Organizational Forms Research Articles

Antecedents of Independent Directors on Joint Venture Boards

The presence of independent directors on corporate boards is often seen as an important means of monitoring to address principal-agent problems and of providing external resources and advice to management. In joint ventures (JVs), however, shareholder-management frictions can be lessened by appointing insiders to management and board positions, whereas access to valuable expertise, resources, and networks are provided by the partners themselves. A natural question, then, is why and when do partners appoint independent directors to JV boards? We argue that the appointment of independent directors to joint venture boards is primarily driven by principal-principal conflict considerations, which are unique in the joint venture context compared with conventional widely held corporations. Consistent with this argument, we find that the likelihood of appointing independent directors increases when JVs face more exchange hazards due to the competitive overlap between partners and the broader functional scope of the JV. However, given that JVs also have alternative governance mechanisms to mitigate shareholder conflicts, we also find that more complex contractual agreements can potentially substitute for independent directors on JV boards. Although relational governance is often highlighted as a key facet of JV governance, we do not find such a substitution effect for this supporting governance mechanism. Overall, our research therefore highlights several interesting domain translation issues when applying existing corporate governance insights to the joint venture setting. Our paper concludes with a call for future research on independent directors serving on JV boards, as JVs represent an organizational form that has been neglected in corporate governance research.

MEMBERSHIP IN CYBER FRIENDS AS A PROMISING ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORM OF PARTICIPATION OF CITIZENS OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS IN SECURITY PUBLIC ORDER

A new reality and a new type of social relations have formed in the information space, and, accordingly, a new type of social threats. The influence of the information space on the state of public security is obvious, which determines the need for citizens to assist law enforcement agencies in ensuring information security on the Internet, as well as in public places. This article substantiates the need to consolidate cyberdrugs as one of the promising organizational and legal forms of citizen participation in the protection of public order. The article examines the influence of the information space on the state of public safety and public order, as well as international experience and measures to counteract the influence of negative information on the considered public relations. The analysis allows us to consider cyberdrugs as a promising organizational and legal form of citizen participation in the protection of public order.

Some theoretical and practical problems of legal protection of occupational safety: national and international aspects

The academic article deals with certain issues of the theory and practice of regulatory regulation of labour protection in Ukraine. Main organisational and legal forms of occupational safety and health, as well as main tasks of labour protection management in the country, are defined. Philosophical, general scientific and special legal methods of cognition, including but not limited to formal-legal and comparative legal methods, were used for the research. It is noted that Ukraine’s health and safety situation is one of the most challenging in Europe. The authors also state that importance of the psychological climate in the workplace and its impact on the production process cannot be underestimated, so relevant measures in the context of its improvement are proposed. The article highlights certain aspects of labour protection regulation at the international legal level in general (ensured by the International Labour Organization) and at the level of the European Union in particular, as well as the impact of relevant standards on national legislation. The authors formulate proposals for improving the labour protection institute in modern economic conditions in Ukraine, including but not limited to: implementing innovative legal education and training programs focused on occupational safety and health;, creating/improving safe working conditions under martial law, including proper equipment of shelters for use during air raids; ensuring submission of a draft law on improving penalties for violations of labour protection legislation, which will increase employers’ responsibility for compliance with labour protection legislation. It is concluded that the occupational health and safety management system shall be based not only on measures taken by the state, but also on the interest of the parties to labour relations in maintaining the proper physical condition of the employee, which is inextricably linked to the economic and social well-being of the employer.

The Economic Cultures of Fear and Love

In earlier work, the author has studied the economic role of planning horizons in making a case for complementarity as the predominant feature of social interdependence. This paper compares the different choice strategies implied by substitution, opposition and conflicts of interest in an economics of fear with those arising from horizon effects, economic complementarity and concerts of interest in an economics based on love. The contrasting implications of a psychological literature on negative vs. positive emotions and their health effects, along with the findings in neurophysiological research about how humans are hard-wired for empathy and compassion leads to some fundamental changes in how we might address and revise social problems through economic analysis. The aim of this paper is to extend a horizonal case for complementarity in the author's previous work into its psychological links to research findings on healthy cognitive function and its emotional basis. An economics of substitution yields quite different conclusions about optimal institutional forms and how we address and frame social relations than are implied by an explicitly horizonal economics of complementary social relations. Recent psychological and neurophysiological studies support a horizonal case for complementarity in social relations, showing that our orthodox substitution assumptions and models of competitive equilibrium should be rejected for a renewed economic analysis based on horizonal models of complementarity and cooperation as a means to achieve greater social well-being in a healthier and more integrative form of social organization. The issues to be explored are not entertained within the currently existing frame of orthodox economics, so we must step beyond our standard habitual assumptions.

