Round Form Research Articles

Morphologically different hydroxyapatite nanoparticles exert differential genotoxic effects in Drosophila

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) occurs naturally in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and constitutes the hard structures in many organisms. Since synthetic nano-sized HAP (HAP-NPs) are used in orthopedic applications and for heavy metal remediation in aquatic and terrestrial media, both environment and humans are exposed to them. Due to the concerns about their potential hazards, the genotoxic effects that round/rod forms of HAP-NPs were investigated in Drosophila using the wing-spot and the comet assays. Furthermore, caspase activities were evaluated to examine the activation of cell death pathways. As a novelty, the expression of 36 genes involved in DNA repair was investigated, as a tool to indirectly determine DNA damage induction. Obtained sizes were 35–60 nm (roundHAP-NPs) and 45–90 nm (rodHAP-NPs) with a low Zeta-potential (−1.65 and 0.37 mV, respectively). Genotoxicity was detected in the wing-spot (round form), and in the comet assay (round and rod-like HA-NPs). In addition, increased expression of Caspases 3/7, 8, and 9 activities were observed. For both HAP forms, increased changes in the expression were observed for mismatch repair genes, while decreased expression was observed for genes involved in ATM, ATR, and cell cycle pathways. The observed changes in the repair pathways would reinforce the view that HAP-NPs have genotoxic potential, although more markedly in the round form. Thus, the environmental presence of engineered nanoparticles, including HAPs, raises concerns about potential effects on human health. It is essential that the effects of their use are carefully assessed and monitored to ensure safety and to mitigate any potential adverse effects.

Phenotypic Polymorphism in Two Endosymbiotic Bacteria of the Ciliate Paramecium: Pseudolyticum multiflagellatum and “Ca. Megaira venefica”

Here, we report a comprehensive description of the stable associations between two Paramecium species (P. nephridiatum and P. caudatum) and their cytoplasmic bacterial endosymbiont Pseudolyticum multiflagellatum. These spindle-like, rod-shaped, non-motile peritrichous bacteria demonstrate significant phenotypic polymorphism. Considering the differences in bacterial morphology and host species, several scientific groups have previously described these endosymbionts as distinct species. Our study provides brand-new molecular data, which allows us to unify earlier descriptions and determine the phylogenetic position of this endosymbiont as a member of the family “Ca. Midichloriaceae” (Rickettsiales). The distinguishing feature of this bacterium is the presence of a highly refractive granule in its cytoplasm, well detectable with differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. The protein nature of these peculiar inclusion bodies is considered. The other endosymbiont, “Ca. Megaira venefica”, co-inhabiting the cytoplasm of the studied P. nephridiatum strains, also displayed polymorphism, rounded forms being infected with phages.

Al-rich industrial waste as new alternative of fumed silica for the manufacture of vacuum insulation panels for building energy conservation

Nano-structured fumed silica (FS) is the most used vacuum insulation panel (VIP) core material for building applications. However, the FS VIP core has the majority of the environmental burden associated with conventional VIP manufacture and FS-based VIPs are very expensive. This paper explores aluminium anodizing sludge (ALW), a residue from the aluminium industry, as a new substitute for FS in VIP cores. Al-rich sludge waste is thoroughly characterised, and 100%-based ALW and its hybrid core mixtures with FS are formulated to produce VIPs cores, which are then evaluated. ALW was observed as aggregated clusters of nanosized individual particles in round and smooth-shaped forms typical of hydrated gel-like pure amorphous materials. The microstructure system of the sole ALW VIP core is found to be dissimilar to that of an FS VIP core, with the pore size range of 0.1–0.8 μm for the former and 0.01–0.04 μm for the latter, but the overall volume of large pores being much higher for the FS than ALW cores. The hybridization of ALW and FS resulted in a restructure of the initial ALW core systems. While the thermal conductivity of the ALW VIP core is less proficient than that of the single FS core, the effective thermal conductivity of both ALW50FS50 and ALW25FS75 core compositions at 1 Pa even suppressed that of the sole FS core, presenting 5.8 mW m−1·K−1 against 6.3 mW m−1·K−1 respectively. A life cycle assessment (LCA) study of these hybrid core solutions was also conducted to illustrate the positive environmental benefit of ALW-based VIP compared to FS-based VIP production. The study highlights the potential of using industrial residue ALW in VIP production, contributing to developing more sustainable superinsulation materials.

