Restricted Form Research Articles

Type-theoretic approaches to ordinals

In a constructive setting, no concrete formulation of ordinal numbers can simultaneously have all the properties one might be interested in; for example, being able to calculate limits of sequences is constructively incompatible with deciding extensional equality. Using homotopy type theory as the foundational setting, we develop an abstract framework for ordinal theory and establish a collection of desirable properties and constructions. We then study and compare three concrete implementations of ordinals in homotopy type theory: first, a notation system based on Cantor normal forms (binary trees); second, a refined version of Brouwer trees (infinitely-branching trees); and third, extensional well-founded orders.Each of our three formulations has the central properties expected of ordinals, such as being equipped with an extensional and well-founded ordering as well as allowing basic arithmetic operations, but they differ with respect to what they make possible in addition. For example, for finite collections of ordinals, Cantor normal forms have decidable properties, but suprema of infinite collections cannot be computed. In contrast, extensional well-founded orders work well with infinite collections, but the price to pay is that almost all properties are undecidable. Brouwer trees, implemented as a quotient inductive-inductive type to ensure well-foundedness and extensionality, take the sweet spot in the middle by combining a restricted form of decidability with the ability to work with infinite increasing sequences.Our three approaches are connected by canonical order-preserving functions from the “more decidable” to the “less decidable” notions, i.e. from Cantor normal forms to Brouwer trees, and from there to extensional well-founded orders. We have formalised the results on Cantor normal forms and Brouwer trees in cubical Agda, while extensional well-founded orders have been studied and formalised thoroughly by Escardó and his collaborators. Finally, we compare the computational efficiency of our implementations with the results reported by Berger.

Features of the transformation of legal theory under martial law

Purpose. The aim of this work is to discuss the features of the functioning of legal theory and scientific activities under martial law. Methodology. The research is based on the analytical method, which is used to diagnose problems and generate hypotheses for their solutions. The methodology also includes critical thinking and evaluation of facts and data related to the research. The systemic and functional method was used to research the objectives of law degree education, changes in the legislation system in the conditions of war. The generalization method was used to systematize and interpret the results obtained during the research. Results. The study has provided the acknowledgement that scientific research in the field of law should be focused on the needs of our state under martial law. In such conditions, law degree education cannot be passive, but rather must significantly and dynamically influence the environment by forming a civilized democratic legal field. This is its positive role and educational mission. In view of this, the model of a legal specialist, who will meet the requirements for future legal professionals, as well as the model of their training should be clearly outlined. Scientific novelty. In the process of research, it was established that one of the priority issues of legal development in the conditions of war includes the problems of proper legal provision of national security, i.e. the state of security of man and the citizen as well as spiritual and material values of society from criminal and other illegal intrusions, emergency situations of natural and man-made nature, social conflicts within society, the risk of which increases significantly in the conditions of war. Under martial law, most elements of the rule of law are negatively affected in the form of relevant restrictions, the necessity of which is objective in nature due to the need to prevent global threats to the independence and territorial integrity of the state; to repel armed aggression; to ensure national security; to fight against real and potential threats to the rights and human freedoms. At the same time, in the context of the rule of law, the specified restrictions, firstly, should not relate to absolute (natural) human rights and freedoms, and secondly, they should be properly justified and correspond to the stated purpose of introducing martial law. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used for the methodology of scientific research.

The Dissolution of Political Parties in Indonesia is Viewed from the Constitutional Aspect

Democracy is a manifestation of the State of Indonesia. This means that Indonesia always triess to guarantee the rights of its citizens to freedom of association and assembly. This is stated in the state constitution, namely the 1945 Constitution concerning guarantees for human rights. This right is the right to associate and assemble which can be dedicated as a forum for establishing a political party. So in matters of the state, it is always related to the problems of political parties. This political party has a role in determining the direction of policies and goals of a country. The development of political parties can also be a development towards the direction of the country, so it is necessary to have restrictions on the establishment of a political party. Like having to have the same ideology with the ideology of the state. Political parties that are proven to have different ideologies from the state will be dissolved and frozen and in this case the dissolution mechanism has been regulated by the state. This change and suspension is a form of restriction given by the state to guarantee national security and also guarantee the rights of Indonesian citizens.

