Form Of Social Engineering Research Articles

Graph-based phishing detection: URLGBM model driven by machine learning

Phishing attacks are a form of social engineering that involves the transmission of deceptive communications imitating a trustworthy source to deceive users into revealing confidential information. Antiphishing systems have made significant strides in recent years, allowing internet users to secure confidential and private information against such attacks. In this study, we propose a URL graph representation based on a random walk algorithm, specifically PageRank, for weighting URL tokens. To create the graph, an imaginary walker visits the URL tokens one at a time and assigns a value to each token based on the probability of encountering the target URL during the walk. We studied different random walk (rw) variations and their effects on the URL string. The BM25 algorithm was employed to produce a sparse matrix for the classification task from the token scores obtained. Experiments conducted with logistic regression revealed that the proposed model achieved an accuracy of 98.98%, a false alarm rate of 1.72%, and a missing alarm rate of 0.302%. The model also attained a 97.17% accuracy on a benchmark dataset.

Deep Learning Approach in Anti-Phishing Technology

A significant rise in electronic trade, or consumer-to-consumer online transactions, has occurred recently as a result of advances in Internet and cloud technologies. Malware, phishing, ransomware, man- in-the-middle attacks and other techniques are just a few of the ways cybercriminals utilize to begin a cyber attack. Phishing is a form of social engineering or a cyber security assault in which nefarious actors send messages acting as reliable individuals. Phishing attacks use complex strategies, techniques, and technologies to obtain sensitive data, including content injection, online social networks etc. Real-time identification of phishing sites is challenging with the available anti-phishing tools. Therefore, a protected and open system is required that allows the user to directly verify the site. The long short- term memory (LSTM) algorithm and the convolutional neural network (CNN) were combined to develop a hybrid deep learning model (LCR). The goal of this research was to develop a web browser named Phishing Detection Browser (PD Browser) that can identify phishing attacks using deep learning. Keywords— Phishing, Anti-Phishing, Deep learning, Hybrid Deep Learning Model

Politically correct and gender-neutral language: effects, consequences, acceptance

Political correctness and gender-neutral language are language practices that aim to critically examine current language usage based on certain progressive norms and reject certain words, terms, or expressions deemed inappropriate, while seeking alternatives. This applies to all forms of expression that could offend, discriminate, or underrepresent someone based on their ethnic origin, gender, social class, physical or mental disability, or sexual orientation. Advocates of this language usage argue that it helps promote greater inclusivity, respect, and equality in society, while opponents argue that it leads to language regulation that can make language unclear, complicated, contradictory, incomprehensible, or even censorious. Moreover, some critics argue that this language regulation can be counterproductive, as it may unintentionally draw attention to and reinforce differences among people, rather than celebrating diversity. Additionally, some have argued that language regulation can distract from more significant issues of systemic oppression and inequality, leading to a superficial focus on language instead of real social change. In summary, the debate over politically correct and gender-neutral language reflects broader debates over cultural and social change, with proponents seeing it as a necessary step toward greater equality and respect, and opponents viewing it as a restriction on free speech and a form of social engineering.

SOSIALISASI SEDEKAH SAMPAH TERHADAP GERAKAN PEDULI LINGKUNGAN DI DESA SINGDANGSARI

Research in scientific science is something that is familiar to students or students in the world of education. The objects and subjects of education are not only related to competence or human skills. One of the latest objects that really meet the topic of discussion is garbage. This topic does not only explain the form of waste, but how it is managed, technically, financially and the role of the community in different perceptions of the environment. Programs that make environmental care movements based on the identification of problems found. Waste Sedekahs are an alternative to maintaining a green and clean environment. In addition to having a positive impact, the Garbage Sedekah can also help the community's economy by collecting and separating the amount of organic and non-organic waste. This waste Sedekah program can turn unused items into very useful ones. Based on the identification of the problem, it was concluded that the Waste Sedekah program is a form of social engineering in bringing out innovations forcing people to change their perceptions and views about the environment and health.