Non-profit organisations in the digital age: A research agenda for supporting the development of a digital transformation strategy

Digital transformation (DT) research is moving to new frontiers of investigation, exploring the nexus between multi-scale and multi-level stimuli and effects. This article contributes to the literature examining how DT phenomena affect multiple and connected ecosystems among industries, governments, economies, and societies. Identifying DT outcomes in a given context includes considering the organisations’ unequal development and digital presence. Non-profit organisations (NPOs) are flagships of a unique organisational nature based on non-distributional constraints and the primacy of nonfinancial outcomes. Assuming DT as a process that could improve, transform, or change an entity’s property, this research examines which specific aspects link to DT outcomes in the context of NPOs, investigating preconditions, value-creation structures, and strategic development. The study performs a meta-synthesis by developing a taxonomy of 124 journal articles strictly discussing DT in NPOs to identify objects and characteristics describing the debate. Subsequently, it questions the validity of adopting insights resulting from other organisational forms to study and develop DT strategies for NPOs by comparing two frameworks. This study contributes to the current body of knowledge by suggesting a lens of analysis helpful in assessing the (DT) value-creation structures of NPOs, a research agenda outlining future directions, and recommendations intended to support NPOs’ policymakers and managers in undertaking DT projects.

Competitivity Issues Related to Biobank Activity

The recent development of biomedical research and greater attention to the use of human bio-material has led to an increase in the number of studies devoted to biobanks. In considering the question of whether a biobank can be subject to insolvency, the present article discusses multiple points of view related to the legal status of biobanks according to which they are perceived either as an object or subject of law. From an analysis of the various organizational forms of biobank activity, the author argues that biobanks should be considered as subjects of law. Here considerations include accessing financial support from government, municipal, and other sources, the possibility of carrying out income-generating activities, mechanisms for the protection of obtained bio-material, the monitoring requirement related to entities carrying out such activities, and the possibility of recognizing such entities as insolvent. Based on the results of this research (including an analysis of the experience of foreign countries), the permissible organizational-legal forms that biobanks are instantiated, namely, public corporations, public-law companies, institutions, and public benefit funds. Because of the sensitivities involved, it is argued that such organizations should be of a non-profit character. In the light of the research question, special attention is paid to the form of a consortium. Due to the impossibility of liquidating the assets of biobank organizations in order to meet the claims of creditors, it is argued that such organizations cannot be declared insolvent.