“ SPIROMETRIC EVALUATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS ”

Background: Chronic hyperglycaemia causes many changes in the lungs such as thickened pulmonary capillary basal lamina and alveolar epithelium causing decreased pulmonary elastic recoil and lung volumes. Aim: of the current study is to know the evidence based signicance of spirometry on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study with 90 Type 2DM patients were selected of age more than 35 years and with duration of diabetes > 5 years. spirometry was done for: FVC, FEV1, FEV1/ FVC. Results: Recorded FVC in Type 2 DM is decreased when compared to the predicted values.Recorded FVC of diabetic patients have a mean of 2.14 ± 0.67 with a range of 1.13 – 4.17 compared to predicted values with mean of 2.54 ± 0.63 with a range of 1.72 – 4.03. Recorded FEV1 in Type 2 DM is decreased when compared to the predicted values. Recorded FEV1 of diabetic patients have a mean of 1.93± 0.63 with a range of 0.95 – 3.33 compared to predicted values with mean of 2.10 ± 0.49 with a range of 1.42 – 3.36. 53.3% of the diabetics had mild restriction of pulmonary functions 14.4% of the diabetics had moderate restriction of pulmonary functions. Conclusion: DIABETES MELLITUS causes decrement in the lung functions in the form of Restriction which is more seen in patients with longer duration of DM & patients with uncontrolled glycemic status.

The role of metonymy in naming

Abstract The article deals with the role of metonymy in word-formation, specifically in naming extra-linguistic concepts. Its role is approached from an onomasiological perspective, i.e., the starting point in the analysis is the concept to be named. Within this approach, metonymy is seen as a cognitive process (in the dynamic sense) that is inherent in the act of coining any naming unit irrespective of its resulting form, as metonymy provides the perspective from which the concept is mentally accessed, and the morphological form is an outcome of the subsequent matching of the result of conceptualisation with a suitable constructional schema. This understanding of metonymy, however, does not lead to an unrestricted application of the term. The article suggests that if a consistent view of metonymy in coining words is applied, any formal restrictions on its use turn out to be irrelevant.

Scrutinization of second law analysis and viscous dissipation on Reiner-RivlinNanofluid with the effect of bioconvection over a rotating disk

In comparison to Newtonian fluids, non-Newtonian fluids have fascinating features in heat transportation. Here, newly type of Reiner-Rivlinnanoliquid flow over the revolving disk for viscous dissipation (VD) is being explored in a multiple-slip effect. The inclusion of gyrotactic microorganisms in the nanoliquid enhances the tendency of the nanoparticles. The idea of the intended model is enhanced by considering in the impact of activation energy, thermal radiative, heated convective conditions and entropy minimization. The system of nonlinear PDE is constructed into nonlinear ODE's by applying the von-Karman similarity method and later solved numerically using the BVP4c solver which is considered to study the complicated ordinary differential equations. TheInfluence of various parameters is elaborated and plotted physically through the graphical illustration. By contrasting the reported data in the restricted form to a previously published article, the accuracy of the current model has examined. The impact of a non-Newtonian fluid parameter over the velocity field appeared to showdpreciation in it. The results elucidate that when the wall slip coefficient is larger more torque is needed to maintain constant disk revaluation. Surface heat transmission and wall skin friction are computed for a wide variety of factors. These flows have several real world-applications, including modeling cases that occur in oceanography and geophysics, various industrial fields (such as lumber production).

Mandatory Vaccinations, Religious Freedom, and Discrimination

Abstract This article responds to the prevailing normative and doctrinal uncertainty over the compatibility of mandatory vaccination schemes with the right to freedom of religion or belief and the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief under the ECHR. The article develops an analytical framework that engages with the purpose of religious freedom and religious anti-discrimination; the scope of public health as a legitimate aim for state interference with those rights; the procedural fairness of mandatory vaccination schemes; and the empirical evidence underpinning those schemes. This multiprong analysis has important implications for any form of wide-ranging state restrictions on religious freedom and religious anti-discrimination, for reasons of public health, and more broadly.