Potensi Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) Dari Jus Tempe Sebagai Kandidat Probiotik

<p><strong>Tempeh is a substrate that can be metabolized by Lactic Acid Bacteria (BAL) so that it can be used to maintain the balance of intestinal microflora. BAL belongs to non-pathogenic bacteria that produce lactic acid as the main end product. The probiotic property of BAL contained in tempeh juice with the addition of dates and skim milk need to be tested biochemically. This study aims to measure the BAL potential of tempeh juice as probiotic candidate. The total BAL measurement is carried out by counting the <em>Total Plate Count</em> (TPC). The method is carried out using macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical characteristics (catalase test, salt content resistance test, and acid pH resistance test). The data is descriptively presented using figures and tables. This method obtained a total BAL of 9.6 x 10<sup>6</sup> cfu/ml, which meets</strong> <strong>the requirement for growing probiotics of at least 10<sup>6</sup> cfu/ml. Macroscopic characterization shows colonies in the form of rounds</strong>, <strong>flat edges, convex elevations, and around the colony there was a clear zone. Microscopic characterization obtained four isolates that are Gram-positive, catalase negative, resistant to salt content of 5% and 6.5% and able to grow at pH 2.5 and 3. Based on this study, four isolates were found to have the potential to be probiotic candidates.</strong><strong></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong> – <em>Dates</em>, <em>Lactid Acid Bacteria, Skim Milk, Tempeh, Probiotic</em></p>

Study on the restructuring of soot particles from diesel engine exhaust gas discharged into a simulated atmospheric environment

This paper investigates the restructuring of soot particles from a diesel engine (operated at low and high (30% and 90%) loads of 1200 rpm) exhaust gas discharged into a simulated atmospheric environment. The morphological characteristics of soot particles during the aging times of 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, and 180 min were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to analyze the changes of primary particle diameter (dp), the radius of gyration (Rg), aggregation parameters (aspect ratio, roundness, and root form factor) and fractal dimension (Df) of soot. The results indicate that the dp of the low-load soot tends to increase in the 0–30 min aging period and then it behaves smoothly till to 180 min, while the dp of the high-load soot tends to decrease and then increase, with the minimum value of dp occurring at 60 min of aging. In terms of Rg, the low-load soot appears to age more quickly than the high-load soot, owing to the shorter branch chains for the low-load soot than that for the high-load soot. The trends in the aspect ratio (AR), roundness (RN), and root form factor (RFF), of soot during aging indicate that soot is developing towards a more compact aggregation, especially for the low-load soot. In addition, the Df value tends to increase during the aging process for the low- and high-load soot, but compared to the high-load soot, the low-load soot shows a higher aging degree and faster aging speed during the aging process.

Cytomorphological Variations of Leishman-Donovan Bodies Found in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients in Sri Lanka

Abstract Leishmania parasites undergo a dimorphic life cycle. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is primarily made by the microscopic identification of the amastigote form of the parasite in a smear. Therefore, correct identification of Leishman-Donovan (LD) bodies in smears is crucial for CL confirmation. The aim of this study was to provide a broad overview of different cytomorphologies of LD bodies to improve the sensitivity of microscopic detection of Leishmania donovani, which causes CL in Sri Lanka. A total of 125 smears, prepared from patients who met the positive diagnostic criteria of CL, were Giemsa stained and examined microscopically. The density, cellular location and all possible cytomorphological forms of the parasite were documented. A total of 10 different cytomorphological forms of LD bodies were identified. Among them, the round form was observed only intracellularly. The other morphological forms, namely the pear shape, cigarette shape, candle flame form, embryo shape, flagellate form, binary form and rosette form, were found only extracellularly. The spindle form and lens shape were observed in both intracellular and extracellular locations. L. donovani amastigotes have a wide range of morphologies besides their classical forms. Although Leishmania are considered as obligatory intracellular parasites, they manage to survive successfully within the extracellular hostile conditions as well. Therefore, having a broader view of different morphological forms for Leishmania parasites may help to improve diagnosis of CL.

