Formal Norms Research Articles

NILAI-NILAI FILOSOFIS EMOSI SEBAGAI DASAR BIMBINGAN MENTAL ANAK DI SMK PONDOK PESANTREN AL FALLAH LAMPUNG TENGAH

The role of school institutions in the mental formation of children has long been played by formal institutions. Essentially, every school has forms of local wisdom that are inherent and serve as a resilience system in dealing with a variety of problems. What drove this study was the existence of problems that occur in the SMK Ponpes Al Falah: first, the emotional temperament of children that sometimes leads to fatalism. Second, the child conflict that always reappears occurs between fellow friends and between good classmates sons and daughters who always justify the right. Third, the internal conflict in the classroom that sometimes does not end is caused by the individual's emotions being less able to control themselves.Philosophical values become the form of local norms used by the head of school and teachers in school institutions. Using interpretative analysis of data from observations and interviews, the study found that the philosophical values adhered to by the school's institution formed the foundation for addressing a variety of problems. The study found that the philosophical values adhered to by the school institutions form the foundation for addressing a variety of problems. The principal, who also serves as a dynamic force in this study, has important roles to play in terms of socialisation, integration, normative influence, and social control. The use of philosophical values in this article successfully demonstrates that philosophical values as a form of mechanism in mental formation can address social problems in the school environment.

The Quest for Normativity: Editors’ Introduction

This special collection builds on a growing chorus of voices calling to bridge the gap between normative concerns and sociological practice, and indeed to develop normative forms of sociology. Although the collection’s articles constitute a small sample of (normative) sociology’s rich and evolving landscape, they demonstrate not only how normative traditions are deeply embedded in sociology’s history, but also how they are being invoked in new and creative ways. Our authors’ work illuminates the unity between sociological and normative concerns by reconstructing important chapters of the discipline’s engagement with ethical reflection, and by chartering possible paths for normative sociology. Contributors further engage with the normative value of intellectual resources located beyond standard academic boundaries, such as religious resources, and emphasize the importance of researchers reflecting upon their own normative assumptions. Finally, they frame normativity in terms of layered engagements: calling on social scientists to consider participatory research paradigms and to build bridges between research and the general public in the search for social justice.

Nonseparation analysis-based finite/fixed-time synchronization of fully complex-valued impulsive dynamical networks

In this article, the impulsive effect is introduced into complex-variable networks (CO-VNs) and the finite/fixed-time synchronization (FI-T/FX-TS) of fully CO-VNs is discussed without using the classical decomposition approach. First of all, by applying the comparison principle, mathematical induction and the optimization method, two theorems are established to realize FI/FX-T stability of impulsive systems, and the estimated convergence time derived is more accurate. Furthermore, under the vector-valued signum function and different forms of norms in the complex field, several complex-valued control protocols are directly designed to realize synchronization. Besides, some effective conditions for FI/FX-TS are derived under the improved FI/FX-T stability results, which are simpler and easier to be verified than the previous decomposition results. To conclude, three numerical examples are provided to verify the obtained theoretical results.

The right to free development of your personality: concept and content

The right to free development of your personality: concept and content

The Somatechnic and Spatio-legal Regulation of Stagnant Water in Singapore

Using a critical legal geography approach that incorporates theories of law, space, and power, this paper explores how the public health surveillance of dengue fever is utilised by the state in an ongoing ‘war against the mosquito’ in Singapore. Here, the state deploys biopower as a form of spatio-legal ‘lawscaping’ – consisting of and implicating a host of actors, institutions, and objects – in order to seek and eradicate sources of stagnant water (and the mosquitoes that breed in them) in spaces across the city. The paper demonstrates how, in combating dengue fever this way, the public health surveillance and regulation of dengue fever in Singapore informs four distinct yet interconnected forms of spatio-legal materiality and normativity: a) the inspection of space; b) the invisibilisation of death; c) the implementation of self-regulatory objects; and d) the illegality of uncleanliness. Therefore, in tracing the public health surveillance of dengue fever as it relates to the biopolitical regulation of stagnant water, this paper is also able to evince how the state uses spatio-legal means to govern a range of sites as well as a host of human and non-human bodies, and in doing so reveal how state biopower can be exerted across different species. At the same time, these acts of biopolitical lawscaping serve to flatten different typologies of urban space – be they public, private, or even transient (or under construction). In its desire to eradicate mosquito breeding grounds, the state reduces urban space to that which is clean and unclean – even if unwittingly.