Exploring the microfoundations of hybridity: A judgment-based approach

We explore the concept of organizational hybridity from the perspective of the Judgment-Based Approach to entrepreneurship (JBA). The JBA provides much-needed microfoundations for hybridity in the form of a more nuanced, action-based view of the market mechanism in shaping enterprises. Rather than a problem of conflicting logics at the organizational level, hybridity is redefined as entrepreneurial judgment at the individual level about combinations of monetary and psychic profit. Viewed this way, hybridity is a universal characteristic of real-world enterprises rather than a defining feature of a specific subset of them. This approach thus ultimately reshapes our understanding of hybridity and suggests an alternative view that is less conflictual and insular, and more conciliatory and integrated. It also sheds light on various problems facing such enterprises, including strategy formation, practical wisdom, normative pressures, mission drift, entrepreneurial groups, and public policy. Executive summaryHybrid enterprises are said to combine different logics or orientations within an organization. These logics are typically described as either economic or social, and are usually conceived as existing in inherent tension with each other; hence, hybrid enterprises are neither conventional monetary profit-seeking businesses nor purely social or charitable organizations, but some awkward, possibly paradoxical combination of both. The best-known and most frequently studied types of hybrids are social enterprises, which straddle the line between monetary profit-seeking and the pursuit of broader social goals or social value.The literature on hybrids is growing rapidly, but to date there has been little agreement over its fundamental concepts and frameworks, and key questions remain about the origins, meaning, and development of hybrids. There is particular debate about whether the different “logics” of hybrids are necessarily in tension or conflict, or whether they exist harmoniously, as complements. Are hybrids just another form of profit-seeking market organization? As organizations, are they puzzles to solve, or perhaps paradoxes to confront? Answering these questions is crucial for understanding of what hybrids are, how they work, and what their broader implications are for economy and society.We address to these debates by developing a new conceptual basis for studying hybrid enterprises. We argue that current controversies are usually the result of studying hybridity only at the organizational level. In response, we explore the microfoundations of hybridity, showing that what is called hybrid organizing simply reflects entrepreneurs' choices about how to pursue monetary profits and psychic profits. Drawing on the Judgment-Based Approach to entrepreneurship (JBA), we show how entrepreneurial decision-making constantly negotiates the boundaries of monetary calculation and profit-seeking and alternative, non-monetary goals such as providing social benefits. Understanding the interplay between the monetary and psychic profit leads to a more realistic and nuanced account of the causal foundations of hybridity, while also dispelling some confusions that have arisen in the literature. Ultimately, what is called hybridity at the organizational level is simply the result of entrepreneurial action at the individual level about combinations of profit.This approach leads to several notable results. First, it emphasizes that all enterprises are to some extent social and contain elements of what is called hybridity. Second, as a result, microfoundations challenge the importance of hybridity as such as a key construct. What is called hybridity is not a defining characteristic of certain organizations, but exists in all enterprises, and is a persistent aspect of entrepreneurial decisions regarding how to organize and restructure firms. Third, a micro-level approach dissolves the perceived tension between different logics in the enterprise, promoting a view that is less conflictual and insular, and more conciliatory and integrated. Fourth, microfoundations can help connect meso- and macro- level research as a way of encouraging a more comprehensive research program that includes all sizes and shapes of enterprise. Fifth, they also shed light on various problems facing enterprises of all types, including strategy formation, practical wisdom, normative pressures, mission drift, entrepreneurial groups, and public policy.

Abstract PO4-25-04: MHC Class I and II Expression, Functional Tertiary Lymphoid Structure (TLS), and Outcomes in Early-Stage HER2-Positive (HER2+) Breast Cancer in NCCTG N9831 (Alliance)

