Form Of Mutilation Research Articles

Biogenic corrosion inhibition through Bacillus coagulans on mild steel in mild acidic medium

In the present study, the corrosion inhibition properties of Bacillus coagulans against mild steel (MS) were studied employing electrochemical procedures to monitor the real-time corrosion rate, mechanism, development of efficient mitigation strategies, and material protection. Results of the study revealed that under acidic environments B. coagulans formed a protective biofilm on MS surface and caused marked reduction in corrosion and other forms of mutilation. Characterization and electrochemical procedures were performed to investigate the inhibitory effects of B. coagulans at different pH and at different temperatures on the corrosion rate and, to determine the mechanism of corrosion prevention. The film developed on surface of the MS by B. coagulans, was crack free, compact, and lipophilic in nature and was composed of amyloid fibers, carboxylic acid, and proteins that make electrochemical reactions that, accruing on the metal–solution interface difficult and substantial reduction in corrosion rates observed. The film adhered to the surface of metal substrates shows fitting with diverse adsorption isotherm indications, with physical adsorption being the predominant pattern observed in most cases. This suggests that the interaction between the biofilm and metal surfaces is primarily governed by physical forces. To conclude, B. coagulans exhibits protective action on MS against corrosion.

Female Circumcision in Malaysia: A Way Forward for Safe Practice

Female circumcision (FC), commonly referred to as sunat perempuan, is a practice embedded in the cultural and religious fabric of Malaysia, particularly among the Malay Muslim community. While the World Health Organization (WHO) classifies FC under the broader category of female genital mutilation (FGM), Malaysia’s Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development clarified in 2018 that FC, particularly in its less invasive forms, is considered a cultural obligation rather than a form of mutilation. This distinction is crucial as it reflects a comprehensive understanding of FC within the Malaysian context, where it is viewed as a religious obligation rather than a harmful procedure. This research explores the scope of FC at the international level, it’s legality in Islamic law and its practice in Malaysia The study combines qualitative interviews with a thorough analysis of the current literature to provide an extensive analysis of FC practices in Malaysia. One of the critical findings is the lack of standardised guidelines, which has resulted in considerable variety of procedures, different equipment used, and the non-qualified person to perform FC. These inconsistencies raise concerns about the potential risks of infection, bleeding, and other complications. This research highlights the necessity of developing standardised guidelines for FC in Malaysia, akin to the existing guidelines for male circumcision, which may assist in ensuring the procedures for FC are carried out safely and ethically. By suggesting the existence of comprehensive guidelines for FC in Malaysia, this study aims to mitigate the risks associated with FC, foster uniformity in practice and enhance the protection of female infants undergoing this procedure.

African Vernacular Symbols of Black Intersex Children in Sinethemba Ngubane's Installations (2007-2016)

African Vernacular Symbols of Black Intersex Children in Sinethemba Ngubane's Installations (2007-2016)

Feather Corticosterone Measurements and Behavioral Observations in the Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) Living under Different Flight Restraint Conditions in German Zoos.

