Forms Of Nouns Research Articles

Instrumental Case of Noun Plurals in the Western Polissian and Contiguous Dialects

The dialectal system of noun formation often demonstrates much greater inflectional variability in a single case position than in the literary language. This feature of the dialect paradigm is determined by the consequences of the active interaction of ancient substantive stems and innovation at the present stage of form formation of word-change norms.
 The best way to trace the specific features of filling the paradigm in general and the degree of inflectional variability specifically in a particular link is to observe spontaneous dialect speech for a long time and to form a corpus of textual records based on fixed spoken testimonies. This approach to the description of the relevant linguistic phenomena provided the basis for realizing the goal of this study – to find out the specifics of the formation of the instrumental case in the plural of substantives in the Western Polissian and related dialects based on the most complete composition of dialectal manifestations of nouns; to comment on the factors influencing the existence of dialectal differences in the studied case position.
 The case study materials of the research are the authors' records of factual material made in 146 localities in the Volyn and Rivne regions.
 The presented and analyzed material gives grounds to assert that the formation of the instrumental case of the plural nouns in the dialectal language system, as well as in the literary one, is determined by the unification of inflectional types based on the model of the corresponding manifestations of the substantives, primarily ancient *-ā-, *-jā-stems, rarely – formal vocal *-ǐ-stems. The folk conversational tradition also indicates innovations that reflect the consequences of phonetic processes. Thus, inflectional variability in the analyzed case position is determined by differences in the realization of vowel and consonant sounds, typical to the sound system of the Western Polissian and related dialects. Among the archaic word-change phenomena in the studied range, the remnants of ancient dual forms of the instrumental case of substantives are attested.
 The article provides demonstrative examples of variant implementation of a particular ending in a particular subdialect, as well as inflectional variants of a case position of a particular noun, which may indicate that forming dialectal inflectional norms is still ongoing.

THE SYNTACTIC DYNAMICS OF THE NUMERAL PHRASES IN THE LATE OLD RUSSIAN CHRONICLES AND NOTARIAL ACTS

The article deals with the syntactic dynamics of the numeral phrases in the Russian chronicles and notarial acts of the late 14th-17th centuries. The material for the study was: Tipografskaya letopis (the late 14th-15th cent.), Pskovskaya III letopis (16th cent.), Nikonovskaya letopis (16th cent.), Holmogorskaya letopis (16th cent.), Dvinskoj letopisec (17th cent.), Mazurinskij letopisec (17th cent.), Letopisec of 1619-1691 years, Piskarevskij letopisec (17th cent.), Letopisnoe skazanie Petra Zolotareva (17th cent.), Acts of socio-economic history of North-Eastern Russia (the late 14th - early 16th cent.), Akty Russkogo gosudarstva 1505-1526 (16th cent.), Mozhajskie akty (17th cent.). The numeral phrases with two in the nom.//acc. case are characterized by gen. pl. forms of the noun; the dual number forms of nouns are sometimes found in chronicles. Since the 16th century, the numeral phrases with two and nom.//acc. pl. noun forms have spread. New numeral phrases of the type «3/4 + gen. sing. noun form» begin to prevail from the second third of the 17th century. In phrases with numerals of large numbers in obl. cases, the numerals agree with the noun.

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES IN THE SHORT STORY OF WINTER BREAK BY HILARY MANTEL

This paper aimed to explore derivational affixes, more specifically the types of derivational affixes and the functions of the derivational affixes in the story of Winter Break, which was written by Hilary Mantel. The exploration of the affixes is important to conduct because it would assist learners of English in enriching their vocabulary items. This study was quantitative descriptive. The researchers collected complex words from the story and analyzed their derivational affixes. Results showed that there existed 54 occurrences of words containing derivational affixes. 3 of the 54 words contained 3 types of prefixes, namely in-, un-, pre-, and the remaining 51 words contained 20 suffixes such as -er, -ed, -y, -ly, -ion, -hood, -ment, -al, -ing, -tion, -ish, -ness, -ous, -ity, -ful, -ary, -age, -cal, -less, -able. Four functions of derivational affixes were identified in the short story of Winter Break, namely, noun formation with 16 occurrences (29.6%), adjective formation with 24 occurrences (44.4%), adverb formation with 13 occurrences (24.1) and verb formation with only 1 occurrence (1.9%). Because the Winter Break narrative uses a lot of noun descriptions, which means that adjectives are employed to modify nouns, the adjective construction occurred the most frequently. The verb formation is the least common as the majority of the verbs in the Winter Break story are past tense; as a result, these verbs are categorized as inflectional affixes rather than derivational verbs, which is beyond the purview of this study.

