Cream Formulation Research Articles

Identification of 2,4-Di-tert-Butylphenol as an Antimicrobial Agent Against Cutibacterium acnes Bacteria from Rwandan Propolis

Background/Objectives: Acne is the most prevalent dermatological condition among humans, affecting approximately 80% of adolescents during puberty. To date, numerous compounds have been used for acne treatment, including erythromycin ointments and antiseptics, with varying degrees of success. The emergence of erythromycin-resistant C. acnes strains has spurred the search for new antimicrobial agents, particularly from natural sources. Methods: Propolis collected in Rwanda was extracted and fractionated by flash chromatography and tested against C. acnes growth by using NCLSI recommendations. Results: In our research, we identified a molecule, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) which inhivbited the C. acnes growth at a concentration of 16 µg/mL. Based on these results, we formulated an ointment (1%) using OFAP18 and petroleum jelly for the potential treatment of acne using a mouse model. Conclusions: In vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that 2,4-DTBP has anti-inflammatory properties and could effectively manage the overgrowth of C. acnes as well as serve as a potent alternative for the formulation of an active propolis ointment for acne treatment.

Impact of tiger nut milk as a substitute for cow milk on the rheological, physiochemical, and organoleptic properties of functional ice cream

AbstractTiger nuts are an excellent food choice due to their rich mineral, fiber, and antioxidant content. Tiger nut milk was replaced by 25, 50, 75, and 100% of cow’s milk in the ice cream mixture. The impact of substituting cow milk with tiger nut milk on the physicochemical, rheological, and organoleptic properties of ice cream was examined. Adding tiger nut milk in a combination resulted ice cream mixes with more fiber and antioxidants and a lower protein and ash levels compared to the control (100% cow milk). Ice cream with tiger nut milk was higher in Fe and Zn than that of control. Dynamic viscosity values of ice cream mixes with tiger nut milk were decreased with increasing values of the applied shear rate compared to the control. All functional ice cream formulations with tiger nut milk showed higher specific gravity and melting rate with lower overrun percentages than the control. Regarding taste and flavor, structure, texture, and melting in the mouth, there is no appreciable difference between the T25, T50, and control treatments. Therefore, cow’s milk can be replaced with tiger nut milk up to 50% in the ice cream industry to raise the nutritional value and functional properties.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Footcream

Skin diseases are numerous and a frequently occurring health problem affecting all ages from the neonates to the elderly and cause harm in number of ways. If the cracks in the heels are deep, they can be painful, hurting when a person stands up, and they may sometimes bleed. Some wild plants and their parts are frequently used to treat these diseases. Herbal crack cream contains the extracts of the plantconsists of five ingredients viz., extract of Daruharida (Berberisaristata DC.), Pashanbheda (Bergenialigulata (Wall.) Engl.), Jivanti (Leptadeniareticulata W. & A.), kampilak (Mallotusphilippensis Muell.-Arg.), Manjistha (Rubiacordifolia Linn.) were used to prepare Herbal crack cream. The main objective of the research work was to prepare and evaluate Herbal crack cream and the results showed that Herbal crack cream passeall Parameters related to cream and TLC of formulated cream and extract showed that the tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids were found to be present in mentioned medicinal plants. These days, skin conditions are a major cause of illness for people of all ages. If someone has a crack in their foot's heel, it hurts and is quite uncomfortable. Environmental factors contribute to the growth of germs and fungi on human skin. This factor is taken into account when creating HERBALFOOTCREAM. That cream's function is to hydrate the heel, and its emulsion is w/o type (cold cream). Cold cream works by producing an oily coating on the skin that aids in reducing water loss from the skin to the environment. Water serves to hydrate and refresh the skin while beeswax and cocoa butter work as emollients, which aid to soften and smooth the skin. The key ingredient in these formulations is argan oil, which has vitamin E and is healthy for the skin since it hydrates. Neem extract also has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Lemongrass essential oil is used in fragrances. This cream is homogeneous, spread sreadily, and is naturally fatty. This is W/O emulsion and with anacidic pH (within the range of skin pH). There was no phase separation in this cream. • The main aim of our research was to develop on anti-cracked heels cream formulation consisting of hedychium spicatum, aleo bar, badensis azodirachta indica for the treatment of cracked heels. Skin diseases are numerous and frequently occurring health problem affecting all age from neonate to the elderly and cause harm in number of ways. • The skin is external exposure of the body. The ageing is most visible on the skin. Nowadays, premature ageing is a big complication in the world because of the changes in an environment. Feet is important part of body; they suffer from many frictions. The lack of oil gland in the feet skin which results into very dry skin. External penetration of dirt, fungus, bacteria cause cuts and wounds. Bacterial decomposition is also occurred in foot give bad odour. For these purpose herbal foot cream is prepared. • This herbal foot cream is prepared from Argan oil (good for dry skin), Neem extract (antibacterial & antifungal effects), Aloe vera extract (for hydration) and lemongrass oil (fragrance). Other than synthetic compound, herbs have more effective, low cost, more availability, and less side effects. Here, ARGAN OIL have good property which give protection to the skin and lemongrass oil is having a good fragrance. Argan oil contains vitamin E which is known as anti-inflammatory agent in skin and several studies proves that vit E is good in seal up the cracks caused by dryness..