Simple SummaryThe welfare of zoo birds kept under flight restraint is a frequently discussed topic. Therefore, this study was conducted with one of the most regularly kept types of deflighted birds in German zoos, the great white pelican, to find scientific data regarding welfare assessments of deflighted birds. The detection of corticosterone in feathers (CORTf) as a stress indicator for birds is an almost completely noninvasive form of measurement meant to evaluate the effects of deflighting birds in zoos. Three groups of animals were compared: irreversibly deflighted pelicans that were pinioned or extirpated, reversibly deflighted individuals that were feather-clipped, and airworthy pelicans that were able to fly. Combining two independent research methods, behavioral observation and the measurement of CORTf levels of great white pelicans, we aimed to obtain an objective overview of whether deflighted birds showed differences in CORTf or behavior compared to airworthy birds. As a result of the analysis, we found no significant differences in CORTf between flight-restricted and airworthy birds. However, reversibly deflighted pelicans had higher CORTf values than irreversibly deflighted and airworthy pelicans. In addition, pelicans living in groups consisting of more than 10 individuals showed lower CORTf values than pelicans in groups of less than 10 individuals. “Fluttering” behavior was significantly associated with higher CORTf values. In conclusion, the flight restriction of great white pelicans does not seem to impact the welfare indicators assessed in this study, adrenal activity, or behavior. The data show that the living conditions of pelicans (such as group size) may influence the welfare of these birds. To confirm this, further studies on other ground- and water-based birds are needed to provide more scientific data on animal welfare and living conditions in zoos.The pinioning of birds was previously one of the most-accepted forms of mutilation in zoos. Despite a lack of knowledge on the effects of deflighting procedures with regard to the well-being of deflighted birds, pelicans are often reversibly deflighted by feather-clipping to keep them in open enclosures, including those with ponds without netting. In the present study, we focused on the welfare implications of flight restraint on one of the most commonly kept types of birds in German zoos, the great white pelican. A combination of behavioral observations and feather corticosterone concentrations (CORTf) of pelicans with different deflighting statuses (i.e., irreversibly deflighted, reversibly deflighted, and airworthy) was used to evaluate the effects of deflighting status on pelican welfare. We observed 215 individuals in 21 different German zoos. The pelicans lived in differently designed exhibits. An ethogram for these species was developed and their behavior was evaluated by scan sampling. Feather samples from 182 individuals were collected to determine if different deflighting conditions influenced the CORTf and therefore stress levels. The hypothesis was that the CORTf values of airworthy pelicans differ from those of deflighted pelicans. Tendencies with regard to the flight status groups were found. Conversely, reversibly deflighted pelicans had higher CORTf levels than irreversible deflighted and airworthy pelicans. Tendencies with regard to CORTf values and the group size of the kept pelicans were observed. The CORTf values were lower in groups consisting of more than 10 animals. In addition, the frequency of fluttering behavior was positively associated with CORTf values. Pelicans that frequently showed fluttering had higher CORTf values. Therefore, fluttering behavior might be considered a sign of stress levels in pelicans. This study is one of the first important steps in assessing the impact of deflighting procedures on the welfare of great white pelicans kept in zoos.

Urological sequelae of female genital mutilation

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the ritualistic removal of parts of the external female genitalia. The extent of mutilation as well as the age at which it is performed vary depending on ethnicity. We recognise four forms of mutilation based on the extent of tissue resection, ranging from clitridectomy to resection of the entire soft tissue of the external genitalia. The vast majority of the estimated 200 million mutilated women live in Africa and the Middle and Far East. Due to migration an estimated 150,000 mutilated women live in Germany to date. In approximately 30% of cases FGM leads to urologic complications and the chances of urologists facing these complications is rapidly increasing. The focus lies on chronic infections, pain syndromes and obstructed micturition with all associated late complications. This situation is made more complex if any neighbouring organs were damaged during the mutilation.

Foreign Body Ingestion in a Patient with Psychiatric Illness

Background: There are many challenges in treating patients who engage in deliberate foreign-body ingestion as a method of self-harm. Whereas other forms of mutilation may be dangerous to patients and distressing to their treaters, foreign-body ingestion carries a sense of insidiousness in the lack of outward evidence that harm has been done and in the latent risk of further injury even after a diagnosis has been made. Case Report: Here we report a case of foreign body ingestion in a patient with psychiatric illness and discuss what is known about deliberate foreign-body ingestion and some of the clinical problems they pose, with a focus on medical literature regarding the diagnosis and treatment of such cases. Conclusion: Timely counseling and psychiatric support is essential for foreign body ingestions.

Female genital mutilation - from tradition to femicide

Female genital mutilation has been drawing international attention for the last couple of decades, but this phenomenon is almost unknown in Serbia. In this work we will point to its basic forms and its presence in the world as well as to the variety of consequences, especially those which are the most common causes of death. With this purpose in mind, the work represents the a review of theoretical debates and empirical studies, based on which relevant data may be gathered, related to the previously mentioned subject of the work. Female genital mutilation is a phenomenon mostly in Africa, but due to migrations has become a problem thoughout the whole world. Traditional and cultural norms of strict patriarchal societies along with deeply rooted inequality of genders have contributed to the maintenance of this custom up till today. This custom includes a sequence of different procedures which are used to injure female genitals even though there are no medical reasons for such acts. They are conducted by older women in insanitary conditions and by means such as scissors, razors or glass which bring numerous consequences which can result in death. Females subdued to infibulation are at greater risk of death, although each of the forms of mutilation may have this consequence. Female genital mutilation represents violence against women due to its inevitable physical consequences and its harmful effect on health. Girls and women are subdued to the procedure which in some cases results in death, for the purpose of the community acceptance, most of all the acceptance of the future husband. Namely, women are elligible for marriage only if they are virgins, which is achieved by genital mutilation, according to the opinion of the community in which this tradition is preserved. Beside that, marriage is of high importance for the economic stability of a woman, considering the fact that all the economic power is held by men. Genital mutilation has the purpose of keeping a woman in subordinate position through repression of her sexuality and taking over the control of women?s bodies, which reflects gender inequality. Therefore, every case of female genital mutilation which results in death cannot be regarded as a part of a tradition and cultural heritage, but as one of the forms of femicide.