Reducing Foreign Presence In The Russian Manufacturing Industry: The Results Of 2022 And The Immediate Prospects

The withdrawal of foreign companies from the Russian market due to a change in the political situation has been a new trend for the Russian economy. The study shows that the actual scale of closure of foreign legal entities is insignificant, and even smaller than in previous years: the maximum number of legal entities was closed during 2018-2019. With that, until 2021, there were no noticeable differences in behavior between Russian and foreign companies, no intentions to reduce or limit their activities. Given the time it takes to comply with regulatory requirements for company closures, the decisions announced in 2022 are likely to affect the exit statistics of foreign organizations in 2023-2024. In addition, a possible future change in the behavior of foreign owners, in the form of restrictions or suspension of activities without the formal closure of companies will require a separate study, based on the results of 2022-2023.

ФОРМАЛЬНЫЕ ТЕСТЫ ВЫБОРА СПЕЦИФИКАЦИИ МОДЕЛИ

The paper examines the construction of an econometric model of the dependence of the money supply aggregate M0 on nominal wages according to Russian Federation data. The problem of choosing a model specification is solved within the framework of formal tests, the algorithms of which are implemented in the R software environment. In practice, as a rule, the true model is unknown and as a result, a model is estimated that only approximately corresponds to the process that generates the data. To date, a number of approaches have been developed for testing the correctness of the choice of specification, both for nested and nonnested competing models. To test nested models, hypotheses are formulated in the form of restrictions on parameters, which are tested, for example, using a standard Ftest for comparing long (unrestricted) and short (restricted) regression models. Comparison of nonnested models is based on the formation of artificial embedding models – hybrid models that are tested using a nonnested Ftest or Jtest (Davidson, Mackinnon) [3, 9]. The Jtest uses only one constraint to make a reasonable choice of model, which leads to an increase in its power compared to a nonnested Ftest with a large number of additional regressors [2]. To select a functional form from a set of competing nonnested models, the BoxCox procedure is used, based on a formalized algorithm for selecting a linearizing transformation from a wide family of powerlaw transformations [1]. To compare linear and loglinear models, a simplified procedure proposed by Zarembka Paul [6] has found wide practical application. When constructing the econometric model under study using the listed procedures for selecting a functional form, the set of competing models included: a paired linear regression model; loglinear model, distributed lag model and autoregressive model.

Rewriting Crusoe: The Robinsonade Across Languages, Cultures, and Media ed. by Jakub Lipski, and: Robinson Crusoe after 300 Years ed. by Andreas K. E. Mueller and Glynis Ridley

Reviewed by: Rewriting Crusoe: The Robinsonade Across Languages, Cultures, and Media ed. by Jakub Lipski, and: Robinson Crusoe after 300 Years ed. by Andreas K. E. Mueller and Glynis Ridley Andrew O'Malley Jakub Lipski, ed., Rewriting Crusoe: The Robinsonade Across Languages, Cultures, and Media (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell Univ. Press, 2020). Pp. 212. $34.95 paper, $120.00 cloth. Andreas K. E. Mueller and Glynis Ridley, eds., Robinson Crusoe after 300 Years (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell Univ. Press) 2021. Pp. 234; 22 b/w and 7 color illus. $42.50 paper, $150.00 cloth. The 2019 tricentenary of the publication of The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner (and of its sequel, The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe) has understandably seen renewed interest in Defoe's most famous literary creation. As has often been noted, it is hard to overstate the extent of Robinson Crusoe's cultural impact; so embedded in the popular psyche are aspects of the story that the image of a person on a desert island, or of a footprint in the sand, universally evokes it. Two recent volumes of essays from Bucknell University Press offer convincing reminders of Crusoe's remarkable, transmedial legacy and continued cultural relevance. Rewriting Crusoe: The Robinsonade Across Languages, Cultures, and Media, edited by Jakub Lipski, concerns itself primarily, as the title suggests, with the protean genre to which Defoe's novel quickly gave rise: "Our main concern here then is studying the Robinsonade as a genre in a constant state of becoming, transcending, as it were, any formal restrictions one might impose on it" (1). Examples of this genre began appearing within a few years of Robinson Crusoe's initial publication; the term itself was coined by the German author, Johann Gottfried Schnabel, to describe his own island shipwreck narrative, Die Insel Felsenburg (1731). Since that time, the island castaway narrative has been adapted to virtually every imaginable category of reader, and has migrated across an incredibly wide range of media: theatrical productions, film, comic books, toys, games, and innumerable commercial enterprises and consumer goods. The collection's first of [End Page 313] four sections, "Exploring and Transcending the Genre," appropriately offers two very strong essays that bookend the literary Robinsonade's history to date. Rivka Swenson's chapter looks back to one of the earliest and most successful examples of the genre, Peter Longueville's The Hermit (1727), and is followed by Patrick Gill's study of recent postmodern examples. Swenson's revisiting of Longueville's entertaining, imaginative but understudied novel persuasively considers its repeatedly referenced eating, food preparation, and pickling—"the act of preserving and transforming" (12)—as a metaphor for narrative world-building practices in the period's fiction. Noting insightfully that Robinson Crusoe serves as "the perfect sandbox setting" (24), offering endless narrative possibilities, Gill's study considers the original novel with Muriel Spark's Robinson (1958), J. M. Coetzee's Foe (1986), and Yann Martel's Life of Pi (2001) using the philosophical thought experiment of the "counterfactual" to explore the poetics of the genre. Chapters in the second section, "National Contexts," turn to the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century expansion of the Robinsonade into other European national literatures. Przemysław Uściński, in his nuanced study of The Female American (1767), attempts to complicate the colonial legacy of the Robinsonade by invoking Homi Bhabha's idea of a "third space" that troubles "the fixity of any cultural identity" (50). Employing, unusually for an eighteenth-century Robinsonade, a "biracial female missionary as proxy for colonialist power," The Female American raises but ultimately sidesteps "historically urgent questions about justice, agency, and accountability" (50). Editor Jakub Lipski provides a fascinating account of Robinson Crusoe's reception and its role in the rise to prominence of the novel in the literary culture of eighteenth-century Poland. While I was aware that Robinson Crusoe was translated fairly quickly into many European languages (and eventually into virtually every written language, even Esperanto), Lipski's intriguing history of how both its Polish translation and Ignacy Krasicki's Defoeinspired The Adventures of Mr. Nicholas Wisdom helped change national literary tastes was a revelation to me. The remaining two chapters...