Formulation, Evaluation and Medicinal Properties of Medicated Herbal Cream Containing Extract of Tridax Procumbens

At present, herbal medicine has a great impact on human health and diseases herbal medicine plays an important role in general aspects such as economy and medicine. The use of this herbal medicine is increasing day by day due to its quality, efficacy and safety. The present study explored a novel formulation containing extracts of Tridax procumbens, Ficus religiosa, Azadirachta indica and Curcuma longa in cream form (O/W). The formulation was characterized by determining the pharmaceutical properties such as pH, appearance, viscosity, spreadability, etc. The chemical constituents such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, etc. were detected using identification assays. The cream formulation was designed using excipients such as stearyl alcohol, beeswax, sorbitol monooleate, methylparaben, propylparaben and liquid paraffin. Compared with the control drug, the herbal drug was found to be safer. While allergy medications are associated with some side effects, the formulation of cream is much better than other formulations in terms of absorption and penetration of the active ingredient in the tropics.

Therapeutic effects of acyclovir and acyclovir-clobetasol nanofibers vs. cream formulation for recurrent herpes labialis

ObjectivesThis study aims to compare the therapeutic effects of acyclovir nanofiber and acyclovir-clobetasol nanofiber formulations with their non-nano formulations (cream formulation) on recurrent labial herpes.Materials and methodsEighty patients with labial herpes lesions were divided into four groups, each receiving one of the following treatments: acyclovir-clobetasol nano patch, acyclovir-clobetasol cream, acyclovir nano patch, or acyclovir cream. Pain levels and recovery times were assessed. The Wilcoxon test compared pain levels, while the log-rank test compared healing and scabbing times.ResultsAcyclovir-clobetasol nanofiber and cream, along with acyclovir nanofiber, significantly reduced symptoms compared to the acyclovir cream. The recovery and scabbing times were shorter in patients who received acyclovir-clobetasol formulations compared to those receiving acyclovir alone.ConclusionAcyclovir-clobetasol combinations accelerated recovery times compared to acyclovir alone. Additionally, nanofiber formulations demonstrated enhanced healing efficacy over cream formulations.Trial registrationThis trial was retrospectively registered by Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) at 14/11/2023. Trial Registration number: IRCT20230926059521N1.

Formulation of Ethanol Extract Cream of Sikkam Leaves (Bischofia javanica Blume) as an Antifungal Against Candida albicans