Survey of practices and perceptions regarding feline onychectomy among private practitioners.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the proportion of veterinarians working with feline patients in private practices who do or do not perform onychectomy and assess attitudes regarding and practices related to onychectomy in a large population of veterinary practitioners. DESIGN Anonymous online survey. SAMPLE 3,441 veterinarians. PROCEDURES An online survey was provided to members of the Veterinary Information Network from June 18, 2014, through July 9, 2014. Descriptive statistics and frequency distributions for applicable response types were calculated, and Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted to compare responses to onychectomy-related opinion questions between respondents who indicated they did or did not perform the procedure. Not all respondents answered every question. RESULTS 2,503 of 3,441 (72.7%) survey respondents reported performing onychectomy, and 827 (24.0%) indicated they did not; 1,534 of 2,498 (61.4%) performing the procedure reported a frequency of < 1 onychectomy/month. Most (2,256/3,023 [74.6%]) respondents who performed onychectomy indicated that they recommended nonsurgical alternatives. Surgical techniques and approaches to analgesia varied, with use of a scalpel only (1,046/1,722 [60.7%]) and perioperative administration of injectable opioids (1,933/2,482 [77.9%]) most commonly reported. Responses to opinion questions in regard to the degree of pain associated with onychectomy and recovery; whether declawing is a form of mutilation, is necessary in some cats for behavioral reasons, or is a necessary alternative to euthanasia in some cats; and whether state organizations should support a legislative ban on onychectomy differed significantly between respondents who did and did not perform the procedure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Onychectomy is a controversial topic, and this was reflected in survey results. In this sample, most veterinarians performing the procedure reported that they did so infrequently, and most offered nonsurgical alternatives to the procedure.

Community Education Matters: Representations of Female Genital Mutilation in Guineans Immigrant Women

Female Genital Mutilation is a cultural tradition, recognized as a violation of human rights and dignity of girls. Many countries develop educational programs that offer alternatives to the ritual. The research questions to which we are seeking answers are: what was the meaning of the practice to the populations? In the community educational programs, what does the alternative ritual consist of? The aims of the study were: to explore the experiences of Guineans immigrant women that lived in communities where the practice was performed, to describe how, where, and who was usually involved, to identify the effects of the mutilation, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational programs developed to eradicate the practice. A qualitative design was chosen. Data were collected by a semi-structure interview from eight immigrant women from Guinea Bissau living in the North of Portugal. Participants were never invited to answer if they had undergone the practice in the past. A religious leader was invited to mediate the relationship with them. Findings show that Type II is the most common form of mutilation. It was shaped by a complex interplay of cultural factors related to the initiation into womanhood, the status of woman and the need to be accepted by men. We did not find a direct relation between religion and mutilation. Educational programs offer an alternative to the ritual (“symbolic fanado”). The educational programs are in general inclusive and culturally-sensitive. They contribute to the reduction of the prevalence of female mutilation, involving the community and respecting the local culture. Instead of imposition, the programs develop a cultural action for freedom. As a result, in these programs emerges an alternative to the cutting, well accepted by the population.

Maternal infibulation and obstetrical outcome in Djibouti

Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess the relation between female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome in an East African urban clinic with a standardized care, taking into account medical and socioeconomic status.Methods: This was a cohort study conducted in Djibouti between October 1, 2012 and April 30, 2014. Overall 643 mothers were interviewed and clinically assessed for the presence of female genital mutilation. The prevalence of obstetric complications by infibulation status was included in a multivariate stepwise regression model.Results: Overall, 29 of 643 women did not have any form of mutilation (4.5%), as opposed to 238 of 643 women with infibulation (37.0%), 369 with type 2 (57.4%), and 7 with type 1 mutilation (1.1%).Women with a severe type of mutilation were more likely to have socio-economic and medical risk factors. After adjustment, the only outcome that was significantly related with infibulation was the presence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid with an odds ratio of 1.58 (1.10–2.27), p value=0.014.Conclusions: Infibulation was not related with excess perinatal morbidity in this setting with a very high prevalence of female genital mutilation, but future research should concentrate on the relation between infibulation and meconium.