Carceral Socialization as Voter Suppression

In an era of mass incarceration, many people are socialized through interactions with the carceral state. These interactions are powerful learning experiences, and by design, they are contrary to democratic citizenship. Citizenship is about belonging to a community of equals, being entitled to mutual respect and concern. Criminal punishment deliberately harms, subordinates, and stigmatizes. Encounters with the carceral system are powerful experiences of anti-democratic socialization, and they impact peoples’ sense of citizenship and trust in government. Accordingly, a large body of social science research shows that eligible voters who have carceral contact are significantly less likely to vote or to participate in politics. Hence, the carceral system’s impact on political participation goes well beyond those who are formally disenfranchised due to convictions. It also suppresses participation among the millions of legally eligible voters who have not been formally disenfranchised—people who have had more fleeting encounters with law enforcement or vicarious interactions with the carceral system. This Article considers the implications of these findings from the perspective of voting rights law and the constitutional values underlying it. In a moment when voting rights are under siege, voting rights advocates are in a heated discussion about how our federal and state constitutions protect ideals of democratic citizenship and political equality. This discussion has largely (and for good reason) focused on how the law should address what I call “de jure” suppression: tangible election laws and policies that impose legal barriers to voting, or dilute voting power. Eliminating these formal barriers to voting is vital. But, I argue, fully realizing the constitutional values underlying voting rights will also require also addressing what I call “de facto” suppression, or suppression through socialization. This occurs not through formal legal restrictions on voting, but when state institutions like the carceral system systematically socialize citizens in a manner that is incompatible with democratic citizenship. I show how de facto suppression threatens the constitutional interests protected by the right to vote just like de jure suppression does. In short, by systematically socializing people in a manner that is fundamentally incompatible with democratic citizenship, the state can effectively strip a citizen of much of the instrumental and intrinsic value conferred by the right to vote. Those who are concerned about advancing and protecting voting rights should understand the carceral system’s anti-democratic socialization as a form of political suppression—one that should warrant constitutional scrutiny for the same reasons that de jure suppression should warrant scrutiny.