Children’s analogism in the acquisition of morphology as a reflection of linguistic thinking

Abstract The paper presents psycholinguistic personal case study in its character. It focuses on the analogous (hypergeneralizing) formation of nouns and verbs in the ontogenesis of children’s speech through the prism of linguistic principles. The basic research material is diary entries of 364 grammatical forms of two children aged 1;10 – 2;7 years and 3;8 – 4;5 years (recorded during the ten months in 2017), which are incompatible with the literary norm of the Slovak language. The basic starting point was the hypothesis that agrammatic forms in children’s speech can be categorized and explained on the basis of natural language principles, whose application presupposes a certain level in the development and functioning of logical and thought operations and the cognitive system as such. The analysis of research material enabled us to generalize certain tendencies in the ontogenesis of the morphological system in children, which lead to structural iconism, uniform symbolization, systemicity and unification of the word-formation basis. The application of the principles in children’s speech has proved to be specific – the child applies in his speech mainly the principles of analogy, naturalness and dominance. The limit of the presented longitudinal research is the small number of respondents and the very nature of the research problem, whose solution requires intensive contact with the child subject, a longer period of time and more extensive research material.

SOME FEATURES OF SLANG COMPOUND NOUNS

The article delves into the intricate feature of informal language by examining the formation and usage of compound nouns within slang. This exploration focuses on how these compound nouns encapsulate specific cultural and subcultural nuances, thus becoming integral to language evolution and social dynamics. By analyzing concrete examples, this article seeks to unveil the distinct characteristics of slang compound nouns and their profound implications for comprehending present-day language usage and social identity formation.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SUFFIX –MOST IN ENGLISH

This paper explored the functions of the suffix –most in English and the formation of new categories of the suffix -most by analyzing the words containing it. This quantitative descriptive study collected the data from Wordbyletter.com and the online Oxford English Dictionary (OED). The text-based document analysis examined 40 words having the suffix -most. Results showed that four functions of the suffix –most, namely to form: a noun into an adjective (25%), an adjective into an adjective (45%), an adverb into an adjective (15%), and a preposition into an adjective (15%). It was analyzed that the usage frequency of several words represents all the grammatical categories of the suffix –most based on the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). Firstly, foremost functioning as noun formation occurred 7,078 times. Secondly, lowermost functioning as adjective formation occurred 40 times. Thirdly, the uppermost functioning as adverb formation appeared 532 times. Lastly, aftermost functioning as preposition formation occurred twice only.

The Reanalysis of Old French Nouns Declension by Taking Classical Latin Nouns Declension as a Pattern

In some flexional languages, the nouns declension is a very important and difficult part to study. The nouns root and the flexional endings are the two most essential elements in declension. By these two elements, all forms of nouns in declension can be known. In classical Latin, the singular nominative and the singular genitive of nouns are written together in the dictionary to let the learners know the information about the two elements of declension. Nevertheless, in an old French dictionary, these two elements can not be known. This paper will reanalyse the old French nouns declension by taking the classical Latin nouns declension as a pattern to find out the regularity of declension and these two elements of declension in old French. This research will be helpful to grasp the old French nouns declension and will help the learners understand better old French morphologically. Further, sufficiently understanding the declension of the old French nouns is helpful to read the manuscripts in old French. Moreover, this paper offers a new idea and thinking about compiling the old French dictionary in the part of noun.

A new converb originating from the locative noun in Beserman

Abstract In Beserman, a new converb grammaticalizes from the possessive locative form of the locative noun in (o)ń-ńig. We show that the constructions with the converb have a clausal structure, while the constructions with the locative noun are mostly noun phrases, even if they include an indication of the agent and patient of the situation encoded by the locative noun. Semantically, the two types of constructions are also different. In the converb constructions the situations encoded by the main and the embedded clause must overlap, while with locative nouns this is not necessarily the case. The temporal reference of locative nouns is habitual/iterative, while converbs often have episodic (non-habitual) interpretation. The original locative noun denotes a reference to a fixed location where the situation usually takes place. In the constructions with the converb this meaning is bleached and generalized as an action which takes place in any possible location.