Abstract Background: Tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is an organized form of ectopic lymphoid aggregates (LA) with secondary lymphoid organ structure. Several studies showed that the presence of TLS associates with improved outcomes in multiple cancers when treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, data is currently limited regarding TLS and outcomes in HER2+ breast cancer patients (pts) treated with adjuvant trastuzumab. Furthermore, distinguishing TLS and simple LA is challenging in standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, particularly when the germinal center is absent. Emerging studies also showed the prognostic value of MHC expression in breast cancer but mainly in triple-negative breast cancer. In this study, we evaluated integrated pathological quantification and genomic data to assess functional TLS in association with MHC expression and outcomes in the N9831 trial. Methods: Pathological evaluation of LA in H&E slides from pts treated in Arm A (chemotherapy alone) and Arm C (chemotherapy with concurrent trastuzumab) in N9831 was performed. NanoString was used to quantify mRNA of MHC class I and II expression as well as TLS-related immune genes, including IFNG, ICOSLG, CXCL13, CXCR3, BCL6, IL21R, ICOS, PDCD1, CXCR5, CXCL9, TBX21, CD38, CXCL10, CLXCL11, IL21, CD200, CD19, MS4S1. Wilcoxon rank sum test, Chi-squared test, Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox regression model were used to evaluate the association between LA and baseline characteristics, MHC expression, and outcomes. Results: LA was evaluated in 526 pts in Arm A and 485 in Arm C. Greater number of LA was significantly associated with stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs), hormone receptor negative, and higher tumor grade, but not stage and age. Using multivariable Cox regression analysis, increasing numbers of LA were associated with improved recurrence-free survival in both arms combined (RFS, p 0.028). However, when evaluating each arm separately, LA was associated with improved RFS only in Arm A (HR 0.6, 95%CI 0.43-0.84, p 0.003) but not in Arm C (HR 0.72, 95%CI 0.47-1.1, p 0.134). We further evaluated TLS-related immune genes in 252 pts in Arm C with LA ≥ 1. As a continuous variable, higher expression of BCL6 (HR 0.61, 95%CI 0.41-0.92, p 0.019) and IL21R (HR 0.78, 95%CI 0.62-0.98, p 0.03) were associated with improved RFS in Arm C pts with LA ≥ 1. However, these genes were not significantly associated with outcomes in Arm C pts without LA with BCL6 (HR1.07, 95%CI 0.67-1.71, p 0.776) and IL21R (HR 0.96, 95%CI 0.71-1.29, p 0.775). Moreover, we evaluated differential gene expression between tumors with LA ≥ 1 with high BCL6 vs. LA 0. All MHC class I and II (HLA A, B, C, E, DQ, DM, DO, DP, and DQ) were significantly higher in tumors with LA ≥ 1 with high BCL6 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: A greater number of LA was associated with improved outcomes in pts with early-stage HER2+ breast cancer, particularly when treated with chemotherapy alone. Using histologic and genomic integration with the combination of pathological LA and TLS-related immune genes, we identified that pts with functional TLS with LA ≥ 1 and higher expression of BCL6 or IL21R had significantly improved outcomes when treated with trastuzumab. High MHC class I and II expressions are associated with the presence of functional TLS, underscoring the crucial role of antigen presentation in the generation of an effective adaptive immune response. Support: U10 CA180821, U10 CA180882, U24 CA196171, https://acknowledgments.alliancefound.org; Genentech; Clinicaltrials.gov Id: NCT00005970 Citation Format: Saranya Chumsri, Tracy Shachner, Zhuo Li, Nadine Norton, Alvaro Moreno-Aspitia, Gerardo Colon-Otero, Edith Perez, Aziza Nassar, E. Thompson, Keith Knutson. MHC Class I and II Expression, Functional Tertiary Lymphoid Structure (TLS), and Outcomes in Early-Stage HER2-Positive (HER2+) Breast Cancer in NCCTG N9831 (Alliance) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO4-25-04.

Контаминация фразеологизмов как средство речевой характеристики персонажей в романе М.А. Шолохова «Поднятая целина»

This article dwells on the contamination of phraseological units in Mikhail Sholokhov’s works using his novel Virgin Soil Upturned as an example. The writer pays much attention to the choice of language units and the ways of their organization in the context. One of the most striking features of his style is the concentrated use of phraseological units within a short text fragment. Based on semantic identification and component analysis, it is concluded that the created sets of phraseological units are connected by paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations, which determine their interaction and the degree of influence on each other as well as contribute to structural and semantic contamination. The characters’ speech in the novel contains phraseological units that have been contaminated. Sholokhov’s use of contaminated units to describe characters allows us to identify such characteristics as their social status and level of education, as well as emotional state, temperament, etc. The image is being detailed, expanded and refined by shifting accents and adding semes and connotations. Sholokhov combines the features of various phraseological units, thus enhancing the aesthetic function of the text. Such categorical properties of phraseological units as integrity of meaning and constancy of structure as well as imagery and expressiveness of the original phraseological unit are reinterpreted and transformed during contamination, thereby updating the image and intensifying the aesthetic potential of language units in the context and, consequently, in the text as a whole. Contamination of phraseological units, which is a result of their concentrated use, in Sholokhov’s works is nothing other than a conscious departure from the traditional forms of text organization, aimed at achieving creative goals and implementing the author’s idea. Further research in this area may be of interest to specialists dealing with stylistics, text theory, phraseology and the study of linguistic personality.