Convolution Neural Networks for Phishing Detection

Phishing is one of the significant threats in cyber security. Phishing is a form of social engineering that uses e-mails with malicious websites to solicitate personal information. Phishing e-mails are growing in alarming number. In this paper we propose a novel machine learning approach to classify phishing websites using Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) that use URL based features. CNNs consist of a stack of convolution, pooling layers, and a fully connected layer. CNNs accept images as input and perform feature extraction and classification. Many CNN models are available today. To avoid vanishing gradient problem, recent CNNs use entropy loss function with Rectified Linear Units (ReLU). To use a CNN, we convert feature vectors into images. To evaluate our approach, we use a dataset consists of 1,353 real world URLs that were classified into three categories-legitimate, suspicious, and phishing. The images representing feature vectors are classified using a simple CNN. We developed MATLAB scripts to convert vectors into images and to implement a simple CNN model. The classification accuracy obtained was 86.5 percent.

Happiness and Public Spending

This article presents the traditional limitations of happiness economics and the uncertainty about the econometric relationship between public spending and happiness. It also argues that the happiness metric is a new form of social engineering, and that as such, happiness economics is biased toward a particular political utopia and scientific ideal. The political utopia is liberticidal, antidemocratic. It transforms democracy into “pollo-cracy”—i.e., the government (kratos) to the pollsters. The scientific ideal is positivist and favors government by numbers. This scientific norm underestimates the limits of statistical work. The social engineering of happiness is a new fatal presumption of policy makers. It is a new way to critique the free market economy and to substitute profit with a social criterion of quality of life and happiness.

The scope and limits of combatting violent extremism in the United Kingdom

This article situates the debate on the United Kingdom’s Prevent policy in the broader framework of the global paradigm for countering violent extremism (CVE), which appeared at the end of 2015. It argues that omission of a nuanced focus on the social, cultural, economic, and political characteristics of radicalised people has led to a tendency to introduce blanket measures which, inadvertently and indirectly, have had harmful results. Moreover, although Prevent has been the fundamental element of the British government’s counterterrorist strategy since 2006, it confuses legitimate political resistance of young British Muslims with signs of violent extremism, thus giving credence to the argument that Prevent is a form of social engineering which, in the last instance, pacifies resistance by reaffirming the status quo in the country’s domestic and foreign policy.

Optimizing Optimalisasi Ketersediaan Produk-produk Pertanian Berbasis Organic Farming Menuju Gaya Hidup Sehat melalui Sistem Pertanian Terpadu

A crucial problem faced by the target village community is the inhibition of changing the paradigm of the farmer community on the process of changing the mindset and action patterns in organic and conventional cultivation systems. In fact, the potential for the application of organic farming in the village is wide open, because the market for organic fertilizers and biological pesticides has started to run. The objective of the IbDM program is to optimize the supply of organic-based agricultural products towards healthy living. The implementation method used to find solutions to problems is in the form of social engineering and technological engineering approaches through socialization and training. The approach taken to the engineering process is in the form of a participatory approach, empowerment, and inter-entrepreneurial development in an effort to strengthen the capacity of community human resources by involving stakeholders through the village system model. The results of program implementation are as follows: 1) Socialization of the IbDM program with the results of partners understanding intellectually about the concept of this activity and are ready to participate in building an organic village; 2) The organic village cycle has been implemented properly with the formation of the Organic Farming Institute (OFI)) Al-Istiqomah; 3) Soil sample analysis has been carried out with 10 types of complete analysis and a 3 hectare demonstration plot mapping has been carried out; 4) A comparative study has been carried out to Gapoktan Al-Barokah Bondowoso; 5) Training has been carried out on the manufacture of organic materials; and 6) The results of the participatory review showed the achievement of success indicators of 65% and OFI performance of 30.23% or semi empowered and ready to go organic.