CURRENT TRENDS OF OPERATIONAL QUALITY IN INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION

Purpose. Continuation of the life cycle of construction products is achieved through the use of the latest technologies of a complex technical approach, which includes the creation and use of equipment and materials that compensate for the functional costs of the building at the stage of operation. This substantiates the search for modern approaches to modeling, effective adjustment and development of optimization technologies in the formation of operational quality for the effective implementation of investment and construction projects. Methodology. The study of indicators of operational quality and characteristics of production operations in construction is described by dependencies and algorithms of resource conservation and building safety technologies. The issue of identifying the causes of the loss of reliability of objects and control of resource use requires accounting for changes in the conditions of the external and internal environment, diagnosed in the previous design cycles of this object (prototype) or similar objects (analog), allows to identify them in the form of investment and construction project norms, justify and develop technologies for the formation of its operational quality. Findings. The search for modern approaches to modeling, effective adjustment and development of optimization technologies in the formation of operational quality for the effective implementation of investment-construction projects is substantiated. Originality. The technological complex of system-forming regulators of operational quality in construction, as levers for the implementation of construction projects and applied tools for evaluation and forecasting of parameters of the operational quality of construction products, which allows timely response to the requirements of the customer of the construction project and making the necessary corrections during the implementation of construction processes, in order to comply with the planned operational quality standards. Practical value. Carrying out theoretical and practical justifications and scientific and practical research on the development of technologies for the formation of operational quality in construction. The existing principles of management activities for the assessment and improvement of operational quality at all stages of the life cycle of the construction object and in production processes are substantiated, taking into account the modern conditions of the world market, which imposes strict requirements on construction products at all stages of their creation. Approaches to the implementation of the technology for improving the operational quality of industrial buildings have been developed, which contributed to increasing the level of object reliability and the optimal level of production resource saving. Proposed concepts of the continuation of the life cycle of construction products due to the use of the latest technologies of a complex technical approach in the process of creating and using equipment and materials that compensate for the functional costs of the building at the stage of operation. The latest approaches to modeling, effective adjustment and development of optimization technologies are applied in the formation of operational quality for the effective implementation of investment and construction projects.

Legal Protection Prospects Traditional Cultural Expression of Lampung

The protection of intangible cultural goods, such as oral traditions, is a source of tension between industrialized and developing nations. Many advanced nations argue that culture emerges in the absence of restrictions on normative forms of expression. Using normative approaches, this study examines the current state of traditional cultural expressions in Indonesia and their potential for legal protection in Lampung. The Heritage Law and the Copyright Law both place the onus on regional and municipal governments to conduct cultural inventory, recordings, and documentation to preserve Indonesia's rich cultural heritage. Traditional cultural manifestations in Indonesia are not now protected by a government-enacted statute. Lampung Province is home to a wealth of intangible and tangible cultural expressions that deserve legal protection. Such expressions could be safeguarded by provincial, regional, and municipal regulations that establish a hierarchical framework for protecting Lampung's traditional cultural expressions following the Copyright Law. To prevent other countries from readily claiming their intellectual assets, the Provincial Government of Lampung must work with the community, local government, and the central government to establish regional legislation to protect traditional cultural manifestations.

Terms of recurrence sequences in the solution sets of norm form equations

The structure as well as several arithmetic properties of the solution sets of norm form equations are of classical and recent interest. In this paper, we give a finiteness result for terms of linear recurrence sequences appearing in the coordinates of solutions of norm form equations. Our main theorem yields a common generalization of certain recent results from the literature.

Продовольственная политика и экономическая безопасность аграрного сектора экономики России: опыт институционального анализа

Introduction. The need to adapt agriculture to the conditions of a turbulent external environment requires an increase in the efficiency of state regulation. Solving this problem should be based on rethinking the theoretical and methodological base of the modern food policy effectiveness study from the point of view of institutional analysis. Theoretical analysis. An ordered set of formal and informal institutions constitutes the institutional structure of the agro-food complex. Institutional analysis allows us to answer the question of how modern institutions set exactly the framework for the functioning of the agri-food complex that meets the goals and objectives of its economic security. The elements of institutional analysis include a description of the institute’s content and its functions, the identification of the institute’s evolution patterns and institutional conflicts, the evaluation of the institute’s effectiveness. This makes it possible to build the trajectory of the institute’s transformation in the context of ensuring the economic security of the agricultural sector. Empirical analysis. Modern institutional environment of the agro-industrial complex is characterized by significant deformations under the influence of formal norms and rules, as well as under the influence of their partial replacement by informal institutions, which negatively affects the effectiveness of state regulation and leads to an increase in transaction costs. A detailed analysis of the budget support institute indicates an insufficient level of its complementarity with other institutions, its replacement by an informal institution of “proximity to power”, which leads to regional asymmetry and infringement of the small agribusiness interests in the subsidies distribution. Insufficient amount of support, lack of budget expenditures transparency, their being low-oriented on technological, innovative modernization, form the priority of economic stability over development, create traps of inertial development. Results. Due to low effectiveness of formal institutions for the development of the agricultural sector, the improvement of food policy is of paramount importance. Under the increasing influence of informal institutions, a “hybrid” food policy will be formed. Under these conditions, the trajectory of the agrarian economy institutional environment development is modernization based on inclusive institutions, which will provide a model of sustainable development and economic security of the agricultural sector.