National security as a comprehensive notion, state security from the aspect of international law and its political manifesto

Abstract Although the perception of state security differs from country to country, it tends to be a single document, addressing at least three basic themes: The role of the state in the international system; the challenges and opportunities perceived inside and outside the country and; the responsibilities of implementation actors to address these challenges and opportunities. The first theme seeks to define the state’s vision for the international system, as well as the role played by the state in that system. This requires to take into account the interests and values of the state, structures, management and decision-making processes. This usually culminates in a long-term vision where the future state and society belong. Another topic is risk assessment, current and future opportunities. In theory this should include both internal and external risks although in practice many National Security Policy focus on external risks and opportunities. Attitudes and preferences are also politically addressed as they connect with international security partners, which can lead to the emergence of opportunities for cooperation. Historically speaking, national security as a concept is an idea of modern society, the first premises of the concept of national security date back to the 17th century during the Thirty Years’ War in Europe and the Civil War in England. In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia was concluded, in which the foundations were laid for the idea that the nation or state should have control and sovereignty not only in matters of religion, but also in external security. The idea of the nation state is common today, let’s say that all the countries of the world are nation states, however it would be wrong to assume that this is the only way to ensure national security in isolation from international security. The pre-Westphalian international system was based on the assumption that there was a universal principle governing the affairs of states led by emperors, popes, kings and princes. That was indeed the principle of the Holy Roman Empire. This idea was challenged by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), who revived the idea of a universal principle not in the old religious context, but of a secular (non-religious) state inspired by the Enlightenment. National states must subordinate their national interests to universal interests for the common good and be guided by international law. Thus, was born a secular view of the institution of the state over the nation, through which international affairs are managed, which today is reflected in the global worldview of liberalism, internationalism and is more clearly manifested under the auspices of the United Nations (UN). The new idea of the nation state had a different approach. Peace and stability would be better served if people did not kill each other, but were guided by a universal principle. It would be far better to have an international system based on a balance of nation states committed to limited national goals. When we talk about the security components of the state, we need to know what the state actually is and what the security risk factors that threaten it are. In this sense, when it comes to security risks, the biggest threat is aggression. The state is the basic and most important form of organization of any class society. A state is a territory with its inhabitants, which the government holds under its authority in a uniquely compact way. The National Security Policy (NSP) is a framework document that describes how the country provides security for the country and its citizens and is often presented as a generalized document. This document can also be called a plan, strategy, concept or doctrine. NSP has a role for the present and for the future, because it outlines the basic interests of the country and defines guidelines for dealing with risks and current and future opportunities. Of course, NSPs are in a superior hierarchy to other security policies, such as military doctrine, internal security strategy, etc., which deal with agency-based national security or specific issues. The NSP is also distinguished by this policy from a number of topics it deals with and tries to outline both internal and external risks. Finally, it tries to integrate and coordinate the contributions of national security actors in relation to the interests and risks that are considered most important. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom, France and China, do not have a separate and unique NSP document, but rely on defense policy or in “white papers” - project policy documents, which focus only on national protection. Many states do not publish their policy documents or do not have written comprehensive policies for security or protection.

ENUMERATION AS A MEANS TO STRUCTURE THE INSTITUTES DOMAIN WITHIN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN ENGLISH ECONOMIC DISCOURSE

The paper examines the concept of enumeration from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, focusing on economic discourse as its subject matter. Enumeration serves as a tool for organizing and representing professional conceptual information. This cognitive approach to the study of enumeration involves analyzing both homogeneous and heterogeneous enumerative sequences. In economic discourse, homogeneous enumerative series consist of elements within the same semantic field, typically representing economic sectors of human activity. Conversely, heterogeneous enumerative series indicate the intersection of various spheres of human activity within the economic context.The structure of enumerative series in economic discourse has two main components: linear and hierarchical. The linear structure is characterized by elements arranged in direct sequence. In this study, linear enumerations are identified by the presence of two or more elements, with the most effective and accurate information transfer occurring in three-component structures. Additionally, the study notes enumerative block. As a result of the enumerative elements of the main enumerative series is subdivided into a subordinate system were defined series analysis such domains of the economic cases where a sentence contains multiple enumerative series. In case of a hierarchical structure one of the as: the processes domain, the institutes domain, the instruments domain and the indicators domain. The institutes domain is analysed in this paper. The study of homogeneous enumerative series within the institutes domain facilitates differentiation of institutions by type and form of economic activity. The types identified include financial institutions, companies (such as insurance companies and private non-farm establishments), with cooperatives serving as one form of organizational activity. The analysis of heterogeneous enumerative series revealed a more varied set of institutional types, encompassing companies like insurance companies, along with various organizational forms of economic activity, such as partnerships, trade unions, and trade associations. Overall, this research establishes the role of both homogeneous and heterogeneous enumerative series in structuring texts and conceptualizing content within economic discourse.

