Formal Norms Research Articles

Do Social Media Likes Affect Food Consumption?

Social norms can affect food consumption. Although social media could be used to disseminate such norms, there is limited experimental research on the subject. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of socially endorsed social media food posts, in the form of Instagram likes, on participants’ eating behavior of wheat food products. The survey was conducted in sensory booths where 149 participants were assigned to one of three conditions viewing three types of images: traditional Greek foods, modern foods, and home decoration as control. However, only one type was socially endorsed with likes. Participants self-reported on a series of questionnaires and were offered traditional Greek rusks (paximathia) and modern crackers as a snack reward during break time on two separate dishes. The hypothesis was that those who had paid attention to socially endorsed images of traditional foods would prefer to consumer Greek rusks, whereas those having paid attention to socially endorsed modern foods would opt for the crackers. Using the ANCOVA model, there was not identified any significant effect of condition on rusk or cracker consumption in grams after controlling the covariates. The results propose that exposure to socially endorsed images with Instagram likes, as a form of social media norm, do not incite people to consume more of either traditional rusks or modern crackers.

Juridical Analysis of the Concept of “Legislation” in the New Criminal Code: Implications and Applications

The phrase "statutory regulations" in Article 1 paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) contains the meaning that criminal provisions can be regulated by various hierarchies of statutory regulations, as regulated in Law Number 12 of 2011 concerning the Formation of Legislation. However, this is contrary to the basic principle of the formation of criminal provisions, namely the principle of nullum crimen sine lege parliamentaria, which means that the formulation of criminal sanction norms can only be determined if it has obtained the approval of the people, through their representatives in the People's Representative Council (DPR) for the level of laws and the approval of the governor, regent, or mayor for regional regulations. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach. The results of the study show that Article 1 paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 of 2023 contains unclear norms, because the phrase "statutory regulations" opens up the possibility that criminal provisions can be made by parties other than people's representatives, which can obscure the principle of representation in the formation of criminal provisions

Законодательная регламентация вопросов противодействия новым формам девиантного поведения в сети «Интернет»

Introduction. The article deals with the problem of legislative counteraction to new forms of deviant behavior that have recently appeared in the information space of the Internet. Trash streams represent the greatest public danger among its currently existing varieties. With the application of general scientific and private scientific methods, as well as the method of systemic formal- legal analysis, an attempt was made to determine some general provisions concerning the possibility of bringing the organizers and participants of trash streams to criminal, as well as in some cases to administrative responsibility. From the position of the theory of criminal legal science, as well as the currently available law enforcement practice, a number of draft laws prepared by the public and legislators, which are currently being considered as legislative initiatives, have been analyzed. In particular, the draft law on introducing alterations and additions to criminal legislation, proposing to establish criminal liability for committing such acts on the Internet. The subject of the study is federal laws, regulations and documents governing social relations in the field of combating criminal manifestations of deviant behavior on the Internet. The material base of the study was formed by the works of domestic forensic scientists devoted to the problem under study, as well as periodical press materials, judicial and investigative practice. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was formed by the basic provisions of the dialectical method of cognition, general scientific and private scientific methods, such as comparative-legal, concrete-sociological, formal-logical, systemic and historical, which made it possible to state some general conclusions. Results. As a result of the research the relevance of the systemic formal-legal approach has been established, starting from the legislative fixation of the concepts related to the signs of trash streaming, an attempt has been made to formulate the general conditions of criminalization of this kind of phenomena, legislative initiatives and proposals aimed at combating trash streaming have been named and analyzed. In addition, the conclusion is drawn of the complexity of criminal legal qualification of trash streaming as an act enshrined in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the form of a specific criminal law norm due to the formal absence of indicia of public danger and illegality, as well as the need for further work on draft laws, taking into account, among other things, the opinion of the scientific community.

To Speak Up or Not to Speak Up, Organisational and Individual Antecedents That Undergird This Behaviour in Resource Constrained Region.