The Future Is Furby

The Future Is Furby

Ca2+ Dependent Formation/Collapse of Cylindrical Ca2+-ATPase Crystals in Scallop Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) Vesicles: A Possible Dynamic Role of SR in Regulation of Muscle Contraction.

[Ca2+]-dependent crystallization of the Ca2+-ATPase molecules in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles isolated from scallop striated muscle elongated the vesicles in the absence of ATP, and ATP stabilized the crystals. Here, to determine the [Ca2+]-dependence of vesicle elongation in the presence of ATP, SR vesicles in various [Ca2+] environments were imaged using negative stain electron microscopy. The images obtained revealed the following phenomena. (i) Crystal-containing elongated vesicles appeared at ≤1.4 µM Ca2+ and almost disappeared at ≥18 µM Ca2+, where ATPase activity reaches its maximum. (ii) At ≥18 µM Ca2+, almost all SR vesicles were in the round form and covered by tightly clustered ATPase crystal patches. (iii) Round vesicles dried on electron microscopy grids occasionally had cracks, probably because surface tension crushed the solid three-dimensional spheres. (iv) [Ca2+]-dependent ATPase crystallization was rapid (<1 min) and reversible. These data prompt the hypothesis that SR vesicles autonomously elongate or contract with the help of a calcium-sensitive ATPase network/endoskeleton and that ATPase crystallization may modulate physical properties of the SR architecture, including the ryanodine receptors that control muscle contraction.

Relationship between development of the condylar cortex and the changes in condyle morphology: a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) observational study.

A correct understanding of the mandibular condyle morphology may help clinicians judge the normal range of morphological variations of asymptomatic patients or the pathological conditions correctly. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the status of condyle cortication and condyle morphology, and to investigate the relationship between the development of the condylar cortex and the changes of condyle morphology. The present study was an observational study. A total of 1,010 temporomandibular joint (TMJ) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were collected retrospectively. The mandibular condyle morphology was observed in axial (concave, convex, plane and others for anterior and posterior facets), coronal (plane, convex, angled and round for superior facet) and sagittal (round and plane for superior facet) views, and the condylar cortication was grouped into three types (undeveloped, developing and developed). Analytical statistics were performed to detect a relationship between the cortication status and morphology of the condyles. For males and females, the mean age was 15.11±2.71 and 14.25±2.60 years (for condylar bone without cortication), 19.45±3.92 and 18.65±3.45 years (with developing cortical bone), 23.63±3.36 and 23.86±3.73 years (with developed cortical bone), respectively. The condyle morphology with a plane form in the anterior aspect, a convex form in the posterior aspect, a convex form in the coronal view and a round form in the sagittal view was the most often recorded condyle morphologies (13.2%). After the cortical bone of condyle completely forms, the plane form was significantly increased in the superior surface in both sagittal and coronal views. The condylar shape gradually changes with growth and development of the condyle bone cortex. The more mature the bone cortex is, the higher the probability that the condyle will have an uneven shape, which may mean that the condyle morphology may change due to remodeling during growth and development.

Identification of Probiotic Bacteria Isolated from Domestic Chickens (Gallus domesticus) Using the 16S rRNA Gene Method

The intestines of domestic poultry (Gallus domesticus) are one of the potential sources of probiotic bacteria that can produce antibacterial agents. The objective of this study was to identify the types of probiotic bacteria obtained from the digestion of domestic poultry using the molecular analysis method of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Observations were conducted on colony morphology, gram staining, biochemical tests, and antibacterial activity using the diffusion agar method. Molecular analysis of DNA extraction was carried out, followed by the amplification of samples using a 16S rRNA universal primer. Dielectrophoresis and sequencing were performed on the 16S rRNA gene. The identification of morphological observations, gram staining, and biochemical tests showed that probiotic bacteria isolates, including Gram-positive, rod-shaped, rounded colony form, flat elevation, entire nonmotile edge, and catalase-negative, could ferment all carbohydrate content in the TSIA medium. The antibacterial potential was also found in probiotic bacteria, as evidenced by the inhibition zone formed in the test. The results of the bacterial gene sequences of PaTa5 probiotic bacterial isolates had a similarity of 98.37% with Lactobacillus plantarum. These findings indicated the presence of some bacteria species that have antibacterial activity in the intestines of domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus). Keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum, Native chicken, Probiotic, 16S rRNA

