Rational Form Research Articles

Robust inattentive discrete choice

Rational inattention models characterize optimal decision-making in data-rich environments. In such environments, it can be costly to look carefully at all of the information. Some information is much more salient for the decision at hand and merits closer scrutiny. The inattention decision model formalizes this choice and deduces how best to navigate through the potentially vast array of data when making decisions. In the rational formulation, the decision-maker commits fully to a subjective prior distribution over the possible states of the world that could be realized. We relax this assumption and look for a robustly optimal solution to the inattention problem by allowing the decision-maker to be ambiguity averse with respect to this prior. We feature a setup that is deliberately simple by a) assuming a discrete set of choices, b) using Shannon's mutual information to quantify attention costs, and c) imposing relative entropy with respect to a baseline probability distribution to quantify prior divergence. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the robust solution and develop numerical methods to solve it. In comparison to the rational solution with no prior uncertainty, our decision-maker slants priors in more cautious or pessimistic directions when deducing how to allocate attention over the range of available information. This approach implements a form of robustness to prior misspecification, or equivalently, a form of ambiguity aversion. We explore some examples that show how the robust solution differs from the rational solution with a commitment to a subjective prior distribution and how it differs from imposing risk aversion.

Experimentation and Analysis of Physical Properties Related to Quinoa Straws

To study the cutting mechanical properties of quinoa straw and reduce the cutting force and unit area cutting power consumption of quinoa straw, this study took quinoa from low-altitude areas as the research object. Through observation and experimental analysis of quinoa from low-altitude areas, the relevant external characteristics of quinoa straw were recognized, providing a certain research basis for the development of quinoa-specific harvesting machinery. In the cutting mechanical experiments, a reciprocating cutting test bench for straw was designed. Single-factor experiments were conducted on the moisture content, cutting speed, blade angle, and cutting angle of quinoa straw. Response surface experiments were conducted on cutting speed, blade inclination angle, and cutting inclination angle to reveal the variation laws of the cutting mechanical properties of quinoa straw, providing a scientific basis for the rational formulation of harvesting strategies. In the single-factor experiments, the ultimate cutting stress of the stem and the unit area cutting power consumption decreased with the increase in moisture content; the ultimate cutting stress of the stem and the unit area cutting power consumption decreased first and then increased with the increase in cutting inclination angle; the ultimate cutting stress of the stem decreased with the increase in blade inclination angle, while the unit area cutting power consumption decreased first and then increased; the ultimate cutting stress of the stem and the unit area cutting power consumption decreased first and then remained stable with the increase in average cutting speed. In the response surface experiments, the optimal parameter combination was an average cutting speed of 0.8 m/s, a cutting inclination angle of 9.8°, and a blade inclination angle of 33.2°. The verification test proved that the error was no more than 4%. Under the optimal parameters, the ultimate cutting stress and unit area cutting power consumption of the straw were 9.1% and 2.9%, respectively.

An Exploration of the Contemporary U.S. Academic Physician Experience with the Formal Rationalization of Health Care

It has been over three decades since it was predicted that the processes of formal rationalization would lead to dire consequences for all physicians. Prompted by a social concern about elevated burnout rates in U.S. physicians, there have been some investigations about organizational influences on their work lives. However, these studies have not used formal rationalization as a conceptual framework. This exploratory study was undertaken to examine the work lives of a group of academic physicians in the United States using McDonaldization thesis features as the organizing framework. Eighteen academic physicians were recruited from a single academic medical center in the United States. Focus groups were conducted by a physician and a medical sociologist, and the transcripts analyzed. Academic physicians could identify programs consistent with the McDonaldization of health care and reacted variably to them. The features were found to interact in differing ways with control over work being superordinate to the other three features. There was evidence for the consequence of irrationality in that inefficiency was increased and the quality of the patient interaction reduced. Physicians’ reactions to overall changes to their work are variable ranging from distress to varying degrees of acceptance.

Comparative Study of Vinylene Carbonate and Lithium Difluoro(oxalate)borate Additives in a SiOx/Graphite Anode Lithium-Ion Battery in the Presence of Fluoroethylene Carbonate.