ФЕНОМЕН КОРПОРАТИВНОГО ГРАЖДАНСТВА В НАУЧНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ РОССИЙСКИХ УЧЕНЫХ

Corporate citizenship is a fairly new concept in scientific and business use. It characterizes the current stage in the development of socioeconomic systems, which are transformed under the influence of sociocultural, technological, and other factors into the ecosystems of the future. Its participants rethink their own value system and interact with each other in a completely different way. The aim of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of corporate citizenship in order to identify its basic concepts and key elements. To achieve this aim, the following objectives were formulated: to analyze the texts of scientific research by Russian authors; to make an overview of the phenomenon of corporate citizenship. Critical analysis is carried out in the methodological, political science, and applied (managerial) aspects. Conclusions are drawn. As a result of a bibliographic search in the Google Scholar search engine, it was established that the term “corporate citizenship”, used in foreign studies since the middle of the past century, appeared in domestic publications only at the turn of the 21st century. The textual analysis of the selected articles made it possible to identify the following considerations of the concept: as a component of sustainable development of business and the region; as a concept of social responsibility of business; as a philosophy of social responsibility of business; as a way of doing business; as a form of social partnership between the state and business in the public sphere; as an element of the system of relations between the state and business; as a mechanism for interaction between business and society; as a factor in the economic efficiency of the organization; as a form of social engineering; as a tool for modernizing the Russian economy; as a management innovation. The grouping of these directions into three aspects was substantiated. The methodological aspect explores and explains the principles and mechanisms of corporate citizenship. The macroeconomic and political science aspects analyze corporate citizenship at the level of the socioeconomic system of society and the state. The applied (managerial) aspect presents corporate citizenship as a managerial innovation that contributes to the sustainable success of individual organizations and their associations. The implementation of the managerial approach is aimed at achieving sustainable success of business organizations within the framework of the implementation of a value-based corporate governance model, in the context of sustainable and effective development of the ecosystem of territorial entities. Finally, the content of corporate citizenship was defined. Corporate citizenship is a system of proactive constructive interaction of the corporate sector with civil society institutions and authorities, which is purposefully built, relies on voluntary principles, and complies with the basic principles of social responsibility, but at the same time goes beyond it.

“Down Where the South Begins”: Black Richmond Activism before the Modern Civil Rights Movement, 1899–1930

“Down Where the South Begins”: Black Richmond Activism before the Modern Civil Rights Movement, 1899–1930

Introducing cyber security by designing mock social engineering attacks

The attack surface for hackers and attackers is growing every day. Many of the attacks start with some form of social engineering. Future cybersecurity professionals must not only have the knowledg...

Spreading the faith: the propaganda of the British Union of Fascists

The paper attempts to look at the British Union of Fascists’ (BUF) propaganda in the light of the partial agreement or ‘new consensus’ that has emerged in fascist studies in recent years. Based on the official BUF party press, publications, pamphlets, propaganda posters, speeches and the public appearances of the movement’s leading figures and other forms of propaganda, this article analyses the propaganda of the BUF as not just in terms of such crude ‘brainwashing’ or ‘social control’, but also as a form of social engineering – in other words, as a serious attempt to realise the ideas of an alternative modernity and of a political, economic, social and cultural revolution which enlists the enthusiasm, commitment and creativity of the fascist cause.

TV Project as a Specimen of Social Engineering

The article views a socially significant television project as a form of social engineering and determines the innovative approach in visual media based on social functions. A highly relevant TV-product ensures both interaction with the audience and attainment of the goals vital for social development.

Social Engineering as an Infringement of the Presumption of Innocence: The Case of Corporate Criminality

I examine how deferred-prosecution agreements employed against suspected corporate criminality amount to a form of social engineering that infringes the presumption. I begin with a broad understanding of the presumption itself. Then I offer a brief description of how these agreements function. Finally I address some of the normative issues that must be confronted if legal philosophers who hold retributivist views on punishment and sentencing hope to assess this device. My judgment tends to be favorable. More importantly, I caution against the facile assumption that any means to infringe the presumption is necessarily an illegitimate part of penal practice.