Skin health issues in Indonesia, including those caused by fungal infections such as (Candida albicans), can lead to various conditions like candidiasis, scabies, tungiasis, and leprosy. This study aims to evaluate the potential of sikkam leaf extract in developing an antifungal cream to combat (Candida albicans). Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that cannot photosynthesize and reproduce through branching filaments composed of hyphae. Fungi can thrive in diverse environments such as water, soil, and decaying organic matter. A cream is a semi-solid emulsion preparation in which one or more medicinal substances are dissolved or dispersed within a base. This formulation determines the cream’s effectiveness, including the optimal ethanol extract concentration needed for antifungal activity. Extraction of sikkam leaves was conducted using maceration with 70% ethanol, and creams were formulated with extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The study results showed that sikkam leaf-based creams meet quality standards, including organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and physical stability. Effectiveness testing indicated that creams with 5%, 10%, and 15% concentrations produced inhibition zones against (Candida albicans) with average diameters of 6.3 mm, 9 mm, and 15.3 mm, respectively. The higher the extract concentration, the stronger the inhibition of fungal growth. The cream with a 15% concentration proved to be the most effective, with inhibition classified as strong. Thus, sikkam leaf extract shows potential as a key ingredient for antifungal cream formulations.

Overview of the human papilloma virus: types and its treatment

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in the United States and one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted infections (STDs) globally. Warts are cutaneous and occasionally mucous lesions brought on by HPV, with 2-20% of elementary school students getting them. There are three types of warts: non-genital warts, flat warts, and plantar warts. Non-genital warts are hyperkeratotic, exophytic, dome-shaped papules or plaques commonly associated with HPV-1, 2, 4, 27, or 57. Flat warts appear as flesh-coloured, erythematous to brown, or hyperpigmented smooth papules with a flat top and a diameter of 2 to 5 mm. Plantar warts, also known as verrucae plantaris, are cutaneous lesions on the plantar aspect of the foot that result from a human papillomavirus infection of keratinocytes (HPV).Genital warts are transmitted through sexual contact, while autoinoculation and vertical transfer do occasionally happen. After engaging in sexual activity with an infected partner, about 70% of people experience anogenital warts. Treatment for HPV includes imiquimod cream formulations, photodynamic treatment (PDT), green tea, chemical cautery, fluorouracil cream, cryotherapy, and surgical treatment. Common warts are hyperkeratotic, exophytic, dome-shaped papules or plaques commonly found in fingers, dorsal surfaces of hands, knees, or elbows. Flat warts are flesh-coloured, erythematous to brown, or hyperpigmented smooth papules with a flat top and a diameter of 2 to 5 mm. Plantar warts are unique in their location and appearance, primarily affecting high-pressure locations on the palms and soles and are uniquely linked to HPV type 1.

Hydrogel-Embedded Polydimethylsiloxane Contact Lens for Ocular Drug Delivery.

Topical administration is the commonly preferred method of administering ophthalmic formulations, with the majority of available medications in the form of eye drops or ointments. However, the topical application of ophthalmological medications has less bioavailability and a short residence time because of the physiological and anatomical constraints of the eye, making efficient ophthalmic drug delivery a challenging task. Microfluidic contact lenses have the advantage of delivering drugs into the eye in a controlled and on-demand manner. Here, we showcase the use of hydrogel-embedded microcavities on PDMS-based contact lenses for ocular drug delivery applications. The fabrication technique adopted here is the spontaneous formation of the spherical cavity by hydrogel monomer droplet, followed by the simultaneous thermal curing of hydrogel and PDMS, creating a spherical cavity as small as 150 μm. The spherical cavity is embedded with pH-responsive hydrogel for on-demand drug delivery. The drug loaded in the hydrogel matrix is released into the ocular environment by diffusion. The spherical cavity with a narrow opening restricts the diffusion to a minimum under normal ocular pH conditions(pH > 6). When the ocular pH reduces (pH < 6), the pH-responsive hydrogel inside the spherical cavity deswell and accelerates the drug release.