Toward a General Framework of Biased Reasoning: Coherence-Based Reasoning.

A considerable amount of experimental research has been devoted to uncovering biased forms of reasoning. Notwithstanding the richness and overall empirical soundness of the bias research, the field can be described as disjointed, incomplete, and undertheorized. In this article, we seek to address this disconnect by offering "coherence-based reasoning" as a parsimonious theoretical framework that explains a sizable number of important deviations from normative forms of reasoning. Represented in connectionist networks and processed through constraint-satisfaction processing, coherence-based reasoning serves as a ubiquitous, essential, and overwhelmingly adaptive apparatus in people's mental toolbox. This adaptive process, however, can readily be overrun by bias when the network is dominated by nodes or links that are incorrect, overweighted, or otherwise nonnormative. We apply this framework to explain a variety of well-established biased forms of reasoning, including confirmation bias, the halo effect, stereotype spillovers, hindsight bias, motivated reasoning, emotion-driven reasoning, ideological reasoning, and more.

Existence of the solutions to the Brocard–Ramanujan problem for norm forms

The Brocard–Ramanujan problem, which is an unsolved problem in number theory, is to find integer solutions ( x , ℓ ) (x,\ell ) of x 2 − 1 = ℓ ! x^2-1=\ell ! . Many analogs of this problem are currently being considered. As one example, it is known that there are at most only finitely many algebraic integer solutions ( x , ℓ ) (x, \ell ) , up to a unit factor, to the equations N K ( x ) = ℓ ! N_K(x) = \ell ! , where N K N_K are the norms of number fields K / Q K/\mathbf Q . In this paper, we construct infinitely many number fields K K such that N K ( x ) = ℓ ! N_K(x) = \ell ! has at least 22 22 solutions for positive integers ℓ \ell .

Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Bagi Hak Tersangka Dalam Pradilan Pidana di Indonesia

Research aims to analyze the norms related to legal aid in legislation by providing legal protection for suspects and to analyze the role of legal assistance in legal protection of suspects in the criminal justice system in Indonesia. The problems to be examined are regarding the formulation of norms related to legal aid in legislation and the role of legal aid institutions in providing guarantee protection for suspects in the criminal justice system in Indonesia. Research uses a normative juridical approach by collecting primary, secondary and tertiary data. Research uses a conceptual approach and data analysis techniques by interpreting, assessing and evaluating. Based on this research, it was found that in the Criminal Procedure Code there are legal aid norms, in which there are still contradictions with one another (contradiction determinists), as well as provisions governing the role of legal aid, in this case, legal aid institutions have not played a good role, so many rights of suspects who are still neglected during the examination process.

Сertain types of administrative procedures regarding the formation and implementation of state policy in the sphere of social protection of persons with disabilities

The article reveals the peculiarities of certain types of administrative procedures regarding the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of social security for persons with disabilities.
 It was determined that certain types of administrative procedures regarding the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of social protection of persons with disabilities have an impact on such key issues as the lack of a single clearly defined model of state policy development; the presence of a large number of normative legal acts in the field of social protection of persons with disabilities, which in practice has a negative effect on the process of realization by such persons of their rights and freedoms.
 It is emphasized that the development and formation of state policy depends on the state of affairs management in its territory and the ability of the authorities to responsibly and effectively manage the spheres of people’s lives, especially persons with disabilities.
 Considered such separate types of administrative procedures as: rule-making, establishment and approval procedures. In particular, it is stated that the main purpose of rule-making is the formulation of new legal norms that are inherent in social relations, that is, the modeling of social relations that are acceptable or necessary from the standpoint of the state or civil society. Attention is drawn to the fact that compliance with the procedure for review, adoption and entry into force of normative legal acts is one of the conditions for the legality of the rule-making process.
 It was determined that the establishment procedures relate to the activities of bodies of the appropriate level regarding the creation, reorganization, liquidation of organizational structures of bodies that directly implement state policy in the field of social protection of persons with disabilities.
 It was emphasized that the main purpose of conciliation procedures is to streamline the issuance of conciliation documents and to introduce the main principles of state policy on the conciliation system in the field of social protection of persons with disabilities.
 It was concluded that the rule-making, establishment and approval procedures in the field of social security of persons with disabilities represent a systematized set of actions regulated by legislation, which establish a legal framework, influence the creation, reorganization, liquidation of organizational structures of bodies that directly implement state policy in the field of social security of persons with disabilities and regulate relations arising between bodies and entities that are participants in these legal relations and are directly related to the issuance of documents of a consensual nature.