Wybrane aspekty indywidualnego udziału społeczeństwa w postępowaniach wymagających udziału społeczeństwa

The Polish legislator pays a lot of attention to both the legal aspects of running a business and environmental protection. Against this background, there have been numerous disputes between entrepreneurs and the community. In order to ensure the possibility of public participation in environmental protection, the legislator adopted the Act of 3 October 2008 on the provision of information about the environment and its protection, public participation in environmental protection and environmental impact assessments. It provides for two possibilities for public participation in environmental protection. A well-known form is the participation of citizens’ associations in the form of environmental organizations. From the citizen’s point of view, individual participation is more important, because everyone has the opportunity to take part in administrative proceedings or in the preparation of a document. However, not all provisions have been clearly formulated, which may cause problems in the application of the act.

Theoretical Debate Over the Relationship Between Ideology and Practical Politics

Political ideology is based on beliefs, values, and principles guiding the preferred form of government and societal organization. While providing coherence and direction for political parties, ideologies often clash with the pragmatic realities of governance. Practical politics prioritizes pragmatic considerations over ideological principles, focusing on achieving realistic goals through compromise and negotiation. This tension underscores the dynamic nature of political theory and practice, where ideological ideals must adapt to real-world complexities. The clash between ideological ideals and pragmatic necessities in governance underscores the dynamic nature of political theory and practice. Scholarly research explores this interplay, highlighting debates on the relationship between ideology and practical politics. The study highlights the complexity of navigating the interplay between ideological frameworks and practical considerations in political decision-making. It acknowledges the challenges inherent in reconciling abstract principles with the exigencies of governance. It analyses political ideology theories imperative for policymakers to balance ideological commitments and pragmatic policies. This research comprehensively explores theoretical approaches to the relationship between ideology and practical politics, shedding light on the ongoing discourse within political theory and its implications for effective governance.

Review of the book „Statutul juridic și rolul organizaţiilor nonguvernamentale în guvernările democratice” [The legal status and role of non-governmental organizations in democratic governments], Author – Ciprian Gabriel Ungureanu, LUMEN Publishing, Iasi, 2024

The present article represents a book review of the volume „Statutul juridic și rolul organizaţiilor nonguvernamentale în guvernările democratice” [The legal status and role of non-governmental organizations in democratic governments], authored by Ciprian Gabriel Ungureanu, published byLumen Publishing, in 2024. The work of the author Ciprian Gabriel Ungureanu reflects the concerns for the regulation of constitutional law analyzed through the lens of domestic law and the applicable comparative law in this field. His volume highlights the study of some aspects related to the role and functions of civil society, the organizational forms of civil society, the legal status of non-governmental organizations and the comparable element of non-governmental organizations in Romania and the Republic of Moldova (Ungureanu, 2015).

Nemzetközi Rendészeti Figyelő XIII.