Leveraging Educational Blogging to Assess the Impact of Collaboration on Knowledge Creation

The landscape of education has changed drastically over the past two decades. There has been an ongoing shift from traditional classroom teaching practices to cope with the changing circumstances and requirements of today’s learners. The catalysts for such advancements have been the rapid adoption and use of internet-based technologies, which have dramatically transformed both teaching and learning. One such advancement which has excellent potential to be utilized as an effective learning tool in higher education is blogs. Classroom blogging presents a unique opportunity to not only deliver a form of distance education, but also encourage collaboration and participation among learners. This study explores the potential of educational blogging in higher education as a supplement to the current pedagogical practices. More specifically, it aims to gauge from a learner’s perspective the perceived benefits blogs can provide in scenarios where traditional learning practices are not feasible as a consequence of individual convenience or other forms of restriction due to pandemics, and natural disasters. This study further presents an effective design for a blog highlighting some salient features which can enhance the effectiveness of blogs for the learners followed by a discussion, which serves to highlight the several benefits of classroom blogging and presents arguments to show how the integration of this innovative tool into the curriculum can result in enhanced experiential learning, and development of soft skills.

Legal Tests and the Object – Effect Dichotomy under Article 102 TFEU

Despite the adoption of the “more economic approach” in the assessment of unilateral conduct, the object – effect dichotomy is still relevant under Article 102 TFEU, as it is under Article 101 TFEU. This article examines the tripartite classification of abusive conduct under Article 102 TFEU, namely “restrictions by object”, “restrictions by effect”, and “naked restrictions”, as a specific form of restrictions “by object”. It analyses the implications of this classification for the allocation of the burden of proof between the dominant undertaking, on the one hand, and the competition authority or private plaintiff, on the other.

On the Effectiveness of Punishment in the Form of Restriction of Liberty

On the Effectiveness of Punishment in the Form of Restriction of Liberty

КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ МЕТОДИКА ОПТИМИЗАЦИИ АГРОПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННОГО КЛАСТЕРА АДМИНИСТРАТИВНЫХ РАЙОНОВ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

Ensuring the growth of the economy of Belarus provides for sustainable socio-economic development of admin-istrative districts, which significantly increases the level of income and quality of lifeof the population. The main trigger for the development of administrative districts is the increase in the eco-nomic efficiency of the functioning of their agro-production cluster, which consists of agricultural organizations and food and light industry processing enterprises. As a re-sult of the research, a comprehensive methodology for optimizing the agro-production cluster of administrative districts has been developed, including a three-level economic and mathematical model in which all agricultural organizations, on-farm production units and processing enterprises are represented as separate blocks, including components in the form of restrictions of the main and connecting blocks. The objective function of the model is designed to determine the max-imumgross value added. The model was tested on the example of the agro-industrial cluster of the Gorkiadministrative district of the Mogilev region of the Republic of Belarus(hereinafter –Gorki district), which includes 8 agricultural organi-zations and a milk processing enterprise, the butter and cheese plant OJSC Molochny Gorki. During the calculations, the substantiation of the prospective crop yields and annual livestock productivity in the farms of the Gorki district was per-formed using correlation models. The optimal number of livestock and sown areas of commercial crops have been calcu-lated. The reserves for the growth of production volumes and economic efficiency of the functioning of the agro-production cluster and the Gorki district have been determined.

When a Little Nondeterminism Goes a Long Way

History-deterministic automata are an intermediate automata model, in between deterministic and nondeterministic ones. An automaton is history-deterministic if its nondeterminism can be resolved on-the-fly, by only taking into account the prefix of the word read so far. This restricted form of nondeterminism yields a class of automata that retains some of the algorithmic properties of deterministic automata, while also enjoying some of the power of nondeterminism. History-determinism has received a lot of attention in the past few years and this article surveys some of the recent developments on the topic. It aims to showcase some of the key constructions and techniques involved in this line of research, while remaining fairly informal. We begin with a roughly chronological overview of research on history-determinism, intended as a quick reference to some of the main results on the subject. We then move onto a more detailed discussion of what are, in our view, the key aspects of history-determinism, highlighting throughout questions that remain open. Like any survey written on a topic that is actively worked on, this article aspires to be out-of-date as soon as it is published. We hope that it will remain useful as a gentle, if incomplete, introduction to the topic.

