic density has become one of the main objectives of transportation plans. Ensuring the accessibility of public transportation stops is a crucial aspect of achieving this objective. In this context, the study examines the accessibility of public transportation stops in Istanbul. For the accessibility measurements of public transportation stops, the study uses the Service Areas Analysis tool in the ArcGIS program's Network Analyst extension, a geographical information system-based software program. The analysis results indicate that approximately 90% of the population can reach the stops of rubber-tyred public transportation types (one of the public transportation types in Istanbul) within a five-minute walking distance. However, the ratio of the population that can reach rail system stations and maritime transportation piers within a five-minute walking distance is only approximately 3%. Accordingly, it can be seen that the Istanbul transportation system depends heavily on the rubber-tyred public transportation system.

Terminal Goan Hoat: Sejarah dan Perannya Dalam Sistem Transportasi Di Padang (1972-2004).

The results of this study explain the history of the Goan Hoat Terminal at Pasar Raya Padang (1972-2004), supported by the condition of the terminal in Pasar Raya. The discussion on the Goan Hoat Terminal is divided into several parts, namely the Goan Hoat Terminal Before 1972 and the Goan Hoat Terminal as the City Transport Terminal (Angkot) in 1972-2004. Before 1972 the Goan Hoat Terminal was the only Inter-City In-Province Terminal (AKDP) in Padang City. In 1972-2004 the Goan Hoat Terminal was converted into a City Transportation Terminal (Angkot). During the reign of Mayor Fauzi Bahar, the city of Padang underwent a change in the Spatial Planning of the City of Padang which resulted in the Goan Hoat Terminal being converted again as a place of modern heaven known as the Central Pasar Raya Plaza (SPR Plaza) and the government moved the Aia Mancur Roundabout in front of the Muhammadiyah Mosque as a gathering place for all types of public transportation in Padang City which resulted in congestion at Pasar Raya Padang.

Trends in Development of Chinese-Russian Relations in the Field of Railway Transport

The article analyses the nature of transport relations between Russia and China in order to identify the main trends and forecasts regarding development of cooperation between the two countries in this area.A brief excursion into the history of interaction of partners includes the retrospective of construction of mainlines that served to increase the efficiency of transportation.The emphasis in the analysis of prospects is on improvement of transit routes within the framework of «One Belt One Road» and «Eastern Polygon» projects. Information is provided on construction of new and modernisation of existing railway lines with involvement of Chinese and Russian investment, including a bridge over the Amur River, the Kerak tunnel, and development of transit transportation through Kazakhstan and Mongolia. The role of transportation for effective cooperation in the energy field is emphasised.The article considers two types of transportation - freight and passenger. In both cases, there is a steady increase in interaction since in case of cargo transportation, the partnership has a beneficial effect on energy integration, while the efficiency of passenger logistics is determined by the railway connection between the cities of Russia and China.The cooperation of Russian and Chinese companies in the field of advanced technologies and investments in the field of high­speed rail transport is noted.The conclusion is made about the mutually beneficial nature and prospects of strengthening cooperation in the field of railway transport, its role in development of the region and transport infrastructure, as well as in increasing the volume of cargo and passenger transportation.