The SiOx/graphite composite is recognized as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), owing to the high theoretical capacity of SiOx combined with the excellent stability of graphite. However, the inherent disadvantage of volume expansion in silicon-based anodes places significant challenges on the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and severely degrades the electrochemical performance. Rational formulation of electrolyte, including its additives, is crucial in accommodating and optimizing the composition of the SEI and enhancing the cell performance. In this work, we present a comparative study of vinylene carbonate (VC) and lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB) additives combined with fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in the electrolyte for SiOx/graphite∥LiNi1-x-y-zCoxMnyAlzO2 full cells. VC outperformed LiDFOB as an additive, delivering higher capacity cycling, higher Coulombic efficiency, and better cycle stability up to 400 cycles. XPS and impedance analyses reveal that LiDFOB contributed to SEI/CEI with both a lower proportion of LiF and a higher proportion of poly(VC), which tended to produce higher cell impedance. XRD and XANES further indicated that using the LiDFOB additive, the NCMA cycled to a shallower degree than that of the VC additive. Although the VC additive maintained a higher capacity up to 400 cycles, microstrain and SEM analyses show a higher strained NCMA along with clear evidence of cracking over the surface of the NCMA particle in VC-based electrolyte but not in LiDFOB. This suggests that the negative influence of LiDFOB at the anode (inferior SEI) supersedes the negative impact of both a cracked NCMA and a deeper cycled NCMA and SiOx-based anode.

What is the experimentalist challenge to the method of cases?

This paper puts forward a new formulation of the experimentalist challenge to the method of cases. Unlike previous attempts to articulate the challenge, the one proposed is based on a clear characterization of the targeted philosophical methodology. The method of cases is explicated as a form of thought experimentation aimed at testing philosophical hypotheses with a distinctive modal force. Given this explication, the empirical evidence gathered by experimental philosophers concerning the instability of case judgments is shown to constitute a stumbling block for the validation of the method as a rational form of hypothesis testing. The experimental challenge is presented as the challenge to compellingly indicate how this stumbling block can be removed, and the method of cases validated as a form of thought experimentation suitable for rationally testing philosophical hypotheses. The challenge, as presented in the text, is shown to be free from all the main criticisms leveled at previous versions of it and as one not yet met.

Modeling tree form in forest stands of Pinus taeda L. in Southern of Brazil

Biometricians have been studying tree shapes since the 18th century in Europe, initially using shape quotients. With the advent of linear regression techniques, the field evolved toward the development of volumetric models, which incorporate the effects of tree shapes into the coefficients of the fitted equations. This study presents two methodological themes: the volumetric equivalence form factor (VEFF) based on Pollanschütz concept, and the rational form factor (RFF) derived from ratio estimation. Data from 159 trees were used to fit the RFF, revealing a strong correlation with the h/d variable, indicating that the slenderness index effectively expresses tree form. Five form factor models based on shape quotients were tested, producing reliable estimates with standard errors below 10% and no bias in residuals. Among the fitted volume models, Meyer, Meyer (Mod.), Näslund, Schumacher-Hall, and an additional form factor from the Dwight volume equation were selected for their accuracy and reliability. Other volume equations, such as Takata, Stoate, Dwight, and Péllico Netto and Behling, also showed good results. The second alternative solution for the RFF provided highly reliable estimates with minimal variation in the form factor among the sampled trees. The selected volume equations and their form factors, chosen based on statistical estimates and residual evaluation, are applicable to Pinus taeda L. stands in the Midwest of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Navigating translational research in nanomedicine: A strategic guide to formulation and manufacturing.

Over the past two decades, extensive research has focused on both the fundamental and applied aspects of nanomedicine, driven by the compelling advantages that nanoparticles offer over their bulk counterparts. Despite this intensive research effort, fewer than 100 nanomedicines have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency since 1989. This disparity highlights a substantial gap in translational research, reflecting the disconnect between the prolific research in nanomedicine and the limited number of products that successfully reach and sustain themselves in the market. For instance, the nanomedicine DepoCyt, which received FDA approval in 1999 for the treatment of lymphomatous meningitis, was discontinued in 2017 due to persistent manufacturing issues. To address similar translational challenges, this review aims to identify and analyse issues related to the formulation design and manufacturing of nanomedicines. It provides an overview of the most prevalent manufacturing technologies and excipients used in nanomedicine production, followed by a critical evaluation of their clinical translatability. Furthermore, the review presents strategies for the rational formulation design and optimization of nanomedicine manufacturing, adhering to the principles of quality-by-design and quality risk management.