Economic implications of superstition and the defacement of the currency notes: Nigeria experience

Nearly half the currency notes in circulation in Nigeria today has lost its wholeness to one form of mutilation or another due to superstitious beliefs. Statistics have shown that 98.0% of the disfigurement of the naira is (deliberately) caused by superstitious belief, while only 0.2% is due to inadvertent mistakes. This paper examines the correlation between superstitious beliefs, magical thinking and judgements or choices regarding currency notes exchange among Nigerian. Drawing upon an extensive contemporary research and existing literature on the culture of superstition, and supported with qualitative methodology, this paper scrutinises the role of superstitious beliefs on our decisions, preference, and actions that affects the use, exchange and mutilation of currency notes with its resultant fiscal connotation. The result shows that majority of the mutilation is deliberately carried out due to superstitious beliefs which exerts a causal influence on people and a serious economic implications on the society.

Living Organ Donation, Beneficient Helping, &amp;amp; the Kantian Concept of Partial Self-Murder

This paper deals with the ethical issues concerning living organ donor transplantation in the context of Immanuel Kant’s Ethical Theory. It primarily aims to refute the common perception about Kant’s categorical opposition to organ transplantation as violative to his concept of duty of self-preservation (transplantation as a form of mutilation or partial suicide). In this paper we will argue that: 1) Kantian concept of mutilation, or partial self-murder, should be perceived within the context of Kant’s prohibition of killing oneself; 2) Kant does not prohibit all forms of organ donation as contrary to duty of self-preservation (i.e., duty to maintain quality of life and donation as violative to the strict prohibition against mutilation). Organ donation could hardly be considered as mutilation or contrary to duty of self-preservation if the following conditions are satisfied: 1) the organ to be donated and the surgical procedure involved, would not pose grave risk (e.g. physical disability and death) to the donor; and 2) the moral personality of the donor would not be at risk by donating his organ.

Aplicações de biomateriais em ortopedia

Biomaterial is a term used to indicate the materials that constitute parts of medical implants, extracorporeal devices and disposables that are used in medicine, surgery, dentistry and veterinary medicine, in all aspects related to health care. More specifically, biomaterials are more related to medical devices, especially those that are temporarily or permanently implanted in the human body. These materials differ from others in that they contain a combination of mechanical, chemical, physical and biological properties which makes their use in the human body possible. Advances in Health, Engineering and other fields of science, driven mainly by rising expectations and the quality of life, have enabled the development of techniques that seek to restore all or some of the functions of the organ or tissue of the person who suffered some form of mutilation or was affected by a disease. This paper presents the applications of biomaterials in the orthopedic area. It will discuss the concepts of biomaterials, as well as those related to the scope of this paper. Then the groups of the most widely used materials in medicine will be presented, and the main types of materials used in orthopedics will be defined with their applications. Finally, the latest advances and perspectives for the use of biomaterials in orthopedics will be presented.Key words: biomaterials, orthopedics, bioengineering.

Lower urinary tract symptoms following female genital mutilation

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) following female genital mutilation (FGM). MethodsA hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1, 2009, through January 1, 2012, at the urogynecology clinic of Sohag University Hospital. The participants were 251 women who had undergone different forms of FGM. ResultsA total of 251 women agreed to participate. All had the clitoris amputated, 7.1% had some form of mutilation to the labia majora, 33.8% had adhesions of the labia minora, 19.2% had clitoral retention cysts, and 38.8% reported at least 1 LUTS. Nocturia (38.6%) was the most prevalent LUTS, intermittency (23.5%) was the most prevalent voiding LUTS, and incomplete voiding (22.7%) was the most common post-micturition LUTS. All 3 types of LUTS were reported by 11.6% of the women. Those with Type II and Type III FGM had a significantly higher risk of having all 3 LUTS than those with Type I. ConclusionWomen with FGM are significantly more likely to have LUTS than women without FGM, and LUTS seem to be more burdensome in those with more extensive FGM.

