Form Of Sales Research Articles

The electronic trade in endemic plants of Cyprus through the Internet

This study assesses the current situation regarding the electronic trade of the Cypriot endemic plants. We examine the plant material sold over the Internet, prices and vendors, and we explore to what extent this activity complies with national laws and international treaties. Overall, 48 taxa (34% of the Cypriot endemic flora) are traded by 21 nurseries of Europe and North America, belonging mostly to Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, Iridaceae, Asparagaceae, Fabaceae and Asteraceae. Seeds are the commonest form of sale; prices range from €0.12 to 0.79 per seed and from €0.31 to 2.56 per gram. The price range for live plants is €5.67–30.22 (highest for Quercus alnifolia). Among the traded taxa, two are designated critically endangered, another two endangered, four vulnerable, 12 are globally rare and threatened and 12 are protected at the international level. None of the nurseries surveyed seem to have been granted a permit by the authorities of Cyprus to harvest and sell its wild flora, at least during the last decade. State authorities should extend the current legislative framework so as to cover all endemic and nationally threatened taxa, monitor their wild populations, engage in routine surveillance of their e-trade and regulate access to the country’s genetic resources.

Children for sale? The blurred boundary between intercountry adoption and sale of children in the United States

Purpose– Intercountry adoptions (hereafter ICAs) in the USA are a form of sale of children. According to international policy, sale of children is an illicit social practice that involves improper financial gains by at least one party. Sale of children is a threat to legitimate ICA. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the policy and practice of ICAs in the USA, including pricing arrangements, demonstrate that US ICAs, which can have humanitarian aims and be legitimate forms of family development, comprise sale of children.Design/methodology/approach– Internet searches and e-mail inquiries were used to obtain ICA cost data for a randomised sample of 10 per cent of the agencies in the USA that facilitate ICAs.Findings– Cost information was obtained from only 25 per cent of the sample, suggesting lack of transparency in and available information about monetary costs of US ICAs. A range of US$12,000 to $40,000 suggests that US ICAs are expensive and costs vary. Large, undisclosed fees in the form of “required donations”, agency fees, and extensive foreign travel requirements imply third party economic gains are made through US ICA transactions.Practical implications– US ICA agencies should disclose costs and employ transparent practices. US policies regulating ICAs should be clarified and strengthened. The US Government should ratify, implement, and enforce major children’s rights international policy standards.Social implications– International demand for adopted children may encourage child trafficking, child laundering, and kidnapping for profit (see Smolin, 2005), putting children, adoptive families, and birth communities at risk of breaches of basic human rights.Originality/value– No study has offered systematic analysis of monetary costs of US ICAs and linked this analysis to policy and legitimacy of social practices.

Clients' Preferences and Development of Organic Food Distribution Channels

Abstract The objective of the paper was to know preferences of consumers from Małopolskie Voivodeship as a fundamental factor of growth and functioning of distribution channels of organic products. A fast development of the organic products market as well as growing requirements of the society with regard to the quality of sale and form are observed. More and more often consumers pay attention to the source of goods and the form in which the product is offered to them. Research and analyses are a precious source of information for agricultural producers on account of production orientation and the form of sale. It will also facilitate development of existing distribution channels and formation of new ones. Research results indicate that consumers are interested in the purchase of products in small packaging or loose. Sums which they spend on organic food do not exceed PLN 400 per a month.