School desegregation and the politics of ‘forced integration’

Using the programme for creating the controversial school academies, local governments in the UK have attempted to force an integration of schools with majority white and ethnic minority pupil cohorts via new mergers. This has largely been as a response to analysts’ fears about self-segregation and insufficient community cohesion, following riots in northern towns in 2001 and the spectre of radicalisation among young Muslims following 9/11 and 7/7. An examination of school mergers in Burnley, Blackburn, Leeds and Oldham reveals how they have amplified racial attacks on Muslim pupils and their feelings of insecurity, while also fuelling a backlash against what is perceived by some members of the white working class as a form of social engineering that endangers white privilege.

Randomization in Criminal Justice: A Criminal Law Conversation

In this Criminal Law Conversation (Robinson, Ferzan & Garvey, eds., Oxford 2009), the authors debate whether there is a role for randomization in the penal sphere - in the criminal law, in policing, and in punishment theory. In his Tanner lectures back in 1987, Jon Elster had argued that there was no role for chance in the criminal law: “I do not think there are any arguments for incorporating lotteries in present-day criminal law,” Elster declared. Bernard Harcourt takes a very different position and embraces chance in the penal sphere, arguing that randomization is often the only way to avoid the pitfalls of ideology and unconscious bias. Alon Harel challenges Harcourt’s position, arguing that he is overly skeptical and that instead of embracing chance by default, he should abandon his skepticism for the sake of defending randomization. Ken Levy argues that Harcourt confuses power with right and that it is not possible to embrace randomization without first addressing the proper justification for punishment. Michael O’Hear acknowledges the significant role of luck in contemporary punishment practices, but he argues for channeling chance in more appropriate and useful directions. Alice Ristroph, while also acknowledging the significant role of chance in the criminal law, argues that instead of embracing chance at moments of indeterminacy, it would be better simply not to punish. In a reply, Harcourt responds to these criticisms and argues that we should think of randomization in the punishment field as a way to get beyond punishment as a form of social engineering - as a practice intended to change humans, to correct delinquents, to treat the deviant, or to deter the super-predator. The increased use of chance to resolve issues at moments of indeterminacy, Harcourt argues, could usher in a world in which punishment is chastened by critical reason - an idea, he suggests, worth taking seriously.

Give me a place to stand and I will move the earth

Give me a place to stand and I will move the earth

Languages of the Lash: Corporal Punishment and Identity in Imperial Russia by Abby M. s> Schrader (review)