To examine the organisational (i.e., perceived organisational support and psychologically safe environment) and individual (i.e., value, belief and norm) antecedents that strengthen healthcare workers' speaking-up behaviour in a developing economy. The study uses a cross-sectional design to gather the same data from healthcare workers within the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The data collection happened between 15 June and 30 August 2023. A sample of 380 healthcare workers was selected from 20 facilities in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. A configurational approach, a fussy-set qualitative comparative analysis, was used to identify the configurations that caused high and low speaking-up behaviour among the study sample. The study results reveal that whereas four configurations generate high speaking-up behaviour, three configurations, by contrast, produce low speaking-up behaviour among healthcare workers. Results suggest that in so far as organisational support systems which take the form of a psychologically safe environment and perceived organisational support are vital in relaxing the hierarchical boundaries in a healthcare setting to improve healthcare workers' speaking-up behaviour, the individual value-based factors that take the form of values, beliefs and norms are indispensable as it provides the healthcare workers with the necessary inner drive to regard speaking-up behaviour on patient safety and care as a moral duty. Healthcare workers' speaking-up behaviour is better achieved when organisational support systems complement the individual norms, values and beliefs of the individual. Adhered to Strengthening Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. No patient or public contribution.

Static and dynamic stabilities of modified gradient elastic Kirchhoff–Love plates

The static and dynamic stabilities of modified gradient elastic Kirchhoff–Love plates (MGEKLPs), which incorporate two length-scale parameters related to strain gradient and rotation gradient effects, are comprehensively analyzed under various load forms and boundary conditions (BCs). The study of static stability employs static balance method and an improved energy method by introducing higher-order deformation gradients and corresponding energy terms. Utilizing the variational method, a sixth-order fundamental buckling differential equation for MGEKLPs under both transverse and in-plane loads is derived, serving as the foundation for the static balance method. The static stability analysis of MGEKLPs examines the combined effects of strain and rotation gradients on size-dependent critical buckling loads. Building on generalized strain energy with higher-order deformation energy, the energy method of classical elastic thin plate model is enhanced and applied to the static stability analysis of MGEKLPs. This approach enables the investigation of static stability without being constrained by the need to solve complex differential equations, making it applicable to various BCs and load scenarios. While static stability provides a description of stable state of an elastic system, dynamic stability offers a more scientific and rigorous analysis. The dynamic stability of simplified gradient elastic Kirchhoff–Love plates (SGEKLPs) with curved edges and different BCs is further investigated by combining the generalized strain energy with Lyapunov’s second stability method, presenting the dynamic stability criterion in the form of norms. A strict description of the dynamic stability of a SGEKLP over the entire time domain is provided for different supporting conditions, including case where all edges are supported and case with free edges. The analysis of size-dependent static and dynamic stabilities offers theoretical guidance for designing elastic thin plates with microstructures.

(Re)search results: search engines and the logic of efficiency in scholarship

ABSTRACT This article uses the search engine as a heuristic for reflecting upon the extent to which knowledge production within the academy both shapes and is shaped by the media that it studies and with which its research is enabled. More specifically, it argues that the efficiency that has helped make search both a paradigmatic feature of digital culture and a habitual, everyday activity is achieved not just through speediness of results, but through a rationalized, regimented, and standardized structuration of knowledge, ensuring the latter is amenable to computational processing and retrieval. Search engines exercise a crypto-normative function, establishing formal norms and constraints relating to knowledge production, including academic research outputs, at the same time that they furnish one of the principal means by which this research is conducted. The purpose of this article is not to decry bureaucratic modes of conduct, which are central to the responsibilities of academic life, but to stress the importance of scholars reflecting upon their own relationship to the technologies of which they make use and the temporalities these technologies engender.

Analisis Prosedur Pelaksanaan Itsbat Nikah Terhadap Perkawinan Sirri Berdasarkan Putusan Nomor : 473/PDT.P/2022/PA.LLG di Pengadilan Agama Lubuklinggau Kelas 1 B

The procedure for implementing itsbat nikah provides legal protection because they obtain legal certainty from their marriage bond, so that all their rights can be recognized and protected. The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze the procedures for carrying out itsbat nikah, judges' considerations in deciding itsbat nikah cases and the factors that cause the applicant to apply for itsbat nikah based on decision number: 473/pdt.p/2022/PA.LLG. This type of research in legal research includes normative-empirical research. The approach used in this study is a legal approach in the form of legal norms, namely Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2019 amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, and the Compilation of Islamic Law. The data collection techniques used are primary data and secondary data. The results of the study show that the procedure for implementing itsbat nikah is in accordance with the Book II Guidelines for the Implementation of Duties and Work Procedures of the Religious Courts. Consideration of the panel of judges in granting the itsbat of marriage to a siri marriage if it is in accordance with the pillars and conditions of Islamic marriage as well as the legal basis considerations, examines the case, its benefits, and puts forward syar'i arguments in its deliberations. The factor that became the reason for the applicant submitting hisbat marriage based on the decision number: 473/pdt.p/2022/PA.LLG was to complete the Umrah registration requirement investigators focus on Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage.