Use of Mucilage from Opuntia ficus-indica in the Manufacture of Probiotic Cream Cheese

Cream cheese is a type of fresh cheese with a thin consistency with great potential for adding probiotics. However, artificial thickeners have been used in its production, decreasing consumer satisfaction. This study suggests natural mucilage, specifically from the Cactaceae Opuntia ficus-indica, as a replacement for artificial thickeners due to its thick gelatinous properties. This study evaluated different cream cheese formulations by adding varying concentrations of Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage and the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). Four formulations were created: formulation C (control, without mucilage), F1 (containing 1 mL/kg mucilage), F2 (2 mL/kg), and F3 (3 mL/kg mucilage). The physicochemical characteristics (pH, 4.90–5.57; 0.15–0.20% acidity; 1.78–2.42% protein; 29.98–30.88% fat; 38.27–41.63% moisture; and 1.25–1.63% ash) and microbiological analysis met the quality standards required by Brazilian legislation, and the cream cheese showed probiotic potential, with L. acidophilus counts above 108 CFU/mL within four weeks of storage. Regarding sensory evaluation, the texture received one of the highest scores (7.89), followed by aroma (7.11). Therefore, the Cactaceae mucilage has proven to be a viable alternative to replace artificial thickeners in cream cheese, making it an excellent option for probiotic supplementation.

Bacterial cellulose infusion: A comprehensive investigation into textural, tribological and temporal sensory evaluation of ice creams

The study examines how adding bacterial cellulose also referred to as Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY) to ice cream affects the textural, tribological, and sensory attributes, particularly texture and mouthfeel perception. Analytical assessments were performed on three types: SCOBY-added ice cream and two reference samples (control and guar gum-added ice creams). Evaluations included physicochemical properties, textural and tribological characteristics, and dynamic sensory mouthfeel using the temporal dominance of sensation (TDS) methodology. SCOBY ice cream showed higher probiotics content, lower pH, and higher acidity than reference samples. The addition of SCOBY increased hardness and altered the textural properties. TDS analysis highlighted distinct temporal dominance patterns, with guar gum ice cream presenting a pronounced mouth/residual coating pre-swallowing, while SCOBY and control ice cream exhibited a thin/fluid perception. The frictional factor at 37 °C was positively correlated with the melting rate, graininess, and thin/fluid perception while negatively correlated with firmness, smoothness and mouthfeel liking. Additionally, the mouthfeel liking was higher with firm, smooth and mouth/residual coating sensations and lower with grainy and thin/fluid perception. In summary, incorporating SCOBY in ice cream formulations can provide health benefits and meet consumer preferences for natural ingredients, while ensuring careful optimization of mouthfeel.

Electrospun fiber patches for inflammatory skin diseases – Correlating in vitro drug release with ex vivo permeation

In this proof-of-concept study, we aimed to develop an anti-inflammatory patch that in contrast to the semi-solid standard therapy is dry and non-greasy, and only needs to be changed once a day due to continuous release of the active ingredient over 24 h. While fiber materials for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases have been reported in the literature, the majority of studies focuses solely on material characterization including in vitro release studies; however, there is a lack of ex vivo permeation studies as well as comparison with standard therapy. However, such experiments are crucial to deduct the potential efficacy of the drug delivery system, as skin absorption of the drug may be the rate-limiting step and not the drug release. Therefore, we set out to investigate different types of electrospun fiber systems based on polycaprolactone, a polymer with a well-established safety profile widely used for fabricating electrospun patches. The electrospun fiber patches were loaded with the anti-inflammatory drug hydrocortisone and characterized not only for their drug release properties, but for the first time also for their skin permeation and retention as well as their cytocompatibility and anti-inflammatory properties on human skin. While in the release studies, the layer-by-layer fiber system proved to be best suited for an application time of 24 h, this was not reflected in the permeation studies, where all fiber systems showed a similar skin permeation and retention of the drug. In our study set-up, a comparison with standard cream formulations revealed that electrospun fibers offer an advantage in terms of the permeated amount of hydrocortisone. Overall, this study supports the importance of conducting comparisons with standard therapies and, additionally, confirms that electrospun fibers are a promising dosage form for the controlled release of anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.