Cadaver related patients’ rights and their issues in the Hungarian law

In the Hungarian law, non-burial interventions on cadavers are regulated only by the health law and, therefore, other scientific examinations are theoretically not allowed. Only the international ethical code of museums is used in certain cases. Numerous cultures consider this practice as the mutilation of the cadaver. Beyond this and the criminal forms of mutilation, the medical interventions (trial and training) are also appropriate to hurt the dignity of the dead. As a counterweight, the consent of the patient or his/her relatives is needed for post-mortem interventions. This study presents the Hungarian legislation in which the deceased is a 'patient', and the special enforcement of patients' rights takes place in relation to the body. The relatives have many rights concerning autopsy, and the anatomy institutes are also regulated. The presumption of opting-out is used for organ harvesting; objection is accepted only from the patient. Medical data of the deceased are strictly protected, but there are no obstacles to the interests of the relatives. Graduate and postgraduate medical education pays only little attention to these issues, and the legislation is not in line with the present expectations and possibilities, so that it would be advisable to reconsider the full spectrum of the problem.

Recreated Faces: Facial Disfigurement, Plastic Surgery, Photography and the Great War

This article derives from my research at Kings College, University of London and focuses on the rebuilding of the faces of British and Commonwealth personnel that were brutally disfigured by the violence of the Great War. The resulting reconstructive surgery was spearheaded by the New Zealander Harold Gillies (1882–1960). A pioneer in the field, Gillies was the main driving force behind the British response to this problem and went on to become the most prominent plastic surgeon in the interwar period. Artists, sculptors and photographers were a fundamental part of the process. They documented the injuries and surgical repair and had an important influence over the aesthetics of the soldier's reformed faces. The whole operation was highly innovative, each problem addressed and overcome with a mixture of skill, creativity and luck. This story is retold by the photographs that fill Gillies' 1920 textbook, Plastic Surgery of the Face; Based on Selected Cases of War Injuries. They portray the horrors, triumphs and processes that the men and their faces went through with a stark truth that words could never compete with. Archived photographs used in this research are pivotal to help us to understand the extreme physical interventions and trauma that these men endured. Moreover, these photos act as signifiers of the devastating effects of weaponry and war to the face and the cost to human existence. This creative and highly innovative surgery provokes one to ask what was so significant about this form of mutilation that it created a series of exceptional and fascinating responses. The face has the unique position of being central to how we communicate, and forms a crucial part of our identity, a visual representation of the self, the significance of which cannot be underestimated. Mutilation is therefore particularly abhorrent, and the images of these violated faces create a deeper understanding of the horror of war.

Special Report: Highlights of the 2004 Institute on Psychiatric Services

Special Report: Highlights of the 2004 Institute on Psychiatric Services

Hans Staden and the Cultural Politics of Cannibalism

Hans Staden and the Cultural Politics of Cannibalism

Attitudes Surrounding the Continuation of Female Circumcision in the Sudan: Passing the Tradition to the Next Generation

The study opens with a review of the literature on female genital mutilation that describes variations in the form of the practice and terminology reasons given for perpetuating the practice and the influence of religion social changes education and age on continuation attitudes. The following hypotheses were then tested using data from the 1989-90 Sudan Demographic and Health Survey (DHS): 1) Muslim women will be more likely than other women to circumcise their daughters 2) Muslim women will be more likely to favor milder forms of the practice 3) more highly educated women will be less likely to have their daughters mutilated 4) more highly educated women will favor eradication of the practice or less severe forms 5) younger women will be less likely than older women to inflict the practice on their daughters and 6) younger women will favor eradication or less severe forms. The DHS asked specific questions about the mutilation status of respondents (mothers) and daughters the intentions the mothers had of carrying on the practice and the attitudes of fathers. It also provided data on the independent variables of religion education and age type of mutilation husbands occupation place of residence and degree of household access to modern amenities. It was found that nearly 90% of the women surveyed had inflicted some sort of mutilation on their daughters or planned to do so. Nearly half of these women favored the most severe form of mutilation. It is thus likely that the practice will continue. Traditional mothers who had received little schooling and had undergone Pharaonic forms of mutilation were most likely to continue the practice. Younger women and educated women were more likely to favor discontinuation or continuation of a less destructive form of mutilation. Muslim women were more likely than Christian women to plan to have their daughters mutilated but were less likely to state a preference for the Pharaonic form. These results point to the importance of formal education in eradicating this practice.

Multilated Signs: Notes toward a Literary Paleography

Multilated Signs: Notes toward a Literary Paleography