Contract of Sale of Agricultural Land under the Provisions of the Civil Code

The contract is the most widespread juristic instrument in the civil circulation of a market economy. The main juristic and commercial acts of different subjects in the conditions of the market economy are embodied in a contract. The contract is one of the ways how to gain ownership and other real rights by being an instrument of circulation of the goods realized by the contracts of sales, donation, exchange etc. The sales contract of sales was recognized as such since the times of the Roman Right and it continued to be elaborated until the present days. In its early origin, the most ancient form of sales consisted in the exchange of goods with other goods. The sales contract used to be also one of the most common agreement in the Albanian traditional right. The contracts which were more diligently protected and better known, were related to the sales. According to the traditional right, object of the sales contract could be the mobile and immobile goods. The definition of the contract according to the present Albanian legislation, is provided in the Civil Code in the article 659, according which the contract is a juristic act through which one or more parties create, change or terminate a juristic relation. The contract is one of the forms of gaining the ownership and other real rights by being an instrument for the circulation of goods realized by the contracts of sales, donation, exchange etc. The contract is also one of the sources of obligation, in other words, an instrument through which one gains the right to the others` obligations. Depending on the sales object, the contract has some specifics. The sale is a mutual beneficial contract. It is consensual, which means valid from the moment of achievement of the parties` agreement. In some cases, the law demands that the sales contract is formal and registered. The contract of sale in many cases has caused many problems which stand at the roots of conflicts that should be dealt with and that require solutions in different legal ways. Therefore, it is important to study and treat these contracts and the problems that associated to them with regard to the institutions of the right and the national and/or international transactions. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n1p277

Online Food Distribution from the Perspective of Food Producers

Development of the Internet undoubtedly revolutionised the economy of the world and caused the economic processes to accelerate. Owing to the development of the Web, companies can undertake actions of global nature and therefore extend the market they function on. Development of the Internet and progress in the field of information and communication technologies also plays a significant role in the transformations of distribution channels. Distri-bution of products via the Internet has been becoming increasingly popular in the recent years, which is confirmed by the data on the number of buyers buying online and the increasing value of online sales. The study is an attempt to assess the possibility of using the Internet for distribution of gro-cery products produced by small and medium food producing enterprises. The presented analyses indicate a growing interest in online food shopping, and this shows that this phenomenon is going to intensify. However, it should be noted that online food distribution will complement supply with food products purchased in brick and mortar stores, and online stores will be launched by trade companies operating on the market in traditional form. At the current scale of interest in online food shopping and high organisational and financial expenditures on running food distribu-tion online by small food producers, such initiatives should be recognised as unjustified. Regardless of the continuous increase of interest in purchases of different kinds of products online and the optimism in regard to sales via this channel, this form of sales cannot be treated as a universal distribution channel, which every producer can and should use to sell their products.

Observations on Dairy Cattle Production Related To Landholding, Value Addition and Marketing of Milk in Kericho and Bomet Counties of Kenya

The study was conducted in selected sub counties of Kericho and Bomet counties and aimed at assessing the dairy production systems related to land holding, value addition, and marketing of milk. Field visits were undertaken to study locations and farms that were purposely selected, and 151 farmers were randomly selected based on the intensity of dairy practices informed by previous pre-testing and stakeholder meetings. The mean land size was found to be 5.06 acres, with least being 2.780.61and the highest being 7.820.404 acres. Of the total land size, dairy production was allocated the largest land size in all the study area. The farmers in the area milked an average of 13.97 litres of milk a day, 9.09 litres was sold, while 4.84 was used by family. Middlemen formed the largest percentage of milk buyers at 50.4 %, raw milk was largest form of sale at 99.3 %, while fermented milk was the largest form of value added product at 60 %. This study recommends that farmers need to be sensitised on dairy cattle management, milk marketing through formal channels and diversity in value addition to improve on their incomes.

Groundnut Market Participation in the Upper West Region of Ghana

Agricultural commercialisation is observed to be low in Ghana despite the focus of policy and efforts on increasing the rate of commercialisation. While there are significant differences of market commercialisation across regions, the Upper West Region has one of the least average marketed surplus ratio. Using a household survey data for the 2011 production season in the Upper West Region, this paper quantified the magnitude and direction of effects of factors influencing smallholder groundnut farmers’ intensity of market participation using the Tobit model. The Household Commercialisation Index was first used to estimate the intensity of market participation. The results showed that about fifty-three percent of the output of groundnuts was sold in the region within the production year, which indicated a moderate commercialisation index. The results also indicated that marital status, output, mobile phone ownership, credit access, access to market information and form of sale were the most influencing variables to participation decisions. The paper concluded that groundnut was basically produced as a cash crop for the market to enhance household income. The paper recommends that the Ministry of Food and Agriculture needs to enhance groundnut productivity through access to extension services, use of improved and high yielding varieties as well as the use of good agronomic practices. Keywords : Household Commercialisation Index, Tobit Model, Intensity of Market Participation, Smallholder Groundnut Farmers, Upper West Region

Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Prohibition or Coffee Shops: Regulation of Amphetamine and Methylphenidate for Enhancement Use by Healthy Adults”

In my target article (Dubljevic 2013a), I analyzed available information and policy options for the two of the most commonly used cognitive enhancement (CE) drugs: Adderall and Ritalin. I concluded that for all forms of amphetamine, including Adderall, and for instant-release forms of methylphenidate, any form of sale beyond prescription for therapeutic purposes needs to be prohibited, while some form of a taxation approach (Dubljevic 2012a) and the economic disincentives model (EDM) in particular (Dubljevic 2012b) could be an option for public policy on extended-release forms ofmethylphenidate (like RitalinSR). However, not everyone agreed with my conclusions. There has been a considerable amount of constructive criticism regarding my proposal. Some neuroethicists objected to my favoring prohibitive policies to dangerous CE drugs such as amphetamine and argued for laissez-faire or even mandatory use of enhancements. Others took issuewith the conclusion that the economic disincentives model (EDM) could be an option for public policy on extended release forms ofmethylphenidate. Furthermore, there are those that think my argument in general and EDM in particular are failing to address the relevant issues in regulation of CE, such as social justice and real autonomy. Finally, there are those who offer suggestions on how the argument and the model of public policy for CE drugs can be improved. Since it makes sense to respond to similar commentaries together, I first review and respond to the objections coming from the Oxford “pro-enhancement group”: Anders Sandberg (2013), Neil Levy (2013), and Julian Savulescu (2013). Then I explore and answer several objections from neu-

Bank Risk, Short-Term Leverage, and the Recent Financial Crisis

This timely paper examines a fundamental cause of the recent financial crisis motivated by a specific type of funding liquidity risk also known as rollover risk. I explore short-term leverage as a function of the level of maturity mismatch through analysis of a bank’s inability to refinance short-term debt and holdings of liquid assets. This study examines the firm-level effects of various measures of rollover risk on broad market measures of risk including total risk, idiosyncratic risk, and interest rate risk for bank holding companies. Results suggest that banks can achieve economically important reductions in risk through reductions in short-term debt in the forms of sale and repurchase agreements and brokered deposits. Counterintuitive to the notion that liquid assets provide a buffer against shocks, I also find that bank risk cannot be further reduced by holding additional cash and treasury bonds. Results have important managerial and regulatory implications for the assessment of risk exposures utilizing information that is readily available and discernable from banks’ balance sheets and income statements.

Tenant Empowerment Through Innovative Tenures: An Analysis of Woonbron–Maasoevers’ Client's Choice Programme

According to the recent Housing Memorandum (MVROM, 2000), Dutch housing associations are expected to actively improve the control of tenants over their dwellings and their living environment and offer them more possibilities to choose their own type of tenure. Before the publication of the Memorandum, associations had already developed various innovative types of tenure, for example fixed rent contracts, tenant maintenance programmes and different forms of sale with discounts and risk-reducing conditions. With the introduction of these tenures, associations aim to contribute to their social objectives by improving tenants' satisfaction with their dwellings and to improve the market position of their stock as well. Our paper discusses innovative types of tenure that have been developed by the Dutch housing associations and their benefits and risks for tenant and landlord. We focus on the ‘Client's Choice’ programme that has been developed by the association WoonbronMaasoevers, which is recognised as a front-runner in offering households a wide range of choice in tenure and which is also illustrative of many of the benefits and risks of the innovative tenures. We conclude that many of the innovative tenures, including the Client's Choice programme, can contribute to tenant empowerment and freedom of choice. However, low-income households will mostly have to keep relying on (social) rented housing and other forms of empowerment. For the landlord, the Client's Choice programme has the benefit of increasing cash flow, which can be used for (social) housing investments. However, there are also substantial financial risks, concerning the rate of sales, the development of market values and the potential costs of having to buy back all the dwellings at the end of their economic lifespan. Thus, the implementation of the Client's Choice programme on a large scale should be accompanied by measures to control or provide for these risks.