Identification of three members of the multidomain adhesion CCp family in Babesia gibsoni

Babesia gibsoni is an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasite transmitted by Haemaphysalis longicornis and causes canine babesiosis. Within the tick, the Babesia parasite undergoes sexual conjugation and the sporogony process of its life cycle. To control B. gibsoni infection, prompt and effective treatment of acute infections and curing chronic carriers are urgently needed. Gene disruption of Plasmodium CCps resulted in blocking the transition of sporozoites from the mosquito midgut to the salivary glands, showing that these proteins are potential targets for the development of a transmission-blocking vaccine. In this study, we described the identification and characterization of three members of the CCp family in B. gibsoni, named CCp1, CCp2, and CCp3. The B. gibsoni sexual stages were induced in vitro by exposing parasites to xanthurenic acid (XA), dithiothreitol (DTT), and tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) at serial concentrations. Among them, 100 µM XA-exposed and cultured at 27 °C without CO2B. gibsoni presented diverse morphologies, including parasites with long projections, gradually increased free merozoites, and aggregated and round forms, indicative of sexual stage induction. Then, the expression of CCp proteins of induced parasites was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription PCR, immunofluorescence, and western blot. The results showed that BgCCp genes were highly significantly increased at 24 h post-sexual stage induction (p < 0.01). The induced parasites were recognized by anti-CCp mouse antisera and anti-CCp 1, 2, and 3 antibodies weakly reacted with sexual stage proteins of expected molecular weights of 179.4, 169.8, and 140.0 KDa, respectively. Our observations on morphological changes and confirmation of sexual stage protein expression will advance elemental biological research and lay the foundation for the development of transmission-blocking vaccines against canine babesiosis.

Effects of Electronic Cigarette E-Liquids on the Adhesion and Growth of Osteoblast Cells

Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) were designed to replace traditional cigarettes to decrease the harmful effects of smoking. The liquid in e-cigarettes contains different chemicals, such as Propylene Glycol (PG) and Vegetable Glycerin (VG), and may contain nicotine. To be more attractive, e-liquids are supplemented with flavorings. Because vaped e-liquids are shown to be damaging to oral tissues, similar effects could occur in the oral cavity with non-vaped e-liquids. We evaluated the effects of non-vaped e-liquid constituents on osteoblast behavior. For this purpose, human osteoblast cells (MG-63) were exposed to e-liquid containing 70% PG -30% VG with and without tobacco flavor and with or without nicotine at 12, 18 mg/mL, or no nicotine content. The e-liquids were used at various concentrations (0, 1, and 5%). To evaluate the effect of the e-liquids on osteoblast morphology and adhesion, optical microscope observations and viable cell counting using trypan blue exclusion were used. Cell growth was also analyzed using the Methyl Thiazol Tetrazolium (MTT) assay, while cytotoxicity was tested by measuring Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) levels after cell exposure for 24 h to the e-liquids. Our results show that e-liquids induced significant morphological changes evidenced by round cell forms, with no contact between cells. Adhesion was significantly reduced, particularly in the presence of nicotine. E-liquids at a concentration of 5% significantly reduced osteoblast growth. This effect was observed with both flavored and non-flavored e-liquid with or without nicotine. The decreased osteoblast adhesion and growth after exposure to e-liquid was confirmed by increased levels of LDH. Overall results indicate the potentially harmful effects of e-liquid non-vaped chemicals on bone cells, which could lead to the impairment of bone regeneration and tissue remodeling processes.