Fractional Dynamics: Applications of the Caputo Operator in Solving the Sawada–Kotera and Rosenau–Hyman Equations

This study investigates the fractional-order Sawada–Kotera and Rosenau–Hyman equations, which significantly model non-linear wave phenomena in various scientific fields. We employ two advanced methodologies to obtain analytical solutions: the q-homotopy Mohand transform method (q-HMTM) and the Mohand variational iteration method (MVIM). The fractional derivatives in the equations are expressed using the Caputo operator, which provides a flexible framework for analyzing the dynamics of fractional systems. By leveraging these methods, we derive diverse types of solutions, including hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational forms, illustrating the effectiveness of the techniques in addressing complex fractional models. Numerical simulations and graphical representations are provided to validate the accuracy and applicability of derived solutions. Special attention is given to the influence of the fractional parameter on behavior of the solution behavior, highlighting its role in controlling diffusion and wave propagation. The findings underscore the potential of q-HMTM and MVIM as robust tools for solving non-linear fractional differential equations. They offer insights into their practical implications in fluid dynamics, wave mechanics, and other applications governed by fractional-order models.

Study of bifurcations, chaotic structures with sensitivity analysis and novel soliton solutions of non-linear dynamical model

The current work amalgamates the fascinating exploration of the Radhakrishnan–Kundu–Lakshmanan equation, which is a sophisticated mathematical framework in physics and finds applications in elucidating diverse physical phenomena. By leveraging the two recently developed computational approaches, namely the new extended direct algebraic method and the modified Sardar sub-equation method, we rigorously assess the novel soliton solutions including dark, bright-dark, dark-bright, periodic, singular, rational and mixed trigonometric forms. Furthermore, we also segregated W-shape, M-shape, bell shape, exponential, as well as hyperbolic soliton, which are not documented in the literature. We validate the stability and accuracy of extracted soliton wave solutions using the Hamiltonian property. Additionally, the Galilean transformation is applied and numerous standard types of results, including bifurcations, chaotic flows, and sensitivity analysis are presented. The obtained results are tested both numerically and with illuminating physical interpretations, which shows a better demonstration of the intricate dynamics of these models.

Inversion of Fracture Weakness Parameters Based on the 3CVSP Data—Part II: ORT Media Composed of A Single Fracture Set in the VTI Background Media

The inversion of fracture parameters from seismic data is a key issue in predicting fractured reservoirs. When a set of vertical fractures developed in a background medium of laminated shales or thin interbedded sandstone and mudstone with VTI (transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis) characteristics, this medium is a typical ORT (orthotropic) medium. In such a medium, due to the presence of fractures, the PS wave in the original VTI medium splits into two types of waves: PS1 and PS2 waves (fast and slow shear waves). To use the travel times of these two waveforms to invert the fracture weakness parameters, we derive approximate formulas for the travel times of PS1 and PS2 waves recorded in a Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) for horizontally layered media. These approximate formulas are obtained using rational form approximation methods for short offsets with respect to the shot position. This approximation transforms the calculation of travel time from the complex phase velocity domain (the function of the two horizontal slownesses) to the group velocity domain (the function of shot point coordinates). The results from numerical errors analysis indicate that even with a near offset assumption, the approximated formula has high accuracy for offsets close to the depth of the target layer. By utilizing the travel times of PS1 and PS2 waves picked up by velocity under isotropic conditions, combined with undetermined anisotropic parameters and rational form approximations, we establish an objective function for inversion. The inversion results from different azimuths indicate that the accuracy of the inverted anisotropic parameters has different azimuthal sensitivities. The inversion method is applied to field multi-directional 3CVSP data and the results confirm the effectiveness of the method.

Comparative study of novel solitary wave solutions with unveiling bifurcation and chaotic structure modelled by stochastic dynamical system

Abstract In this study, we conduct a comprehensive investigation of the novel characteristics of the (2 + 1)-dimensional stochastic Hirota–Maccari System (SHMS), which is a prominent mathematical model with significant applications in the field of nonlinear science and applied mathematics. Specifically, SHMS plays a critical role in the study of soliton dynamics, nonlinear wave propagation, and stochastic effects in complex physical systems such as fluid dynamics, optics, and plasma physics. In order to account for the abrupt and significant fluctuation, the aforementioned system is investigated using a Wiener process with multiplicative noise in the Itô sense. The considered equation is studied by the new extended direct algebraic method (NEDAM) and the modified Sardar sub-equation (MSSE) method. By solving this equation, we systematically derived the novel soliton solutions in the form of dark, dark-bright, bright-dark, singular, periodic, exponential, and rational forms. Additionally, we also categorize and analyze the W-shape, M-shape, bell shape, exponential, and hyperbolic soliton wave solutions, which are not documented by researchers. The bifurcation, chaos and sensitivity analysis has been depicted which represent the applicability of the system in different dynamics. These findings greatly advance our knowledge of nonlinear wave events in higher-dimensional stochastic systems both theoretically and in terms of possible applications. These findings are poised to open new avenues for future research into the applicability of stochastic nonlinear models in various scientific and industrial domains.