The effect of national culture and economic wealth on global software piracy rates

According to a recent survey on global software piracy [9], the Business Software Alliance estimated that the illegal duplication, distribution, or sale of commercial business software cost the U.S. software industry $11.75 billion in lost sales in 2000, and brings to $71.6 billion the losses incurred since the surveys began in 1994. Software piracy rates are calculated by estimating the demand for software based on the worldwide number of PC shipments and the sale of U.S. business applications. By assuming that for each new personal computer sold there will be a set of accompanying software sales, the difference between expected demand and supply (in the form of sales) is attributed to software piracy. The global piracy rate—calculated by combining the data for all countries and treating the world as a single market—increased for the first time from 36% in 1999 to 37% in 2000. Averages across individual countries continue to decline, however, from 61% in 1999 to 58% in 2000 (see Figure 1). The highest regional software piracy rates are in Eastern Europe, with rates of more than 60%, suggesting six of every 10 software packages in use are pirated copies. Eleven countries are estimated to have a software piracy rate of 80% and above, with Vietnam (97%), China (94%), the Ukraine/other CIS (89%), Indonesia (89%), and Russia (88%) at the top of the list. Because of the size of their respective software markets, however, the greatest financial losses occur in the U.S., Japan, China, Germany, the U.K., France, and Italy. These seven countries account for $7.5 billion or 60% of lost sales worldwide in 2000. Although the U.S. has the lowest piracy rate in the world at 24% for 2000, the U.S. software market is four times that of any other country, and so the U.S. alone accounts for more than $2.6 billion in lost sales. Most countries protect software copyright using copyright and intellectual property rights legislation. In the U.S., such legislation includes the 1997 No Internet Theft (NET) Act, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act, and the 1999 Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act, the latter raising the maximum fine to $150,000 for each instance of willful copyright infringement.

Tariffs as a Form of Taxation: Is Evasion Unethical?

Tariffs are a form of sales or excise taxation in the sense that they force people to pay more for a product than would be the case in a free market. Just as one can avoid a sales tax by not making a purchase, one may avoid a tariff by not purchasing the product on which the tariff is placed. However, there may be ways to purchase a product and avoid the tariff. In such cases, is evasion unethical? The author explores this question from several economic, ethical and religious perspectives.

Power and Taxes in a multi-commodity economy

Taxation and redistribution in a democratic majority-rule society are analyzed, using the Harsanyi-Shapley non-transferable utility value. The context is that of a multi-commodity pure exchange economy. Two approaches are treated: one in which taxes are in kind and exchange takes the form of barter; and one in which taxes are in money, exchange takes the form of sale and purchase, and prices are determined by a process of supply and demand. It is shown that in the presence of a non-atomic continuum of agents, the two approaches are equivalent, but that this is not so when there are only finitely many agents. It is also shown that the value exists under both approaches, and a characterization is found in the non-atomic case.

Motives Affecting Form of Sales and Purchases of Businesses

Motives Affecting Form of Sales and Purchases of Businesses

How Big is a Market Area?

N THIS brief paper it is not the intention to relate the history of the movement or the increased demand for Practical Marketing Areas. It is sufficient to state that during the past decade the need for economic, sales and advertising data set up in some form of practical marketing units has grown by leaps and bounds. Business today is forced to do some form of sales accounting and market planning. The growth of selective selling as a road to profits is one of the main results. The realization that certain markets, due to geographic, climatic or social differences, must have special advertising and sales treatment in order to return a profit, has emphasized the need for a more practical basis in grouping of townships, cities and counties into homogenous marketing areas. Political divisions of territory have, as a rule, proved entirely unsatisfactory in distribution work, As units they have failed to make even reasonably true statements of sales and advertising operation. In this day of good roads, automobiles, busses and rapid transportation at low cost, the city line has ceased to exist. City workers live in the surrounding country. Each day their working, buying and social habits have become intermixed. And they travel across city boundaries to earn, spend and enjoy to such an extent as to make recording impractical. In numerous localities county lines have been broken down by the same processes and they consequently offer very little improvement over cities as market units. In still other localities, where a county contains more than one market, the county as a unit is too large and there the township or small groups of townships become the more practical unit.