An underexploited invisible gold resource in the Archean sulphides of the Witwatersrand tailings dumps

The tailings dumps originating from gold mining in South Africa’s Witwatersrand still contain notable gold endowments. Most tailings reprocessing operations target a native gold fraction using re-milling and carbon-in-leach extraction; however, up to 50–70% of the remaining gold is still not recoverable and instead discarded to the re-dump stream along with abundant sulphides. The mineralogical deportment of this unrecoverable gold underwent a detailed investigation. Using in situ laser ablation ICP-MS mineral chemistry measurements, we show that this gold that is inaccessible to conventional recovery is hosted preferentially in pyrite and arsenian pyrite. Importantly, complementary optical and electron microscopy observations reveal that the rounded detrital forms of these minerals contain the highest gold concentrations (0.01–2730 ppm), showing some similarity to values reported for sulphides from primary orogenic gold deposits found in surrounding Archean-aged granite-greenstone belt remnants. We suggest that detrital auriferous sulphides have been overlooked by historical primary and secondary beneficiation, and thus represent a large (up to 420 tons Au) and under-exploited Au resource currently residing in easily-mined (surficial) Witwatersrand tailings dumps. We further suggest that targeted re-mining of sulphide mineral fraction has the potential to improve gold recovery, recuperate ‘sweetener’ by-product metals (e.g. Cu, Co, Ni) and directly eliminate heavy metal pollution and acid mine drainage issues associated with surficial tailings dumps.

Radiological Shape of the Tumor Predicts Progression and Survival in Resected Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

BackgroundThe histological features and radiological shape of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA) have not been widely studied in relation to prognosis. Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) is thought to be useful in diagnosis of progress and tumor distribution; it can also show morphological differences (round, triangular, and square forms) at the tumoral obstruction sites. Histological types of eCCA may be revealed, with potential association with tumor growth and survival. MethodsWe examined the distribution of tumor radiological shape subtypes on MDCT. The surgical outcomes of consecutive patients with eCCA who underwent macroscopic curative resection were reviewed. ResultsCT subtypes in 109 patients were 62 triangular, 35 square, and 12 round. There were clear prognostic differences in long-term survival rates (P < 0.001); 5-year survival rates were 100% in round, 64% in triangular, and 19% in square types. There was no recurrence in any cases of round-type tumor at the site of obstruction. Depth of tumor invasion and rates of nodal involvement were significantly higher in triangular and square-type tumors than in round-type tumors. In papillary adenocarcinoma, radiological obstructions were round type in seven patients (78%) and triangular type in two patients (22%). In tubular adenocarcinoma, all round-type tumors were well differentiated, the ratio of square-type tumors increasing as the degree of differentiation decreased from “well” to “moderate,” and “poor” respectively (23%, 39%, 57%; P = 0.033). ConclusionsTumor radiological shape predicts tumor progression, histological type, and survival in eCCA. This information may be helpful in preoperative radiological staging on MDCT.

Lifetime morphological characteristics of the L&lt;sub&gt;IV&lt;/sub&gt;-L&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt; intervertebral disc in young and middle-aged adults

Morphoscopic and morphometric characteristics of the LIVLV intervertebral disc were assessed according to magnetic resonance images of the lumbar spine of 90 patients (66 men, 24 women). The morphometric parameters of the LIVLV intervertebral disc and nucleus pulposus were compared between young (1844 years old) and middle-aged (4560 years old) adults and in groups determined by sex and body type. In addition, morphoscopic characteristics, namely, the shape of the intervertebral disc and nucleus pulposus in the axial plane, were evaluated. Results. In normal intervertebral disc, LIVLV on the axial section most often presents in a kidney-shaped (51%), elliptical (45%), and round (4%) form. The LIVLV nucleus pulposus normally has an oval (50%), kidney (45%), and less often a lemniscate (5%) shape. The shape and individual morphometric parameters of the intervertebral disc and nucleus pulposus of the LIVLV segment have significant sex differences. Thus, the most lateral height of the intervertebral disc on the right and left, anteroposterior size and area of the intervertebral disc, and anteroposterior size, width, and area of the nucleus pulposus are significantly larger in men than in women. When assessing the influence of body type on intervertebral disc structural features, no significant differences in its shape were found between asthenics, normo- and hypersthenics, while individual dimensions (intervertebral disc height in the center and its dorsal height) were significantly larger in hypersthenics. The kidney-shaped form of the nucleus pulposus was significantly more common in asthenics and the oval form in hypersthenics, whereas the morphometric parameters of the nucleus pulposus did not significantly differ between extreme body types. Statistically significant differences in the shape of the nucleus pulposus were found between age groups. The results of the analysis of morphometric characteristics revealed the intervertebral disc height tended to decrease in middle-aged people compared with young people. The results can be used in planning spine surgery and designing artificial intervertebral discs.