Acne and rosacea: similarities and differences. A review

Acne and rosacea are frequently encountered in the clinical practice of a dermatologist. These diseases can develop simultaneously in the same patient. Most often, the erythematous form of rosacea is combined with acne. Because of the similarity of clinical manifestations with acne, the diagnosis of rosacea can be easily missed. Common pathogenetic factors in the 2 diseases are thought to be genetics, alterations in the microbiome, immune disorders, and skin barrier dysfunction. There are few works addressing the relationship between acne and rosacea. A recent study identified a number of common differentially expressed genes, including interleukin-1B and matrix metalloproteinase 9, and showed that gamma delta T cells may play an important role in the development of both diseases. Despite the common pathogenesis and the similarity of some clinical manifestations (papules and pustules), acne and rosacea must be distinguished. In rosacea, there is persistent facial erythema induced by vasoregulatory neutropeptides, whereas in acne, the inflammatory process is due to excess sebum and changes in the skin microbiome. Isotretinoin is used for systemic therapy of both diseases. The drug affects the level of some cytokines, including inhibiting the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9. In addition, it reduces sebum production in acne, and due to its ability to alter the skin microenvironment, it can reduce Propionibacterium acnes in acne and Demodex folliculorum in rosacea. Daily and cumulative doses for rosacea and acne will differ, as will topical therapy for these conditions. For acne, the combination of clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide is well established for the treatment of acne, allowing rapid meaningful clinical effect. In rosacea, metronidazole in cream form, which has better tolerability, is recommended as a topical agent. In patients suffering from both diseases simultaneously, a combination of clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide should be used to relieve acute inflammation, after which it is possible to switch to metronidazole.

The Effectiveness of Sunscreen Cream with Ethanol Extract of Sungkai Leaves (Peronema canescens Jack)

Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) (PCL) contains flavonoid compounds that can absorb UV light therefore having the potential to be developed as a raw material for cosmetics that functions as a sunscreen. The research aims to formulate PCL extract into a sunscreen cream. Sungkai leaves are macerated using 96% ethanol solvent. Specific and non-specific parameter tests were carried out on the extract as well as antioxidant tests using the DPPH method and SPF tests using the Mansur method. The results of this research showed that 96% ethanol extract of PCL had a blackish-green color, pH 5.25; the ethanol and water-soluble essence levels were 6.25% and 5.17%. The water content obtained is 27.4%; drying shrinkage is 0.46%; total ash content is 0.12% and acid insoluble ash content is 0.1%. The antioxidant value obtained was 35.06 ppm. Three cream formulations were prepared (FI of 0.1753%, FII of 0.3506%, and FIII of 0.5259%) and evaluated for organoleptic, homogeneity, cream type, viscosity, pH, particle size, and spreadability tests for one month at 25℃ and 40℃. The organoleptic test results of the cream have a soft texture, with varying colors; light green (FI), green (FII), and dark green (FIII) color. Other evaluation test results show that the cream has a pH of 5.16 - 6.73, a spreadability of 6.47 - 8.07 cm, a viscosity of 15466.67 - 38933.33 cPs, a particle size of 9.88 - 16.17 µm and an SPF of 17.68 (FI), 27.46 (FII), and 33.64 (FIII) with ultra protection on all three. PCL extract after being formulated into creams shows high SPF activity with F3 as the best formula. PCL extract can be formulated into a cream form that meets physical and chemical quality parameters.

The Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Essential Oil as Sunscreen and Anti-Aging Agents: An In Vitro and In Silico Study