Mycoremediation’s Material Imaginaries

This article explores what mushrooms do in human projects and specifically what they do in a conversation and context framed by neoliberalist rationality. We highlight two forms of neoliberal rationality—homo economicus, or “the economic man,” and consumptive sovereignty—that often shape the way people interact with fungi in the post-9/11 United States. Through establishing the role of neoliberal rationality in mediating engagements with fungi, we examine how such rationality operates and configures metabolic exchanges between humans and fungi, and between humans and metabolic processes more broadly. We close by considering mycoremediation, the biological process of fungi metabolizing toxic compounds. Our goal is to reveal how dominant forms of reason work to direct human action, and in turn how those repeated actions structure our lives. We hope to disrupt reproductions of these logics by turning our ear to other networks we see operating beneath the surface: posthumanist theory and fungal life.

Impact of planting density and nitrogen on the productivity of warm-climate onion in the Mexican pacific

O Objective: To evaluate three population density and nitrogen supply in onion. Design/methodology/approach: An experiment was developed in the dry tropics of Mexico. Seedlings were produced in nursery and transplanted on 0.9 m planting beds. In addition to crop management with drip irrigation, nitrogen nutrition was planned according to the rational form of supply. Density/nitrogen factors were evaluated in factorial design 32. Developmental, productive and qualitative bulb variables were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: The interaction of factors was varied, but in the productive, only the density factor was consistent; bulb weight excelled in the low density (14.8 plants m2) but did not lead to the highest yield, on the other hand, the highest density together with N supply, presented the highest yield per area of 2.14 and 2.17 kg m2. Limitations on study/implications: Onions are favored by the Mexican population as they are among the most consumed vegetables due to their bulbs, and they are attributed with various health benefits. Approximately 52 thousand hectares are harvested in the country and Michoacan participates with 8.3% of production. However, yields are lower than their potential, due to the lack of adaptation to current environmental conditions. This leads to consider the exploration of alternative locations and the implementation of strategies to improve yields, where nutrition and spacing are key factors. Findings/conclusions: The density of 26.9 plants m2 with N addition produced the highest yield.

Deepening the degrowth planning debate: division of labor, complexity, and the roles of markets and digital tools

Many definitions of degrowth highlight that the corresponding great and deep transformations are going to be “designed,” “planned,” and “democratic.” However, critical issues of democratic planning have only recently begun to be discussed. Considering a range of aspects of the technical and social division of labor, the article first revisits some of the main issues of market vis-à-vis planned resource allocation in capitalist and socialist economic growth contexts. It then zooms in on goals, characteristics, and likely issues of division of labor and resource allocation in planned degrowth circumstances. I argue that degrowth societies could use three measures to reduce the complexity of the division of labor that undermined socialist planning attempts. First, degrowth societies could immediately phase out the “excess sector” of production. Second, they could develop, under consideration of their institutional national traditions, pragmatic mixes of ex ante planning (assisted by digital solutions) of the “essential” economic sector and ex post or market regulation of the “in-between” sector. Finally, a parsimonious use of digital tools is likely to be helpful in connecting different scales of governance and associated planning activities (local, national, regional, global). To democratically legitimize planning goals and processes without overburdening people, pathways may be sought that emphasize value over formal rationality, or general planning principles and strategies over concrete targets and tasks. Democratic legitimacy could further increase through a complementation of representative democracy through deliberative instruments such as citizen forums or assemblies as well as applications of the subsidiarity principle.