Arab Region Social Protection Systems: Research and Policy Design Challenges

This article examines the challenges and opportunities that exist for the production of knowledge and the design of evidence-based policies which aim at achieving more equitable and inclusive social protection systems in the Arab region. The article builds on the experiences of researchers and activists following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic and considers the challenges they faced. It examines the root causes of those challenges as related to data collection, analysis, and interpretation; the adopted research methods and approaches; the typology of researchers, research subjects, practitioners, and activists; the research outputs and the policy recommendations ensuing from them; and the policy spaces encountered when lobbying for the necessary reforms. The article proposes solutions to extend the struggle against the ‘violence of modernity’ when trying to influence policymaking, suggesting a departure from normative forms of knowledge production and advocacy on socioeconomic rights in the Arab region to more homegrown, engaged forms.

Kepemimpinan Transformasional Berbasis Pangadereng

Transformational leadership is in line with the leadership model of the Bugis nation contained in the heritage of local wisdom of Pangadereng culture. Transformational leadership is a person's ability to arouse feelings, motivate and move others to do work in order to achieve organizational goals. Pangadereng is a culture that contains shared values and norms, is a social controller and regulates the behavior of everyone both for himself and his environment based on Lempue nasibawai tau, (honesty accompanied by piety), There is tongeng nasibawai tike, (truth of words accompanied by vigilance), Siri nasibawai getteng, (shame or self-esteem accompanied by determination), Awaraningeng nasibawai nyamengkininnawa, (courage accompanied by affection), Appesona ri Dewata Seuwae (surrender to God Almighty). Pangadereng-based transformational leadership places the basic values of lempuk, adatongeng, getteng, sipakatau and mappesona ri dewata seuwae, into the basis of amaccang. These values are called for and carried out in the form of pangadereng norms consisting of ade', talk, rapang, and wari'.

Dilemma in Merantau Tradition and Culture in Minangkabau for Adult Men Viewed Through Symbolic Interactionism

This research is entitled Dilemma in Merantau Tradition and Culture in Minangkabau for Adult Men Viewed Through Symbolic Interactionism. The tradition and culture of migrating - especially in Minangkabau, West Sumatra - is unique and distinctive. This is marked by the existence of literary works in the form of rhymes, rules, and customary norms, which contain the need to go abroad. The tradition and culture of migrating in Minangkabau is obligatory for adult men to leave their hometown. The goal is to be able to live independently and be able to adapt to their new environment. However, there are also some adult men who do not migrate for certain reasons. This becomes a dilemma, namely, choose (choose) to migrate or not to migrate. Through the study of symbolic interactionism theory, the author tries to reveal the dilemmatic problem for adult men, when each of them has reasons to choose between two options. Although the obligation to wander is a law or customary regulation that has been going on for generations. In fact, wandering or not migrating does not matter, when each individual has reasons that support his choice

Sources of international family law: a posse ad esse non valet consequentia

The sources of international family law are not accurately defined in Russian legislation and legal doctrine, and are often misinterpreted in practice as well. The subject of this study, therefore, is the legal form of private international law norms, to determine the set of sources to be used to resolve cross-border family disputes in Russia. The research methodology adopted by the author includes the logical methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as formal, legal and comparative private scientific methods. A logical result of insufficient attention to the sources of private international law is the persisting ambiguity in their composition, which has manifested into the analysis of the sources of international family law.The author concludes that the broad understanding of private international law sources proposed by legal doctrines and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation does not find full confirmation in resolving cross-border family disputes in practice. Outdated regulation does not allow international treaties to maintain precedence in the system of sources. Despite the Ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the procedure for its application, the use of international treaties has not become wide-spread in resolving cross-border family disputes by Russian courts.The inconsistency of Russian legislation with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law has sparked academic discussion regarding their regulatory impact. This, however, did not prevent the highest court from referring to them as the sources of private international law for the Russian Federation. This study demonstrates the lack of convincing evidence for their use as a source of international family law.Acts of international organizations, when provided in the form of an international treaty or regulation, can serve as a basis for resolving cross-border family disputes. Acts that do not have a similar expression are not sources, but can influence the legislator due to their rec-ommendatory nature.The domestic legislation of the Russian Federation comprises a large number of Acts con-taining the norms of international family law. While agreeing with the idea of its codification as a whole, the author opines that it requires not only a thorough analysis of de lege lata, but also a balanced approach to de lege ferenda.Customs recognized in the Russian Federation have the potential value of a source of international family law. However, at the same time, their use in resolving cross-border family disputes is not supported by empirical data.Foreign law, including foreign customs, is the set of rules that can be applied in resolving disputes, subject to regulatory permission. They should be distinguished from the sources of law of the national legal system. Therefore, it is incorrect to consider them as sources of private international law of the Russian Federation.

