Form Of Training Programs Research Articles

Why Is the Australian Government Interested in Complementary Medicine? A Case Study of Economic Rationalism

To address rising health costs, the Australian government has relied on several strategies: (1) covert rationing that entails limiting public health funds for particular patients or services; (2) the allocation of patients awaiting surgery to a priority level; (3) increased copayments for physician visits necessitated by practices such as physicians refusing to bulk bill; and (4) the establishment of an independent auditor for the private health insurance industry. However, the health economics literature rarely mentions that the growing support in various ways of the Australian government for complementary medicine may constitute another strategy for curtailing rising health costs. The government's main support for complementary medicine has come in the form of training programs in chiropractic, osteopathy, Chinese medicine, and naturopathy in public tertiary institutions and partnerships between private complementary colleges and public universities. Compared with biomedical education with its need for hospitals and sophisticated technology, complementary training programs are inexpensive. Furthermore, complementary services are generally not covered by Medicare but must be paid for either out of pocket or by a private health plan.

Organizational factors: impact on administration violations in rural nursing

This paper reports a study investigating organizational factors contributing to procedural violations by nurses during medication administration. Health care is not as safe as it could be, with research indicating that errors involving medications are a leading cause of unintended harm to patients. In the safety literature, strong claims are made about the connection between violation of procedures and adverse occurrences but, in the healthcare field in particular, there is limited empirical evidence that can serve as a basis for understanding why workers deviate from established procedures. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected by questionnaire in 2002 to 627 nurses working in rural and remote areas in Queensland, Australia. The response rate was 31%. The data were used to build a model that shows how organizational variables can produce conditions that improve work practices that fall short of best practice standards. The statistical model accounted for a reliable 19% of the variance in self-reported violations. A higher level of knowledge was found to be associated with lower levels of violations. Conversely, higher workloads and higher expectations by doctors were associated with a higher incidence of violations. Qualitative comments tended to support the conclusions drawn from the model and helped to explain the observed associations. Attempts to deal with deviations from work procedures through interventions such as retraining or disciplinary action are likely to be ineffective unless they take a more holistic management approach aimed at the individual, the team, the task, the workplace, and the institution as a whole and are directed at the weaker points in the system. These interventions may take the form of training programmes, systems redesign, or the injection of resources. The costs of providing adequate resources to a healthcare system are likely to be offset by savings gained through worker productivity, and better patient outcomes.

Foreign Direct Investment, Technological Spillovers and the Agricultural Transition in Central Europe

The article reports on spillovers from foreign direct investment to related industries in Central European transition countries. In particular, the impact of foreign investment in the sugarbeet-processing industry on the wider agro-food sector is investigated. The empirical findings indicate that foreign direct investment brings not only much needed capital to the region but also managerial and technological skills which are in similarly short supply. Technical support in the form of training programmes, pilot demonstration projects and innovative contract designs is found to help foreign affiliates secure sufficient high quality raw material supplies, while inducing sector-wide improvements in agricultural productivity and agri-business practices.