Min Asrār al-‘Udūl fī Siyag al-Asmā’

Changing from the form of the pronunciation to another form only occurs due to a specificity necessitated by the context, and is not envisaged in the speech of the Arabs except by those who know the symbols of eloquence, eloquence, and meanings, and know the secrets of the speech of the Arabs. Variation in the morphological forms of nouns of all kinds is also not an obstacle, especially in Quranic expression, but rather leaves a semantic guide required by the context, occasions, and positions. Among these connotations is the departure from the original meaning to a secondary meaning or another meaning through which it indicates an additional meaning, such as changing from the infinitive to the plural and vice versa, from the masculine to the feminine and vice versa, from the indefinite to the definite article, from the infinitive to the derivatives and vice versa, and so on. This paper aims to reveal those connotations and rhetorical meanings behind the phenomenon of variation in the forms of nouns according to morphological rules and sometimes syntactic, while pointing out some of the differences in opinions of scholars on the issue in which these differences were found.

Uncertainty in the production of Czech noun and verb forms

We examine the reactions of Czech native speakers to cues asking them to supply inflectional forms of nouns and verbs that are either canonical (non-variant), overabundant, or supposedly defective, to see what distinguishing characteristics these three conditions have for production. We find that respondents handle defective material differently from other conditions, producing different sorts of forms at different frequencies, and taking significantly longer to do so. Overabundant cells pattern at the individual level like canonical inflectional cells, but collectively display a significantly more varied and less focused spread of forms produced than our canonical cells. The individual dimension of uncertainty in production is thus limited to defective cells, but the collective dimension of uncertainty is evident between all three conditions.

Loss of the vocative case and its reflection in Old and Middle Russian monuments of business writing

The purpose of this article is to describe the loss of the vocative case in Russian language on the material of Old and Middle Russian monuments of business writing. A study of four text corpora and quantitative analysis of the vocative forms, which has not previously been proposed, allowed us to conclude the following. The vocative case was lost in the late Old Russian period with the preservation of the forms of individual common nouns (господине ‘lord’, брате ‘brother’, княже ‘prince’, господо ‘lords’). Presumably due to the frequent use in documents of certain genres, these forms became cliched expressions. In addition, it was concluded that, for the listed lexemes, the choice of the vocative or nominative case could depend on the syntactic environment, specifically the presence of subordinate word or words. Thus, the vocative case is more often preserved for single appeals, whilst the nominative case is chosen for appeals that have anagreed attribute or an apposition. This observation has led to the assumption that a dependent part of the sentence specified the appeal and turned a formulaic expression into an appeal in the literal sense. Since the grammeme of the vocative case was already in the process of destruction, such an appeal took the form of the nominative case. Based on the studied material, it was concluded that the vocative case was lost by the end of the Middle Russian period.

TEKNIK PEMBENTUKAN NOMINA DEVERBAL BAHASA INDONESIA DAN BAHASA ARAB (ANALISIS KONTRASTIF MORFOLOGI)

<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>This research examines the technique of forming Indonesian and Arabic deverbal nouns through contrastive analysis. The method used in this research is descriptive method with a synchronous time range. That is, the technique of forming Indonesian and Arabic deverbal nouns through a morphological derivation process will be described as is. The data will be taken from books and journals that study techniques for forming Indonesian deverbal nouns, and from sorof books that discuss techniques for forming Arabic deverbal nouns. The method that will be used by the author in contrasting the components of the two languages being compared is the comparative method. The results of the study show that the formation of Indonesian deverbal nouns uses the technique of derivational formor affixes and derivational compound affixes. The formation of Arabic deverbal nouns (masdar) uses several techniques: (1) sima'i technique (generally for masdar which is formed from fi'il sulation), (2) affixation techniques (preffix, infis, suffix, config), (3) changes in internal vowel sounds, (4) following certain wazn patterns and (5) using letter removal and letter replacement techniques. However, the essence of forming Arabic deverbal nouns is using the sima'i technique and following certain wazn patterns. As for whether or not the formation of Arabic deverbal nouns (masdar) is regular, some are formed regularly by following a special wazn pattern called the term qiyasi, and some are formed irregularly called the term goiru kiyasi, whose formation technique uses the sima'i technique.</em></p>