Like Giants Sitting on the Dwarf’s Shoulders: Religious Anarchism and the Making of Modern Zionist Historiography

German and Central European Jews shaped many primary Jewish responses to modernity. The religious renewal, or the alleged “Jewish Renaissance” among German Jews in the first decades of the 20th century, offers a radical encounter with tradition as part of Jewish modernism. In this paper, I aim to examine a group of revolutionary young intellectual anarchists, striving for a new religious excitement free of the traditional binding part of established religions. In various forms, religiosity became the only possible way of radical political thinking, a kind of antinomian liberation theology. In the absence of traditional communal ties of orthodox praxis and systematic theological speculation, these political intellectuals turn to historical discourse as their leading theological super-structure. Their critique of modernism was merged into a nostalgic rethinking of pre-modern religious forms and cultural patterns. The Zionists among them contributed much to the ammunition of the sacred covenant of Land, Blood, disrespect toward any form of legal normativity, and solid messianic expectation. This fatal combination is responsible for many disturbing elements in the contemporary Israeli public sphere.

Law-making: issues of form and content

The article is devoted to the study of issues of the form and content of law-making through the prism of the idea of freedom as the primary basis for the formation and development of socio-normative systems. Emphasis is placed on the predominantly instrumental nature of the understanding of the essence and nature of law-making in modern legal literature. It is substantiated that law is one of the forms of freedom as a process of separating good from evil, the content of which has a moral dimension, not limited by the pragmatic, conventional orientation of the functional influence of officially established legal norms on social relations. At the same time, the idea of human freedom is the general, primary basis for the formation and development of law, morality and religion as necessary socionormative systems in every society; the idea of freedom acts as a basic, fundamental concept for each of them and around it, or rather its concrete understanding within certain temporal and spatial dimensions, a holistic and multi-level system of relevant social values (justice, humanism, equality, good faith, etc.) is developing, which must be coherently and balanced justified, protected and defended within the limits of the specified normative phenomena. The author’s understanding of the concept of «law-making» is offered. Law-making is the activity of authorized bodies and other entities, defined in the legislation, for the planning, development and adoption of a normative legal act with the aim of ensuring legal regulation and/or protection of social relations, the content of which is the official establishment of rules of behavior and activities of people and their associations based on a constitutionally established system of social values, which are substantiated taking into account the objective relationships and interdependencies between the main social regulators operating in society. As a result of research the following conclusions are made: 1. The content of law-making is its main ideas, goals, opinions and positions of its subjects, reality, reproduced at different levels of the consciousness of the rule-maker and embodied in the form of legal norms with different legal force, which fix the models of behavior of the participants of the relevant legal relations, their rights and obligations, the mechanism of their implementation, legal responsibility for their violation, etc. 2. The form of law-making, in contrast to its content, represents its fixed determination, the way of its actual existence, its state or structure. The form of law-making is its internal organization, which includes relevant stages, communications, the procedure for drawing up certain documentation, a system of legal means used in the process of developing and adopting legal acts, etc. The dialectic of the form and content of law-making is manifested in the fact that the form of law-making cannot be outside the context of its defined content, meaning or idea, just as the content of law-making always needs a certain design or organization. Key words: law-making, form and content, freedom, human rights, morality, religion, social values.

The Ideological Origins of “Written” Constitutionalism

ABSTRACT: Americans have long argued that during the Age of Revolutions, the “early modern” world became “modern” thanks to a set of political innovations in the nature of government. Paramount among these was the creation of nation-states founded on the “invention” of written constitutions—beginning with the new United States, whose form of written constitutionalism served as a model for other polities. This article challenges that narrative. Building on recent scholarship on the coproduction of writing practices and state formation, it argues that the mode of constitution-making inaugurated in the aftermath of the American Revolution represented less a moment of origin than an ideological project of revising the relationship between document and statecraft characteristic of the early modern British Empire. Early American elites sought to portray the written constitution of empire as archaic as they defined their own species of written constitutionalism as an innovation, one they posited as the template for a normative form of the “modern” state.