Legal reservations in fulfilling the purpose of the European principle of legal certainty on the example of Ukrainian legislation

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the legal systems of states that recognise and enforce the rule of law are increasingly subject to integration influence: the general requirements of rule-making are unified and ensured by the common obligations of the member states of international communities. The purpose of this study was to conduct a logical and legal analysis of legal reservations as a means of designing (constructing) legal norms to fulfil the purpose of the principle of legal certainty in national legislation. The study employed various methods of scientific cognition, including axiological, analytical, systemic, special legal, hermeneutical, logical, modelling, etc. The use of these methods has provided the basis for the scientific hypothesis regarding the composition of the principle of legal certainty and the nature of legal reservations. The study summarised that the principle of legal certainty as a component of the rule of law is based on the concept of predictability, which is achieved by ensuring clarity, unambiguity, and comprehensibility of legal provisions, and completeness of their content in the normative forms of national legislation. It was found that the requirements of the legal certainty principle can be met by applying a unified technique of rule-making, structuring, and formulation of regulatory provisions, where legal reservations are given a significant importance. The study identified and characterised the crucial features of legal reservations through understanding them as an element of rule- making technique in fulfilling the purpose of the European principle of legal certainty. The study outlined the essential properties of legal reservations and general requirements to them. The legal reservations are defined in the rules of law of national legislation as an element of rule-making technique, the content of which is determined by the social purpose of law. The study proved that they take the form of linguistic constructions, specify the purpose of a legal provision and the limits of its effect, and ensure the accuracy and predictability of a regulatory prescription. The findings of this study are of practical significance, as they can be used in research – for further investigation of topical issues of rulemaking technique, in lawmaking work – in the development of regulations

The significance of the social environment to achieve the efficiency of legal regulation constitutional legal relations

The purpose of the paper is to identify the problems of efficiency of legal regulation of constitutional legal relations, to study the impact of the social environment on the efficiency of legal regulation of constitutional legal relations, and also to make proposals for overcoming the problems of efficiency of legal regulation of constitutional legal relations. The paper examines the importance of the social environment for achieving effectiveness of constitutional and legal norms. The author considers the influence of legal awareness, relationship between political culture and implementation of constitutional and legal norms, and the role of economic factors in this context. The importance of legal awareness as a key factor influencing the implementation of constitutional and legal norms is investigated. According to the conclusions of this study, the formation of an informed and highly developed legal consciousness in the society is a prerequisite for successful implementation and observance of constitutional norms. The importance of political culture as a factor determining the attitude of citizens to the political system and legal norms is investigated. It is concluded that a high political culture contributes to the establishment of stability and trust in constitutional and legal norms, and facilitates their effective implementation. It is determined that economic factors can influence the implementation of constitutional and legal provisions through the impact on socio- economic living conditions. The work points to the need to take into account economic aspects in the formulation and implementation of constitutional and legal provisions to ensure their effectiveness. The social environment, such as legal awareness, political culture and economic factors, is key to the successful implementation of constitutional and legal provisions. The integration of these factors into the formulation and implementation of legal norms is strategically important to achieve the goal of a stable and effective constitutional system.

Rhetorical entrapment in international negotiations: A new pathway and mechanisms

Rhetorical entrapment plays a key – but often overlooked – role in the theory and practice of international relations. In this article, we develop a new pathway and mechanisms of rhetorical entrapment. Our key argument is that current literature has focused too much on normative forms of rhetorical entrapment. Although insightful, this misses empirical forms of rhetorical entrapment. Drawing on Habermasian theory, we suggest that normative and empirical validity claims give rise to alternate pathways and mechanisms of rhetorical entrapment: the normative pathway encapsulates framing, identity and legitimacy; whereas the empirical pathway is mediated by information, reputation and trust. To explore this theoretical argument, we engage in a plausibility probe of international investment agreement negotiations. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with various state negotiators, we find that empirical rhetorical entrapment is pervasive. We document this pathway and mechanisms. We conclude by developing the broader causal and normative implications of our argument.