Towards a theory of theoretical formations: From Althusser to Lenin

In his theoretical efforts, Lenin made two excursions into philosophy - first in the book Materialism and Empirio-criticism and then in Philosophical Notebooks. There are obvious differences between these two works, which are reflected in the attitude towards Hegel (first rejection and then enthusiasm and acceptance of Hegel?s dialectical method), but also significant similarities. The paper points out that what links Lenin?s two books is the concept of theoretical formation. We derive the term theoretical formation from Lenin?s concept of socio-economic formation: in every society, a large number of modes of production coexist, which are overdetermined by one mode as dominant. Society is thus not a complete and rounded form, but a contradictory overdeterimned formation. The main thesis of the paper is that Lenin applies the concept of over determined formation to the reading of philosophy. Philosophical discourse is never whole but is split between two irreconcilable tendencies - materialism and idealism. Philosophical work is nothing but a struggle for the theoretical dominance of one tendency over another. This struggle between philosophical tendencies is, as Louis Althusser points out, an extension of the class struggle in theory and takes place both in the entire history of philosophy and within each individual philosophical text. The philosophical text is thus a contradictory formation of unequal and combined development.

Searching bovine papillomavirus presence in lesions seen on teats of cows

The samples were taken from 106 cows with various-looking lesions on their teats and ranged in age from 2 to 8 years. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen (Ag) positive for the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) was found in 59 (55.7%) blood serum samples. PCR using FAP59/64 primers was positive for 24 (22.6%) samples. BPV-2 (40, 37.7%), BPV-6 (28, 26.4%), BPV-8 (30, 28.3%), BPV-9 (36, 34%), BPV-10 (32, 30.3%), and BPV-12 (22, 20.8%) were found in a PCR type-specific analysis of single and mixed type teat warts. The highest positivity was observed in BPV-2, BPV-9 and BPV-10 in flat and round forms, BPV-6, BPV-10, BPV-12, and mixed types in rice grain-cauliflower forms, BPV-9 and mixed types in filiform in the distribution of types based on the macroscopic appearance of teat lesions. As for the distribution of BPV types according to age, the most BPV-2 types were found in the age group of two years, the most BPV-10 types in the age group of three years, the most BPV-9 types in the age group of four years, the most BPV-8+BPV-12 types in the age group of five years, and the most mixed types between the ages of six and eight years. The existence of the virus was then checked using electron microscopy on the chosen samples (at least one investigation was conducted), and it was positively identified using BPV type-specific primers. The authors concluded that BPV detection using an ELISA (Ag) test from blood serum samples was shown to be less sensitive than BPV type-specific PCR from wart samples.

Methods of calculating areas of overlapping inks of ellipsoidal raster elements

The mechanisms of moire occurrence during dot-to-dot printing for various forms of raster elements (circle, square, rhombus, ellipse) are considered. The algorithms for calculating the areas of common overlay of raster elements of neighboring inks of round, square and rhombic form are presented. An algorithm and methodology for calculating the areas of common overlay of raster elements of ellipsoidal form with arbitrary misalignment along the coordinate axes has been developed. The program code for calculating the areas of common overlay of ellipses using the Pascal 7.0 programming language was writtеn. The Monte Carlo method was used to calculate the area of the common overlap of two ellipses. The optimal geometric parameters for the stochastic process of the Monte Carlo method were found. The dependences of the areas of common overlay of ellipsoidal raster elements on misalignment along the x-axis for different misalignments along the y-axis were obtained

Modeling the influence of heat sinks on the structure of the temperature field of a profile heat pipe

Within the framework of a computer experiment using the finite element method, a technique has been developed graphical representation the structure of the temperature field of a heat pipe with active-type defects - heat energy sink, localized in the body between the ribs. It is shown that when the pipe start-up mode is implemented and certain heat energy sink power, a typical isotherm shape with a concave front is formed. The passage by the isotherm heat energy sink of a round form is accompanied by the formation of a local isothermal circuit. Significant variability of the shape of the isotherms is noted.

Kawaii Affective Assemblages

Kawaii Affective Assemblages