A new generalized formulation of dielectric tensor for multi-species plasma with anisotropic drift product-bi-kappa distribution

It is well established that space plasmas often contain particle components with high-energy tails that approximately follow a power-law distribution in velocity space. Such superthermal distributions, particularly those with an excess of fast particles, are more accurately described by generalized Kappa (Lorentzian) distributions rather than Maxwellian distributions. We propose the product-bi-kappa (PBK) distribution as an alternative to the kappa-Maxwellian (KM) and bi-Maxwellian (BM) distributions, leading to a new linear transformation form of the dielectric tensor for multi-component plasmas. This method utilizes the rational form and multi-pole expansion of the plasma dispersion function to convert the dielectric tensor of multi-component PBK plasmas into a linear eigenvalue system in conjunction with Maxwell's equations. Our approach transforms the traditional numerical iteration process for solving the finite roots of the dielectric tensor from initial values into an eigenvalue problem within a new, complete linear system, thus enabling the simultaneous determination of all principal eigenvalues. Constructing the eigenvalue system for multi-component plasmas is crucial for developing new, comprehensive oblique propagation solvers for multi-species anisotropic drift plasmas, including PBK, KM, and BM plasmas. The detailed construction of the linear eigenvalue system is extensively discussed in this work.

INDIVIDUAL METHODOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE TAX STRATEGY OF THE ORGANIZATION

The article presents the existing methodological developments in the construction of the tax strategy of the organization, closely interrelated with tax optimization, tax planning, tax management. The principles of tax optimization proposed by scientists are studied. The stages of constructing the tax strategy of the organization are outlined as a conceptual view of individual scientists on the essence of tax strategizing. The elements of the tax management system are studied in detail and their functional role is disclosed. A modern list of tax optimization tools is systematized and their substantive characteristics are presented in detail, as well as their grouping is given relative to the stages of the life cycle of the organization. The article presents a grouping of tax optimization methods taking into account the criteria that have the greatest methodological value. The rational forms of tax planning proposed by researchers are described, ensuring the optimization of the totality of tax payments.

A multifaceted approach to understanding protein-buffer interactions in biopharmaceuticals

The excipient selection process plays a crucial role in biopharmaceutical formulation development to ensure the long-term stability of the drug product. Though there are numerous options approved by regulatory authorities, only a subset is commonly utilized. Previous research has proposed various stabilization mechanisms, including protein-excipient interactions. However, identifying these interactions remains challenging due to their weak and transient nature. In this study, we present a comprehensive approach to identify such interactions. Using the 1HT2 CPMG (Carr-Purcel-Meiboom-Gill) filter experiment we identified interactions of rituximab with certain buffers and amino acids, shedding light on its Fc fragment instability that manifested during the enzymatic cleavage of the antibody. Moreover, chemometric analyses of 2D NMR fingerprints revealed interactions of selected excipients with antibody fragments. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations revealed potential interacting hotspots without NMR spectra assignment. Our results highlight the importance of an orthogonal methods approach to uncovering these critical interactions, advancing our understanding of excipient stabilization mechanisms and rational formulation design in biopharmaceutics.

A reliable technique for nonlinear evolution equations with applications in mathematical physics

This study presents a reliable and precise solver for solving several kinds of nonlinear evolution equations. The subequation approach is the basic ingredient of this solver. In this regard, a solver is created to precisely resolve and depict the nonlinear evolution equations’ whole wave structures. This analysis offers the whole information obtained in the representation of solutions to these equations. The robust solver offers hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational forms of solutions. A set of test problems drawn from the literature are provided in order to validate the accuracy of the proposed solver. The solutions that were discovered could be useful for a vital recent applied science observations. The method that was demonstrated is a tool that mathematics, engineers, and physicists can use as a box solver. Theoretical analysis and reported solutions show that the suggested solver is suitable and efficacious.

Max Weber’s Outer World/Inner World and the Principle of Rationality

Max Weber (1864-1920) revealed his major Sociological observation, of the “Principle of Rationality”. The Principle of Rationality consisted of two social movements, Substantive (traditional culture/inner world) and Formal Rationality (modern society, Money Economy (Outer world).

Ternary Liquid-Liquid Equilibria in a Few Nonaqueous Two-Phase Systems

AbstractThe composition of coexisting phases for liquid-liquid and solid-liquid-liquid equilibria were measured at 298.2 and 313.2 K and under atmospheric pressure for the following systems: {sodium bromide + formamide + ethyl acetate}, {sodium thiocyanate + ethanol + (R)-limonene}, and {sodium thiocyanate + methanol + dibutyl ether}. These concentrations were determined mainly by chromatography and, for the first system, with the help of argentometric titration. The standard uncertainties in mole fractions varied between 0.001 and 0.008. The tie-line data were reproduced by the NRTL model with medium accuracy. Several empirical equations were used and tested to correlate binodal curves. The rational form of the equation, based on the liquid–liquid–solid tie-line, turned out to be the most adequate.