Subsea Injection Systems Enable Carbon Capture and Sequestration

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 32460, “Subsea CO2 Injection Systems for CCS Applications: Themes, Challenges, and Opportunities,” by Julian P. Tucker and Kamaldip Randhawa, Baker Hughes. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2023 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ The complete paper presents a discussion of challenges and opportunities relating to subsea system design for CO2 injection in carbon capture and storage (CCS) applications. The scope of the text includes field development considerations, systems operation and control, intervention, monitoring, and barrier testing. A global review of existing and planned CCS developments is used to identify common system characteristics and core functional requirements. The paper reviews topics associated with CO2 transportation, injection, and storage across multiple disciplines to provide holistic guidance and commentary specifically for subsea system design relating to CO2 injection for CCS applications. Value Drivers For widespread adoption of CCS, dedicated geologic carbon storage (GCS) must be a commercially viable activity. Simply put, the cost of storage per tonne of CO2 must be less than the price that can be charged for storage as a service. Financial incentives also must be present to support the carbon price for development to take place. Transitional incentives to close the gap between costs and the low value of CO2 emissions reduction also may be required to support development. In all cases, however, the common denominator is that the cost of storage per tonne must be as low as possible. This is driven by the capital expenditure and operating costs of a project (as well as post-injection-period obligations), which include the cost of CO2 transportation and injection systems and associated equipment. Types of Transportation and Storage Networks For dedicated GCS, several types of offshore storage systems are available that are linked to different types of emitters, transportation networks, and value chains. Storage systems linked to natural gas processing facilities may be considered single-point emitters. The overall architecture of these systems, however, will depend on where the CO2-rich production stream is processed and separated before reinjection. The most common method of CO2 transportation to offshore locations is through a subsea pipeline, which enables a continuous flow of CO2 and a high system availability. It is worth mentioning that some developments also have considered transportation to offshore storage sites by ship, with injection through an intermediate floating storage vessel. Once installed, a pipeline provides continuous injection with high availability, whereas a vessel will be affected by transit time, weather conditions, downtime caused by maintenance, and high operating costs owing to fuel use. Furthermore, challenges with field expansion also may result.

Observed Oceanic Surface Modes in the Northern South China Sea

Abstract Using observations and theoretical models, a substantial topographic modulation on the quasigeostrophic (QG) dynamics, which results in a primary surface mode distinct from the classic first baroclinic (BC1) mode with a flat bottom, is revealed in the northern South China Sea (NSCS). In contrast to open oceans, the surface-intensified modes decay downward more rapidly over the continental slope of the NSCS, with a mean e-folding scale of approximately 1/5 of water depth. The subinertial flow variability appears to be vertically incoherent, with planetary and topographic Rossby waves dominating in the upper and deep layers, respectively. With a larger deformation radius (Rd), the surface-mode Rossby waves propagate at a phase speed ∼1.5 times of that of the BC1 mode. Moreover, the modal structures can be substantially modified by seasonal NSCS circulation, which is significantly enhanced over continental slopes. Analysis of the triad interactions further implies that the short waves tend to transfer energy to larger scales via the inverse cascade and only those with wavelengths larger than Rd ≈ 70 km in the NSCS can persist because of a slower unstable growth rate but a higher fraction of upscale energy transfer. The present theory excludes the bottom-trapped mode, which is closely associated with topographic Rossby waves and is observed to be significant in the abyssal NSCS. Hence, a complete normal-mode basis for any QG state is required for a study that focuses on flow variability throughout the water column. Our findings provide an insight into the vertical partition of horizontal kinetic energy for QG motions, as well as the relevant oceanic variation in marginal seas.

Analysis of low-order modal coherent structures in cavitation flow field based on dynamic mode decomposition and finite-time Lyapunov exponent

The finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) method is a mature and practical method for analyzing the characteristics of Lagrangian coherent structures. It can be used for studying the severe impacts of cavitation on the coherent structure of flow. The reduced-order modeling (ROM) method has also significant advantages in extract key features of flow structure. This study analyzed the cloud cavitation flow structure of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)0015 hydrofoil. The backward FTLE and ROM were combined, and a comparison was made between the low-order modes of FTLE structure and the FTLE obtained from the low-order modes. The results indicate that the two methods have effectively captured the main coherent structural features of cloud cavitation flow fields. The main characteristic structures captured by the FTLE obtained from the low-order modes of the flow field are much clearer. The first two coherent structures of the FTLE obtained from the low-order modes of the flow field decompose the FTLE of the velocity field into three distinct parts: the leading-edge structure of the hydrofoil, the reflux structure in the middle of the hydrofoil, and the wake region of the hydrofoil. It is proved that the combination of FTLE and ROM can provide a new perspective and means for the analysis of turbulent structures.

Objects generated by an arbitrary natural number. Part 4: New aspects

The set $\underline{SET}(n)$, generated by an arbitrary natural number $n$, was defined in [3]. There, and in [5,6], some arithmetic functions and arithmetic operators of a modal and topological types are defined over the elements of $\underline{SET}(n)$. Here, over the elements of $\underline{SET}(n)$ new arithmetic functions are defined and some of their basic properties are studied. Two standard modal topological structures over $\underline{SET}(n)$ are described. Perspectives for future research are discussed.