Aim: Keeping up with the international law enforcement literature sometimes runs the risk of bringing together disparate topics in a single publication, as the theme of this issue of the Observer demonstrates. We can be convinced that, while our war-torn planet is giving priority to the centralised state police model, municipal police forces and community policing, which continue to be models at the forefront of strengthening local public security, must not lose their importance. Civil associations, which are an essential part of local security, are not far removed from the principle of decentralisation, and in our country they are embodied in the civil police. At the same time, migration flows, which have become a global phenomenon since 2015, continue to preoccupy the practice of law enforcement administration as well as theory. Only while the former sees illegal migration as a security and cultural threat, the latter cannot forget the humanity-driven protection of refugees. Nor can the fight against terrorism be left off the agenda, especially where these dramatic conflicts are accompanied by the rearrangement of different civilisational cultures. Lastly, the future role of artificial intelligence, for example in areas such as justice, cannot be ignored. Methodology: The authors of the studies primarily rely on empiricism to present the regularities of their research subject, but they also draw on methods tried and tested in the social sciences, especially in sociology, such as interviews and various questionnaires. There is also a lesson to be learned from the fact that the literature, mainly in English, also tries to develop a clear conceptual apparatus, as we have seen in the case of police research in Hungary. Findings: In his review of community policing, Kálmán Etter writes: ‘The publication reveals a specific form of organisation, in which community policing is a group of a few professional police officers and civil servants, operating in individual towns or in the urban areas of larger cities.’ Zsolt Lippai sums up the efforts of citizens to ensure public safety and the tasks of police science: ‘The increasing involvement of non-state actors in the creation of security and the use of methods other than those traditionally used in what might be called “traditional” policing have given rise to a number of theoretical and practical questions which police researchers are called upon to answer.’ Bernadett Bacsó draws attention to a little-studied consequence of migration: ‘In recent years, migration, especially migration driven by young men, has changed the gender balance in destination countries, as this trend leads to a lack of potential female partners.’ The main aim of the study was to build a picture of what Americans think about current issues such as national security, terrorism, counter-terrorism policies, immigration and religion. Tamás Pressburger cites the perceptions of US citizens about terrorism, but also what motivates these views: ‘Based on the experiment, the author concludes that when white subjects are informed that whites are projected to become a demographic minority in the United States by 2060, they are more likely to endorse the use of torture against suspected terrorists.’ Katalin Erdélyi's review highlights the controversial role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the administration of justice: ‘The author's conclusion in this excellent article is that the coexistence of AI and human judges risks a covert transfer of decision-making power.’ It could also be argued that the computer cannot take over the formation of internal judicial convictions because only humans can do that. Value: The modern rule of law makes humanity a core value. The studies to which issue XIII of the Observer draws attention, not infrequently accompanied by concern, represent this value system.

Theoretical aspects og the implementation of models of innovative development of Ukrainian tourist enterprises

The purpose of the article is to generalize, systematize, and analyze the leading theoretical approaches to the formation and implementation of innovative models at tourist enterprises, as well as to determine the features of the process of forming the innovation management strategy of a tourist enterprise. The methodological basis of the proposed article is a systematic approach using general scientific and special economic methods of cognition, for example: comparative analysis during research on the need to apply innovative marketing at tourist enterprises. Scientific novely. The current state and directions of innovative development of enterprises in the field of tourism were studied, the main directions of innovative development of enterprises in the field of tourism and recreation were determined. An innovative type of development of tourist enterprises is proposed through the formation of a generalmodel of innovative development, which will make it possible to conduct further research on the example of specific tourist enterprises and offer recommendations for its implementation. Conclusions. Social aspects were analyzed and organizational forms of innovative directions of development of tourist enterprises were identified, which cannot be implemented without ensuring the effective functioning of the relevant organizational forms, including state authorities and local self-government; scientific and educational institutions; local communities and other communities; tourist enterprises and organizations; institutions in the field of service, transport and other networks; technical service institutions, consulting organizations; destinations; mass media, etc. Mechanisms of implementation of administrative and management and informational directions of innovative development of tourism and recreation are considered in detail. It was determined that the main directions of innovation are related to ensuring higher efficiency of management processes, increasing consumer loyalty, brand formation, etc. At the same time, technological innovations come to the fore, which is associated with the rapid development of information and communication technologies and their wide application in this field.