Reachability Analysis for Attributes in ABAC With Group Hierarchy

Attribute-based access control (ABAC) models are widely used to provide fine-grained and adaptable authorization based on the attributes of users, resources, and other relevant entities. Hierarchical group and attribute based access control (HGABAC) model was recently proposed which introduces the novel notion of attribute inheritance through group membership. GURA <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> was subsequently proposed to provide an administrative model for user attributes in HGABAC, building upon the ARBAC97 and GURA administrative models. The GURA model uses administrative roles to manage user attributes. The reachability problem for the GURA model is to determine what attributes a particular user can acquire, given a predefined set of administrative rules. This problem has been previously analyzed in the literature. In this article, we study the user attribute reachability problem based on directly assigned attributes of the user and attributes inherited via group memberships. We first define a restricted form of GURA <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> , called rGURA <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> scheme, as a state transition system with multiple instances having different preconditions and provide reachability analysis for each of these schemes. In general, we show PSPACE-complete complexity for all rGURA <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> schemes. We further present polynomial time algorithms with empirical experimental evaluation to solve special instances of rGURA <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> schemes under restricted conditions.

REGULATION OF OVER-THE-TOP (OTT) PLATFORMS IN INDIA: THE BATTLE BETWEEN CENSORSHIP AND CREATIVE FREEDOM

Every country has practised censorship at some point and it can be seen as either positively or negatively. Censorship can be referred to as various forms of restriction and control, based on the change in the social and political context. The battle between censorship and creative freedom has always existed in various media including television, theatres, print etc and is currently taking place on OTT platforms as well. OTT platforms stand for Over-The-Top platforms. Unlike traditional cable TV providers or theatres, these platforms broadcast their content directly to the viewers through the internet. OTT platform gained massive traction during the pandemic-led lockdown. However, the dramatic rise of the OTT offered content, though appreciable, has also raised the question of censorship. The authors of this paper aim to provide an analysis of how the OTT platforms and the content broadcasted on these platforms are regulated. The objective would be to evaluate how censoring the contents of the OTT platforms are affecting creative freedom. Lastly, this paper outlines the reason why the censorship of the content should not be done and how sometimes in the name of censorship they concealed the realities which are affecting societies.

A Legislation-Based Database for COVID-19 Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments around the world imposed a wide variety of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) in the form of restrictions of various aspects of social life, hoping to curb the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, measures such as restrictions on public gatherings, the closure of schools, or the mandatory use of masks, raised several concerns in terms of both their necessity and effectiveness. The Observatory of Government Restrictive Measures for the COVID-19 pandemic (GovRM-COVID19), which began in November 2020 within the Center for Research on Democracy and Law of the University of Macedonia (Greece), has developed a database tracking all legislative measures imposing restrictions across different countries. The use of legislation as the main source of information with a daily frequency, as well as consideration of sub-federal entities in non-unitary (federal, devolved, etc.) states, provide one of the most accurate accounts of such restrictions. The end result is to provide researchers with accurate data on how various governments around the world have restricted individual rights and freedoms as a result of, and during, the COVID-19 pandemic, offering an opportunity for comparative research across different countries and policy strategies.

Intersepsi Pesawat Sipil Ryanair FR4978 oleh Pesawat Militer Belarusia Ditinjau dari Konvensi Chicago 1944

Aircraft Interception is an action in which an aircraft moves towards another aircraft in an effort to intercept an aircraft entering national airspace without a flight plan, and an aircraft experiencing communication failure or cannot be identified. Interception actions are allowed in order to protect the sovereign territory of a country, as stated in Article 1 of the 1944 Chicago Convention which recognizes that every sovereign state has complete and complete sovereignty. However, the purpose of interception is limited to determining the identity of the aircraft, directing the aircraft beyond the boundaries of national airspace, directing it away from restricted, restricted or dangerous areas or ordering it to land at a designated airport.. The identification of the problem in this research is, How is the regulation of the interception of civil aircraft by state military aircraft reviewed based on the 1944 Chicago Convention? and What are the legal consequences of the actions of the Belarusian Military Aircraft against the interception of the Ryanair FR4978 Civil Aircraft? This research was conducted using a normative juridical research method. The data collection technique was carried out by literature study and the analysis used in this paper is qualitative analysis by describing or explaining the subject or object of research. The results of this study are first, the regulation of interception actions on civil aircraft is specifically regulated in Article 3 bis of the Chicago Convention 1944 as well as in additional arrangements in Annex 2 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Rules of the Air which contains instruments or procedures for interception. . Second, the legal consequences received by Belarus for unlawful acts that threaten the security of civil aviation are the imposition of sanctions by the international community in the form of flight restrictions and restrictions on the economic sector, as well as the summons of the Belarusian Ambassador to the European Union