Exploring Figurative Language: Expressions and Metaphors in Sports Reporting of Java Pos (Edition, June 1, 2018)

The utilization of figurative language in sports reporting significantly enhances communication’s allure and competitiveness within this realm. Figurative language entails expressions not meant to be taken literally but carrying implied meanings that enrich interpretation for readers or listeners. It crucially illustrates action and drama in sports news, engendering a more immersive reading experience and influencing how events are comprehended. This research probes into the use of figurative language, particularly expressions and metaphors, within sports reporting's context. The study’s focal point was the June 1, 2018 edition of the esteemed Indonesian newspaper, Java Pos, renowned for its vibrant sports reporting, particularly in football. Data consisted of expressions and metaphors in the form of verbs, nouns, adjectives, and numerals, sourced from Java Pos' sports reporting (June 1, 2018 edition), especially relating to football. The methodology involved participatory observation reading 7 football-specific sports pieces and scrutinizing each for expressions and metaphors. Additionally, documentation was employed collecting and analyzing articles from the designated edition to assess metaphors and expressions through a figurative language lens. Post data collection, data was condensed and classified by category (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and numerals) then verified and interpreted contextually. Content analysis was applied for data analysis, comprehending the contextual use and its impact on reader comprehension. The findings unveiled the presence of expressions and metaphors, encompassing verb phrases, nouns, adjectives, and numerals, in the news reports. This study uncovers the usage of figurative language, enriching communication, fostering creativity, and contributing to elevated sports reporting quality and deeper audience understanding.

Tone Morphemes in Sinitic: Where Prosody Meets Morphology

Tone morphemes are used in the coding of a variety of grammatical functions in Sinitic languages: These include plural formation of personal pronouns, the diminutive forms of nouns, as well as different kinds of perfective and completive aspect marking, reported for dialects located in non-contiguous areas of China in the north and the south. With respect to verbal morphology, we first examine the different processes and stages of morphologization between the Yue and Hakka dialects, on the one hand, and Northern Sinitic on the other. Second, we propose the pathway of evolution that leads to the pluralization of Sinitic pronouns by tone morphemes, as well as the pathway that leads to tone morphemes coding perfective aspect in Yue and Hakka.

Struktur Pembentuk Nomina Tempat dalam Bahasa Jepang pada Novel Berjudul Fune wo Amu Karya Shion Miura

"The Structure of Forming Nouns of Place in Japanese in a Novel Entitled Fune Wo Amu by Shion Miura" is the title of this study. The purpose of this research is to learn more about the structure of the formation of place nouns in Japanese which is found in a novel entitled Fune Wo Amu by Shion Miura. Descriptive qualitative method is the method used in this research. Japanese Morphological Theory and the Semantic Theory by Tsujimura (2014) are the theory used in this research. Based on the result of this research, it can be concluded that noun place marker suffixes can be attached to bound morphemes, nouns, verbal nouns, and root verbs (ren'y?kei). The kango type of word is the type of word that is most often attached by place marking suffixes in Japanese. In addition, when compared to other types of place noun-forming suffixes such as ~? (-ba, -jo?), ~? (-dokoro, -sho, -jo), ~? (-kan), ~? (-ya), ~? (-chi), ~? (-ten), ~? (-in), and ~? (-do?), the suffix ~? (-shitsu) produces the most place nouns.

Semantic study: Polysemi in arabic form of verb and noun

In semantic studies, there is a relationship between words and meaning. However, language learners often experience difficulties in assigning meaning to a word or sentence. The purpose of this research is to find out in depth about polysemy, the causes of its occurrence and examples of polysemy in verb and noun forms. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. Data collection techniques use library research using journals and books that are relevant to the discussion. Data analysis techniques use the relevant data collection stages, data reduction, grouping and selecting the necessary data, then providing temporary conclusions and verifying the data. The final stage is data collection and data presentation systematically (data display). The results of this study are polysemy is a relationship between words that are often used in several sentences or different contexts, or can be interpreted as a word that has more than one meaning. So that polysemy has a basic meaning and a derived meaning. The main causes of polysemy are; (1) dialect development (2) figurative language, (3) sharaf rules, (4) mixing of other languages and (5) language development. Polysemy can occur as nouns and verbs. Words that contain polysemy meaning can occur in noun and verb forms. An example of polysemy is the noun يد which has many meanings, including hands, help/power/strength, thief, power/will, guidance, giver, cash (cash) and virtue/kindness. The word وجه has many meanings including face, beginning/beginning, surrender, not feeling humiliated, right, actually, absolutely, substance, apostasy and equality. The word قام in the Qur'an has many meanings, including standing, implementing, replacing and held. The verb نصر when experiencing derivation has many meanings including helping, being Christian, helping each other, winning and asking for help.

PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATING GERMAN EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS INTO UKRAINIAN

The article considers the theoretical concepts of an employment contract and specialized legal translation; analyzes and comments on the structural, grammatical, and lexical construction of employment contracts concluded in German and their translation into Ukrainian. The author also researched the main and optional articles that make up the labor contracts of the legal systems of both countries. Each implication lists the main formulations and constructions and provides an equivalent Ukrainian-language expression in terms of translation. The focus of the analysis was on legal terminology typical of employment contracts and grammatical verb constructions inherent in this type of text. The analysis of the factual material shows that labor contracts are dominated by long complex sentences, a significant proportion (27%) of which are accompanied by participial phrases. The most frequently used forms in the analyzed contracts are passive and infinitive, compound words and noun forms of verbs. At the end of the article, we present a visual representation of the frequency of use of grammatical structures and lexical elements of analyzed material. The study found that the most used methods in the translation of labor contracts are the descriptive method, the method of approximate translation, and adaptation. Grammatical constructions are mostly subject to direct or approximate translation, while when translating lexical items, we should consider the term’s compliance with the legal realities of the country into which this contract is translated. The analyzed practical material has specific features of the type of text “labor contract”, which is dominated by binding sentences, declaratives, and passive constructions. When translating labor contracts from German into Ukrainian, the following features should be taken into account: dates, names and figures should be carefully and accurately reproduced in the translation; all elements and details of the contract should be translated; it is important to adhere to the unified terminology; grammatical errors in documents of this type are unacceptable. Translation of documents is one of the most difficult types of translation, as in legal translation, the translator does not translate the lexical units of the source language into the target language, but works exclusively with legal concepts of two legal systems.

Derivational Structures. The Role of the Appellatives in the Formation of Proper Nouns

Derivational Structures. The Role of the Appellatives in the Formation of Proper Nouns

Diminutivization as a metaphor engendered phenomenon

The roles of diminutive morphemes in English and in Polish are hardly equivalent. In English, diminutivization of a noun indicates either a relatively small size of a referent and/or a speaker’s emotional attitude towards it (in the hypocoristic function). In Polish, however, besides the two aforementioned roles, a diminutive noun may mark a conception much more complex than just a smaller version of a regular noun’s denotation, possibly very different than that represented by a regular noun. The semantic function of a Polish diminutive morpheme, thus, extends far beyond indicating smallness and amounts to specifying properties that may be absent from referents of regular noun forms. Oftentimes employing such a morpheme is indicative of metaphorical thinking.

Nomina Makian Dalam Film Jakarta Vs Everybody

This study aims to (1) Reveal and describe the form of swear nouns in the film Jakarta Vs Everybody. (2) Reveal and describe the types of swear nouns in the film Jakarta Vs Everybody. (3) Reveal and describe the function of the curse noun in the film Jakarta Vs Everybody. This research uses qualitative methods using descriptive methods. The results of this study are, First, based on the results of the study, a total of 51 data were found included in the swear noun, in this study the approximately word-shaped swear noun amounted to 34 data. Second. Based on the type in this study, 6 types of swear nouns ((a), conditions, (b) animals, (c) objects, (d) body parts, (e) kinship, (f) profession) and 1 type of swear noun ((g) Subtle creatures) were found, from several types of swear nouns that dominate, namely the type of animal swear noun totaling 17 data. Third, based on the function of using swear expressions found there are 4 functions of swearing, namely (1) When swearing is used as a habit or group rule, (2) Curses are used intentionally to insult, revile, threaten, surprise, and hurt or disturb Foul or indecent language is used as a joke or intended to joke (4) Curses used to express strong emotions, such as surprise, or when something occurs, in this study the most dominating is dirty or indecent language used as a joke or intended to joke which amounts to 19 data.