The interaction of concepts and laws of system development in the economic analysis of business entities' activities

Subject. The increasing complexity of business operation processes and rising expectations of stakeholders require rethinking the content of economic analysis of business entities’ activities. Objectives. The study aims at assessing the impact of interaction of modern concepts and laws of system development on the economic analysis of business entities’ activities. Methods. The study employs logical and systems approaches, methods of grouping, comparison, generalization, analysis, and synthesis. We apply the matrix method in the economic analysis to identify the results of interaction of the concepts under consideration and the laws of system development. Results. The analysis demonstrated that the methodology of economic analysis should be geared to solving theoretical and practical issues of the activities of business entities that take into account the transformation of business processes under the influence of digitalization, the emergence of new forms of business organization and management technologies with a focus on harmonious development, the increase in information flows and the complexity of economic information processing, systematization, and transmission. Conclusions. The economic analysis has gradually transformed into an integrated and interdisciplinary scientific discipline aimed at disclosing the problems of business processes and developing possible solutions, which ultimately boils down to developing the most rational courses of action that meet the requirements of stakeholders. The methodology of economic analysis itself is directly dependent on the laws of development and the concepts under consideration. This requires considering the manifestations of their interaction in the development of information and analytical support for the management of economic entities.

The business of city-building. Long-term change and continuity in the construction sector (Brussels, 1830–1970)

The construction sector has long been underrepresented in business historical studies and debates. While an application of the “historical alternatives to mass production” approach has provided a valuable conceptual framework, this paper offers a still-needed quantitative basis to assess actual long-term changes and continuities in the forms of business organization and entrepreneurship in construction. A database of c. 16,700 construction enterprises in Brussels between 1830 and 1970, drawn from trade directories and fiscal registers, uncovers evolutions in sectoral and subsectoral numbers of enterprises, firm sizes, and rates of company formation. Thus, the growing divergence at the core of the construction industry becomes clear. Industrialization and urbanization led to market concentration, firm growth, and incorporation with some capital-intensive enterprises, whereas the variability of the work on the construction site resulted, with many others, in the persistence of labor-intensive processes, and small-scale, flexible, and informal forms of business organization.

An Analysis of Indian Overseas Bank's Case Study on the Conceptual Framework of Lending Technologies for Financing Small and Medium-sized Businesses

This to examine the Indian Overseas Bank’s credit facilities MSMEs with various financing options available and also examine the constraints in credit facilities. The sample respondents was 90, which comprised of seventy-one manufacturing enterprises and nineteen service enterprise respondents. Statistical tools such as Percentage analysis, Chi-square Test, factor analysis was used to analyse the data. The study revealed that, among manufacturing enterprise and service enterprise respondents, majority (67.60 per cent and 57.89 per cent) were small entrepreneurs. in middle age group (37.78 per cent). About 40 per cent were graduates and 78.89 per cent were sole proprietors. There was a significant association between type of business and age group, form of organization and business experience. 98 per cent of respondents were aware about term loan of which 65.90 per cent availed loan. 91 per cent of the respondents were aware of working capital finance of which 70.73 per cent availed loan. Bank officers (67.77 per cent) were main source of information. The source of finance (64.44 per cent) was IOB loan. They were willing to avail loan amount of Rs. 1-10 lakhs for two years. Maximum respondents repaid 25-50 per cent of loan. Difficulties faced by the customers in availing credit facilities were grouped under seven factors. Top five ranks were given to the statements such as; network of bank branches is not good, no wide range of services, non-availability of timely rehabilitation finance, lack of dissemination of information and lack of MSME loan processing centres at key locations. Majority of the respondents suggested for specialized branches of MSMEs (40 per cent).

The Law of Social Enterprises: Surveying a New Field of Research

Social enterprises are becoming increasingly popular across the globe. They are seen, particularly by younger generations, as an exceptionally promising organizational model. More recently, the idea to tackle social challenges with entrepreneurial means has also been met warmly by policymakers. However, the legal framework for social enterprises remains poorly developed and legal analysis of the subject matter in academia is only slowly gaining momentum. Against this background, this article outlines the multifaceted, real-world phenomenon of social enterprises in business practice and management research, whereby different patterns of thought in Europe on the one hand and in the United States on the other can be identified. It then introduces the (corporate) law of social enterprises, especially the development of new organizational forms, and takes stock of this gradually emerging field of research in Germany, Europe, and the United States. Furthermore, it addresses research perspectives and open questions in the new field of social enterprise law, highlighting, inter alia, that one should distinguish more strongly than before between different models of social enterprises and organizational forms when considering a new legislative creation.