The earth thermal conditions increase exposure to sunlight, triggering skin damage. The skin has defense mechanisms but needs additional protection to prevent photoaging. Using sunscreen is an effort to reduce the harmful effects of sun exposure. Natural ingredients with antioxidant activity can be developed into sunscreen and antiaging products, including cloves. This study aims to assess the antioxidant, sun protection, and anti-aging properties of essential oils derived from clove leaves and buds. The antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH system and then formulated into 5 and 10 % clove leaves cream, as well as 5 and 10 % clove bud cream. The SPF values were assessed using a spectrophotometer and the Mansur formula. The antiaging potential was assessed using the in silico method with MMP-1 protein employing the Auto Dock Vina software, followed by analysis and visualization using BIOVIA Discovery Studio. The essential oils from clove leaves and buds have DPPH IC50 values of 23.09 and 30.31 ppm. The SPF values of clove leaves essential oil, 5 % leaves cream, and 10 % leaves cream are 38.61, 14.32, and 22.15. Meanwhile, the SPF values of clove bud essential oil, 5 % bud cream, and 10 % bud cream are 38.19, 9.32, and 18.16. The in silico test revealed that caryophyllene, eugenol, humulene, and phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl), acetate) have strong interactions because they can interact with the active site of proteins using hydrogen, hydrophobic, and van der Waals bonds. The essential oils from clove leaves and buds exhibit very strong antioxidant activity and offer ultra-protection as a sunscreen. The cream formulations still exhibit sunscreen activity, albeit at a lower level compared to pure essential oil. Caryophyllene, eugenol, humulene, and phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, acetate), have potential as antiaging agents, as indicated by their binding affinity and chemical bond interactions observed in the in silico test. HIGHLIGHTS Clove buds and leaves exhibit antioxidant properties. Essential oil from clove buds and leaves demonstrates a substantial Sun Protection Factor (SPF). The compounds contained in clove essential oil exhibit promise as prospective agents in anti-aging applications. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Formulation and quality characterization of soy milk based dietary ice cream with the incorporation of probiotics and utilization, of fruit waste as a functional ingredient

Ice cream production is a complex process involving various stages such as pasteurization, homogenization, aging, freezing, and packaging. The quality and characteristics of ice cream depend on several factors including ingredients, processing parameters, and equipment used. The purpose of this paper was to formulate an ice cream with soy milk and cow milk &amp; banana powder. Three formulations of ice cream were prepared: one soy-based (containing soy milk 70% , cow milk 30%) and this is control sample, the other with soy-based probiotic ice cream (containing soy milk 70% , cow milk 30%,lactobacillus lactis culture ) and last one is sugar free (containing 100 % cows milk only lactobacillus lactis culture ) &amp; for the sugar replacement here we added dextrose,fructo-oligosaccharide &amp; oligofructose) &amp; for all the three types of ice creams here we used ripened banana powder as it is prebiotic ingredient. The rapid increase in plant waste production in the agri-food industry is a significant global issue, considering storage, disposal, environmental impacts and potential health risks. The objective of this study was to find out whether Musasava banana skin flour (BPF) and jackfruit seed flour are suitable as substitutes for maida flour in making ice cream cones. Here, different percentages of BPF and JSF were combined to replace maida in different percentages and the results were checked. Cone prepared from a combination of 40% JSF as maida substitute and 10% BPF as maida substitute and this waffle cone preparation had 50% additional maida making up the rest.

Ultrafiltered Sweet Buttermilk as Additive Replacer in Ice Cream Production.

Sweet buttermilk, a by-product of butter production, remains highly underutilized despite containing some relevant components (i.e., phospholipids) that may have a high biological value and may exert some positive technological functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using ultrafiltered (UF) sweet buttermilk at different volume reduction ratios (3 and 5) to replace emulsifiers and/or stabilizers in the production of a novel clean-label ice cream formulation made with sweet buttermilk-based mixtures. The functional, thermo-rheological, and sensory profile of four types of ice creams was investigated. Increasing the degree of sweet buttermilk concentration positively influenced the overrun values and at the same time improved the ice cream's resistance to melting. Also, the thermo-rheological profile during melting was influenced by the presence of UF buttermilk. These differences in techno-functional properties were probably partly caused by the different total phospholipids content caused by UF buttermilk. Some sensory properties (i.e., structure, consistency) were positively related to the utilization of UF buttermilk, while aroma and taste were negatively influenced. This study demonstrated that UF buttermilk can be used as an additive replacer in ice cream production because it enhances the structural and rheological properties of the final product.