The Importance and Limitation of Epistemic Norms in Political Theory

One recent debate in political theory centers on the question of whether there is a distinctively political normativity. According to an influential view, there is a distinctive set of norms that applies specifically to political actions and decisions, which are not grounded in moral normativity. On one version of this non-moral view, political theory is grounded in epistemic normativity (and thus epistemic norms). Theorists identifying as “radical realists” insist that political theorists do not need any moral normativity (and thus moral norms), because epistemic normativity may provide action-guidance for political theory. In this article, we take our point of departure in a critical analysis of this epistemic version of the non-moral view, with the overall aim of analyzing the importance and limitation of epistemic norms in political theory. We argue that epistemic norms are necessary—since a political theory should not rely on empirical falsities—but not sufficient for a successful account in the political domain. Two claims are made: moral norms are essential in the process of political theorizing, both in the form of pre-epistemic norms and in the form of post-epistemic norms. More specifically, we contend, first, that we need moral norms to identify and justify which practices to study when conducting political theorizing, and second, that we need moral norms to tell us how to act in light of our investigation of warranted and unwarranted beliefs.

ONTOLOGY OF DIGITAL OBJECTS AND TECHNOLOGICAL NORMATIVITY: NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR DIGITAL ETHICS

Purpose: Development of conceptual approaches to the understanding of ethical aspects of digital technologies, based on the ontological turn in the understanding of technological normativity.Design / Method / Approach: The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach combining philosophy of technology, ethics, social philosophy, science and technology research, computer science and cognitive psychology. Methods of conceptual analysis, phenomenological description, critical discourse analysis and comparative analysis are used.Findings: The ontological status of digital objects and their role in the formation of ethical experience is analyzed. The forms of normativity of digital technologies are revealed: interface, algorithmic and infrastructural.Theoretical implications: The research contributes to the development of conceptual approaches to the ethical aspects of digital technologies, creating a basis for the integration of various philosophical traditions and expanding the possibilities of ethical analysis in the digital era.Practical implications: The proposed approach can be used to develop strategies for ethical design and management of digital technologies, including creating ethical guidelines, conducting ethical audits, designing interfaces, and developing educational programs on digital ethics.Originality / Value: A comprehensive approach to the consideration of the ethics of digital technologies is proposed, taking into account the ontological turn in the understanding of technological normativity. The novelty lies in the integration of the ideas of postphenomenology, object-oriented ontology and philosophy of information for the analysis of the ontology of digital objects and their normative force.Research limitations / Future research: Prospects include empirical studies of various forms of technological normativity, in-depth study of the ontological status of specific types of digital objects, and analysis of the relationship between the ontology of digital objects and their normative force in various contexts. The limitations are related to the theoretical nature of the study, which requires further empirical verification.Paper type: Theoretical.

TO THE ISSUE OF PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN THE CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL LAW

The aim. The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis of violations of children's rights in the context of armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine in order to determine ways to improve the regulatory and legal mechanisms for their protection. Materials and methods. To achieve the goal of the work, general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge are used. The formal-legal method was applied to the analysis of legal acts regulating the protection of children's rights. Thanks to the application of this method, the formulation of legal norms, their legal technique, the conceptual and categorical apparatus was studied in order to clarify the content and essence of regulation, and the norms of international and national law were determined to identify gaps, collisions, and contradictions. The method of statistical analysis made it possible to determine the dynamics of the number of cases of abduction of children or their adoption. Results. During the research, it was established that russian aggression against Ukraine is accompanied by systematic violations of international law aimed at protecting the rights of the child, in particular the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Geneva Conventions, and The Hague Conventions. According to the data of international monitoring missions, in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine numerous facts of violation of children's rights to life, protection from torture, personal integrity, dignity, safety, as well as rights to protection from sexual violence have been recorded. In addition, children are deprived of safe conditions for life, healthy development and realization of the right to education. Such systemic violations require an urgent response by the international community in the form of strengthening preventive measures to prevent further violations of childhood rights. Conclusions. As a result of the full-scale invasion and occupation of part of the territory of Ukraine, the number of cases of violation of children's rights has increased significantly. In particular, this concerns violations of the rights to life, personal integrity, protection of dignity, the right to protection from sexual violence and a number of others. Based on this, the problem of protecting children's rights is of great importance and determines the need to improve the existing mechanisms of legal protection at the national and international levels.