REVIEWS 559 truthand honesty, and her obsessionwith time (butI wonderwhetherthiswas a specifically'Protestant'trait,asthe authorsuggests,given thatPeterI, whose formative years were steeped in Orthodoxy, was similarly obsessed). The reader who picks up this book in the hope of a vicarious thrill will be disappointed, however. Any tingles of anticipation produced by a survey of the empress'slovers are quicklystaunched by a good dose of political theory and a briskdismissalof certainlegends of unnaturalsexualappetites.We learn most about what Catherine read and wrote. Dixon detects a number of motives for her own prolific (but mostly derivative)literary activity, notably the desire to raise the profile of writing as a profession. This aim he places firmlyin the context of a countrywhere only as many bookswere publishedin the whole eighteenth century as appeared in Germany in any three year period. This and other bleak facts, such as the virtual non-existence of a provincial press and the late advent (I783) of private publishing, make the author call into question the whole concept of Russian public opinion and a Russian public sphere and to conclude that the so-called public was 'tiny, elitist, male, urban and metropolitan' (p. 98), created by the state, starting with PeterI and continued by Catherine. In sum, this book offersa lucid, elegantly written synthesisof scholarship and a freshlook at old ideas. It is the firstfull-lengthstudyin Englishto draw on at least the beginnings of the post-Soviet rehabilitationof Catherine. The thematic approach does leave a few gaps in the narrative;for example, who was the Captain Passekmentioned on p. 28 whose arrestin I762 precipitated the coup that brought Catherine to power?Beginnerswill have to look up the identityof the 'assignedpeasants'who appearon p. 3I;but theywillget ample advice about what to consult in the excellent guide to furtherreading. One would have appreciatedsome picturesand a map, but it would be churlishto complainwhen thisslim-lookingvolume packsin considerablymore erudition than many a weightiertome. School ofSlavonic andEastEuropean Studies LINDSEY HUGHES University College London Schrader, Abby M. Languages of theLash. Corporal Punishment andIdentityin Imperial Russia.Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb, IL, 2002. xiii + 258 pp. Illustrations.Notes. Bibliography.Index. [33.50. IN this well researched, innovative, and fascinating study, Abby Schrader exploresthe historyof corporalpunishmentin Russia. Itschronologicalscope spans the eighteenth through the mid-nineteenth centuries,when Elizabeth I replaced the death penalty with public knouting and exile in I754, Catherine II exempted certain estate groups from corporal punishment in i 785, and corporal punishment was reformed in I863. This primary emphasis on the period before I855 iS one of the great virtues of this book; not only does it illuminate a period generally neglected in the historiography,but it also calls into question the assumptionof many historiansthat the reformera markeda fundamentalbreakor discontinuity.Indeed, Schraderdemonstratesboth the vitality of the early period rightfullycalling for a new assessment of the 560 SEER, 8i, 3, 2003 reign of Nicholas I in particular -and the continuities with subsequent developments. Further arguing that this history must be viewed within a European context, she opposes an essentialist approach to the Russia experience and draws numerous parallels between Russia and Europe. Though influenced by Foucault Schrader too opens her study with a descriptionof a spectacularcorporal(not capital)punishment she does not adopt his model uncriticallybut ratherdrawsinspirationfromseveralsources. Not humanitarianismor the civilizingprocess,she concludes,but 'socialfears' were the key factorin the evolution of penal policies. Punishmentdid notjust possessa retributivefunction in imperialRussia. It was also a tool with which to construct, represent, and even redefine social order. When approachedin thisway, penal policy can illuminatethe broader concerns of state officialsas well as the exercise of governmental power. In chapter one, Shraderexplores the legal historyculminating in the enactment of a new penal code in I845. Identifyingtwo contradictoryimpulses,the drive toward centralization and the perception of the empire as embodying fundamentaldifference,she concludes the chapterwith a fascinatinganalysis of estate (soslovie) and the languagesof punishment.By dividingthepopulation into two categories, those exempt from and those subject to corporal punishment, the state was in fact using punishment as a form of social engineering. Those exempt (and the list of exemptions was growing in this period, inpartdue to lobbyingfrombelow)were expected to have internalized a moral sense and personal dignity. Punishment for...

The Political Sociology of Education

The study of how the agenda for education is made up and translated into what goes on in schools was until very recently undertaken from a number of different and quite separate disciplinary bases. The approaches of educational administration and sociology of education differed considerably both in intensity and purpose, though they were on the whole mutually indifferent rather than mutually hostile. Political science, as Tapper & Salter pointed out in their first book (Tapper & Salter, 1978) has traditionally shown little interest in education, an omission which they set out to remedy in both that book and in the one under review here. However, over the last five to ten years, that situation has changed considerably. Expressions of doubt about the effectiveness of education as a form of social engineering began to appear. Some of these looked to the processes within policy formation and implementation for explanation of that failure; that approach is represented here by the Lodge & Blackstone book. More generally, it appears that in an era of educational contraction the political nature of educational systems is very much more apparent than in an era of expansion. Decisions about how to expand educational provision, we might be forgiven for assuming, are taken on educational grounds, while deciding where to cut is a political matter. It is certainly much harder to disguise the political nature of education in a time of contraction, and this has begun to lead all three disciplines to focus more directly on how political decisions effecting education are taken. Towards the end of the period unprecedented attention was devoted to the role of the civil service in government and its part in advancing or, more often, obstructing the implementation of party