FORMULASI DAN UJI FISIK SALEP KOMBINASI EKSTRAK PUTRI MALU (Mimosa Pudica) DAN DAUN JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha Curcas)

Indonesia is a tropical country that has the potential to experience skin diseases. The development of drugs from natural ingredients can be used to treat skin diseases. One of the appropriate pharmaceutical preparations for treating skin infections is ointment. Putri Malu (Mimosa Pudica) and Jatropha Leaves (Jatropha Cuscas) are plants that contain flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and phenols which have the potential to inhibit bacterial growth. The aim of this research is to formulate an ointment preparation from the extract of putrimalu (mimosa pudica) and jatropha curcas leaves (jatropha curcas) which meets the requirements of an ointment preparation by means of a physical test of the ointment. This type of research was experimental, which was carried out by making 3 ointment formulations combining Putri Malu and Jatropha leaves using the ointment base Vasellin Album and Adeps Lanae. Physically tested ointment preparations include organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, viscosity tests, spreadability tests, and adhesiveness tests. Based on testing of a combination of ointment preparations from the extract of putrimalu (mimosa pudica) and jatropha leaves (jatrooha cuscas) with a base of vasellin album and adeps lanae, the organoleptic results were blackish brown, distinctive odor, semi-solid consistency, homogeneous ointment with a Ph value of 5 and viscosity test. adhesion and spreading power in accordance with ointment preparation standards. The best formulation of the ointment combination of the extract of the mollusk (mimosa pudica) and jatropha curcas (jatropha cusrcas) leaves is formulation 2 with a ratio of (2:2).

Comparison of binahong &lt;em&gt;(Anredera cordifolia) (Ten. Steenis)&lt;/em&gt; and red betel &lt;em&gt;(Piper crocatum)&lt;/em&gt; leaves ointment formulations toward length of laceration and bleeding time in rats

Laceration is a condition in which the structure of body tissue is damaged as a result of the body being slashed by sharp objects such as knives, razors, or cutters. One plant that can be applied to laceration is binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) steenis and red betel (Piper crocatum). This plant contains a variety of active compounds, including alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. This present study aims to determine the effectiveness comparsion of the formulation and the difference in optimal concentrations of binahong and red betel leaf extract ointment formulation for incision healing with concentrations of 7%, 15%, and 30%. Here, Wistar rats incision were compared with ointment extract. To assesses the healing process with length of laceration and bleeding time. Incision demonstrated the elevated length of laceration and bleeding time. In contrast, animals received ointment extract demonstrated better for length of laceration and reduced the bleeding time. Taken the ointment extract, our results suggest ointment extract binahong and red betel leaves exhibit antioxidant and increase the collagen activity which may contribute to the heal of incision.

ALTERNATIVE NATURAL SWEETENERS AS SUGAR SUBSTITUTES USED IN MAKING ICE CREAM

Ice cream is a frozen dessert highly appreciated by all categories of consumers. Lately, consumers' attention is focused on healthy products, with as few ingredients as possible or with natural ingredients. By definition, ice cream is a sweet product. As a rule, sugar is used to obtain ice cream for its characteristics (sweet taste, creaminess, texture, melting time), but the new requirements require the addition or substitution of sugar with other sweeteners. Consumers still prefer the sweet taste of artificial sweeteners, but they are cultivating their taste and increasingly choosing natural nutritious or non-nutritive sweeteners as consumer awareness of healthy foods has increased. This manuscript was based on the study of the literature regarding the use of natural sweeteners in ice cream formulations.

Consumer Acceptance of Novel Lucuma Fruit Ice Cream in the US Market.

This study explored the use of lucuma fruit powder in an ice cream formulation for the US market. Six ice cream prototypes were developed using five different lucuma fruit powder variants. A central location test was conducted with frequent ice cream consumers (n = 106) to assess acceptance, attribute intensity rating, ideal intensity levels, and purchase intent against a control sample with caramel flavor. The mean overall liking score for all lucuma ice creams was moderate. The overall, aroma, and flavor liking scores were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for lucuma ice cream samples, whereas the control sample was liked significantly more for texture. The Terrasoul variant of lucuma ice cream was the most liked among all samples, and the control was liked the least. Only the Terrasoul ice cream sample was successful in delivering significantly strong caramel, fruit, and sweet flavor levels; the other lucuma ice cream samples were more comparable to the control. The inclusion of lucuma powder increased powdery mouthfeel perception, negatively impacting texture liking. Consumers perceived all ice cream samples to be weak in flavor and fell short of delivering ideal levels. The US consumers had low-moderate food neophobia scores for lucuma fruit, with 57% showing interest in buying lucuma ice creams.