Інституційний простір сфери оплати праці.

The problem of adequate performance of economic and social functions of labor remuneration and its compliance with the criteria of decent work is extremely relevant for Ukraine. The problem cannot be solved only by adjusting the existing and adopting new normative legal acts of labor law, since the corresponding legislative amendments must be accepted by the key parties to social and labor relations. The purpose of the article is to investigate the institutional environment in the field of labor remuneration in Ukraine in its various manifestations, to identify the most common institutional constructions, structures and practices that need correction and should become a priority object of state policy. The research was conducted using the methods of desk study. In the absence of official statistical data on the labor market and wages, indirect assessment methods were used based on available administrative data, materials of international organizations, results of sociological surveys, etc. The authors abandoned the traditional identification of institutions exclusively with formal organizations, which are mainly created by the government. The novelty is provided by the study of widespread informal institutional structures and practices, their main manifestations and socio-economic consequences. he study revealed that due to the low efficiency of controlling and punitive instruments of state regulation, several informal and implicit institutional structures have taken root in the institutional environment of the sphere of labor remuneration in addition to or instead of formal norms and rules, in particular, the shadowing of labor remuneration, labor remuneration based on individual agreements, unpaid overtime work, fictitious individual entrepreneurs, etc. Manifestations, main causes and consequences of the spread of informal practices are analysed. The impact of the full-scale military aggression against Ukraine on the labor market and labor force patterns in terms of working conditions and wages is assessed, and the risk of deepening shortage of workers for the needs of the post-war reconstruction is emphasized. The role of the government as the largest employer and the main transformations of the wage institution in the public sector are revealed. Conclusions have been made regarding the priority functions of the state in the sphere of wages, based on the need to ensure the resilience of the national economy.

Преследование (сталкерство): формы поведения, типологии, ответственность в зарубежном и российском законодательстве

<p style="text-align: justify;">This article, based on comparative legal analysis, reveals the essential characteristics of the process of development of foreign, international, and Russian legislation in terms of countering stalking (persecution). The psychological mechanisms of this behavior are generalized and systematized, typologies of stalkers are presented, as well as the possibilities of using these typologies in the work of law enforcement agencies. The author’s position is substantiated that theoretical studies of stalking in Russia are in their infancy, and domestic theories explaining stalking are underdeveloped compared to other areas of clinical psychology. Consequently, there is a dearth of research on concepts that can guide the formulation of legal norms aimed at effectively countering stalking in Russia. It is substantiated that persecution is an independent type of criminal offense. Based on a study of foreign legislative experience and known typologies of stalkers, a definition of stalking as a crime is given.</p>

The effects of social capital and family income on farmers’ participation in rural public goods provision

Farmers' participation in rural public goods provision (PGP) is vital to improving rural public goods conditions and achieving rural revitalization in China. The factors influencing farmers' participation are, however, far from clear. This paper aims to investigate how social capital and income, the two most prominent factors, affect rural residents' participation in PGP. We use the Heckman sample selection model to empirically estimate the effects of both social capital and family income on farmers' participation and contribution to PGP based on a household survey conducted in four representative provinces in China. We further investigate the moderating effect of village location and elite ability on the effect of social capital on farmers' participation. Our results show that social capital generally has a positive impact on farmers' participation. Specifically, improving the formal norm, size of networks, and density of network would increase farmers' participation propensity. Enriching norms, particularly formal norms, can significantly improve farmers' contribution to public goods. Surprisingly, family income, mainly non-farm income, has a slightly negative effect on farmers' participation. Moreover, village-county distance can undermine the effect of social norms on farmers' participation, while elite ability can enhance the effect of social trust on farmers' participation. Thus, we suggest authorities should focus on enhancing social capital in the rural community to promote farmers’ participation in PGP.

The market of academic texts in Russia (according to a qualitative survey)

In Russia, there exists a market where academic texts are sold and bought, from student qualification papers to scientific articles and dissertations. Although its existence violates the formal norms and values of the scientific community, it functions sustainably. The authors analyze the established practices of writing academic texts on demand (with an emphasis on the study of the social behavior of actors) as part of a specific organizational field, a kind of market. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with six direct actors, so-called scriptors (or ghostwriters) and four experts representing NGOs in the field of science and higher education. Destructive entrepreneurship in the system of higher education and science is characterized as a complex system, the actors of which are not only informally “self-employed” scriptors, but also formal organizations that provide contact between customers and performers of academic work. The stability of quasi-scientific texts market in Russia is associated at the macro level with the high demand for higher education and scientific degrees as a status attribute, as well as with a significant supply from scientific and pedagogical workers, thus compensating for the limited opportunities for legal academic entrepreneurship by informal destructive entrepreneurship. At the meso level, the institutional conditions are the rigidity of Russian universities, which continue to be primarily educational institutions, where legal academic entrepreneurship of an innovative type is developing very modestly, and low salaries of staff members. At the micro level, it is an attempt to impose publication activity as the main criterion of academic success in conditions where a significant part of university staff perceive themselves as teachers, not researchers, and do not seek (or do not have the opportunity) to change this situation.

Embodying global gender norms: A decolonial and diasporic reading of domestic workers' activism in Brazil

The article offers a decolonial and diasporic reading of global gender norms as sites of power where nested hierarchies – of gender, race, class, among others – are constantly being contested, refused, and negotiated by and within bodies that resist. It departs from a Latin American/Ladin Amefrican perspective, which assumes an alternative genealogy of human rights that begins with the embodied experience and struggles of people, instead of assuming the existence of an international normative framework. It looks particularly at the struggle of domestic workers for labor rights in Brazil as a case of embodied human rights activism. By evidencing their agency in the formulation of global and local norms, the article claims that domestic workers' struggles were central not only for negotiating, disrupting and (re)creating spaces of power and agenda-setting, but also for confronting the structures of coloniality that sustain the modern matrix of power.

The Constitutional Perspective of Indonesian Social Security System

Some of the values contained in the regulation of the National Social Security System Law (SJSN) and the Social Security Management Agency Law (BPJS) are contrary to constitutional values. The purpose of this paper is to examine the conflict of values. The study was conducted using normative legal research methods, which focused on the statutory and theoretical approach. This study found that social welfare mandated by the 1945 Constitution to the state is developed through the national social security system: (a) as an obligation, (b) to empower the weak and incapable people to develop themselves in accordance with human dignity, and (c) in order to fulfill basic needs, both the right to education, the right to health, and the right to get a job. In addition, although the 1945 Constitution does not specify the pattern of the social security system to be developed, the SJSN Law and the BPJS Law use a mixed model between social insurance from participants and social assistance from the state to the poor. Based on this, it is recommended to adjust the formulation of legal norms of the SJSN Law and BPJS Law contained with constitutional values.

Смешанная модель: Макс Вебер и реальность

The article is devoted to the analysis of the semi-presidential, or mixed, model (system) of power. This structure is of a particular interest, not least due to the fact that it creates favorable conditions for the authoritarian evolution. Of course, an authoritarian regime can form in both the presidential and parliamentary systems, but the semi-p residential model holds much greater potential for such a development of events. The main flaw of the semi-presidential system is that the president is normatively placed above all institutions of power, but at the same time retains prerogatives that do not allow him to remain politically impartial. This position of the president in the system of power distorts his political self-identification. He begins to perceive himself as an analogue of an absolute monarch and monopolizes power via legal means. One of the fathers of the mixed model was Max Weber, whose idea of a plebiscitary president marked the beginning of the formation of a new type of a republican form of government, first enshrined in the Constitution of (Weimar) Germany in 1919. This is why the author thoroughly examines Weber’s concept, his role in the development of the Weimar Constitution, and compares his views with the normative model reflected in the Constitution. The article shows that although the Weimar Constitution did not adopt all of Weber’s principles and moved much further away from the model of a presidential republic, the main Weberian ideas were included in the form of certain norms. The final part of the article presents a number of critical considerations about certain provisions of the Weberian concept and the Weimar model of power.