Modal Form Research Articles

One if by Land, and Two if by Sea: Cross-Domain Contests and the Escalation of International Crises

Abstract New domains of military conflict, such as space and cyber, arguably increase opportunities for conflict across, as well as within, domains. Cross-domain conflict is thus seen by many as an emerging source of international instability. Yet, existing systematic empirical research has little to say about how domains interact. This study introduces a new dataset of the domains in which nations took military action during 412 international crises between 1918 and 2015. Analysis of these data yields several surprises. Far from being rare, cross-domain interactions are the modal form of conflict in crises during this period. Nor is cross-domain conflict “new”: crises that play out in more than one domain were about as frequent (proportionately) in decades past as they are today. Cross-domain crises are also less violent and of no greater duration than crises between belligerents using similar means. This study thus presents evidence that fears about cross-domain escalation are empirically unsubstantiated.

Perception and reaction of Nanyang Technological University (NTU) researchers to different forms of research integrity education modality

BackgroundResearch and academic institutions use various delivery channels to deliver Research Integrity (RI) education in their communities. Yet there is no consensus on the best delivery method and the effectiveness of these channels in inculcating a positive RI culture varies across institutions. Hence, this study aimed to understand the preferences of the research community in Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore.MethodsAn online survey was conducted on NTU research community to understand their experience with, and preference for each RI education mode offered in NTU. The RI education modes surveyed in the general ranking question are Data Management Plan (DMP) workshops, Epigeum e-Learning, Compass e-newsletter (email), and NTU policy on Research Integrity and Responsible Conduct of Research. There were 242 responses, comprising 50% research students, 32.2% research staff and 17.8% faculty members. Non-parametric statistical techniques were used to analyse preferences across different RI education modes and within sub-groups (i.e., fields, age, native language, roles in research community).ResultsMore than 92% of respondents subscribed to the importance of RI education, but with different preferences for education modes. With respect to RI education in NTU, Compass e-newsletters were ranked the lowest (p < 0.05). Most felt that they were too wordy and unengaging, making it difficult to absorb information. Similarly, Epigeum e-Learning (p < 0.05) and ‘policy’ (p < 0.05) were found to be too lengthy in presentation. The compulsory NTU RI education modes (Epigeum e-learning and ‘policy’) enjoyed higher participation rates of 70–80% compared with 32–37% for the self-regulated modes (DMP workshop and e-newsletter). This suggests that regulatory mechanisms are still necessary to promote participation in RI education, and thus, core RI education content should be made compulsory in research/academic institutions. Although Epigeum is a compulsory course, some may not have participated in the programme due to technical issues or they might have forgotten to participate in the programme within the permissible timeframe. For all four RI education modes in NTU, the lack of awareness was among the top cited reasons for not participating.ConclusionsMost NTU researchers perceived RI education positively although they may have reservations for some approaches. Conversely, e-Learning is favored over all the other modes except for the mode of Policy. Findings from this study are useful for improving the design of RI education strategies to be more appealing to the research community by enhancing user experience in terms of user-friendliness, relevance to specialisation, providing concise information and better presentation of materials For institutions with similar modes of RI education as NTU, these results may be relevant in improving participation rates and presentation of RI education modes, such as the use of infographics and more concise information.

Pengaruh Cryotherapy, Ultrasound dan Strengthening Exercise pada Post Rekonstruksi Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fase I: A Case Report

The ACL is a ligament in the knee that has the main function of stabilizing the knee in preventing the movement of the tibia from sliding forward and controlling movement during knee rotation. Rupture is the tearing of tissue caused by trauma. A tear in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament caused by direct or indirect trauma to the knee. Direct trauma occurs due to direct contact with the knee when the knee moves laterally or anteriorly, causing the ligament to tear. This study aims to describe the effect of physiotherapy intervention in the form of modalities given for pain management, joint range of motion and functional ability after ACL reconstruction.&#x0D; Description The patient is 31 years old with a history of falls in the past 3 years. The patient feels pain in the area around the incision, has not been able to move the leg normally, the leg cannot be bent maximally, and the leg feels heavy and sluggish. The patient comes to the clinic using an assistive device (elbow crutches) with a non-weight bearing gait pattern. Results and Discussion: The intervention patients were given in the form of cryotherapy, ultrasound, and strengthening exercises in the form of Quadriceps Setting, Hamstring Setting, For Way Hip Exercise, Qalm Shell Exercise, and Ankle Theraband Exercise.&#x0D; The results showed a decrease in pain in the incision and movement area, a decrease in edema, an increase in the range of motion of the joint, and an increase in the strength of the muscles that move the knee joint.&#x0D; The administration of cryotherapy, ultrasound, and strengthening exercises have been shown to reduce pain, increase joint range of motion, increase muscle strength, and reduce edema in patients after phase 1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

FILLMORE'S CASE GRAMMAR ANALYSIS OF 'JINNIYAT JABAL KUMANG' FILM DIALOGUES

This study aimed to describe the modalities and propositions in the dialogues of the film entitled Jinniyāt Jabal Kumang based on case grammar theory from Charles J. Fillmore. This is a literary research that applied descriptive-qualitative method. The result of this study showed that from the dialogues there were found three types of time modalities, namely past, present and future; two forms of adverbial modality, i.e.: quantitative and frequency; an a negation modality. Meanwhile, the types of propositions found were the agentive, objective, source, goal, instrument, time, accompanying, benefactive, and locative cases. From the findings, it can be concluded that the case grammar analysis is applicable to Arabic sentence structure similar that of English and Indonesian language.

Acoustic modal analysis of room responses from the perspective of state-space balanced realization with application to field interpolation.

Despite its importance in structural dynamics and vibration, modal analysis is rarely performed in acoustics due to the high modal density of sound fields. A novel acoustic modal analysis (AMA) approach is proposed in this paper for enclosed acoustic fields, such as a room, from the perspective of state-space formulation of control systems. A single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) state-space model is established in light of the balanced realization (BR), given impulse response measurements. The BR model is then converted to a modal form such that the modal parameters, including natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes, can be estimated. To reconstruct mode shapes, plane wave decomposition (PWD) and compressive sensing (CS) techniques are exploited to solve the underdetermined problem for a spatially sparse representation of mode shapes under the Schroeder frequency. As a result, a model of a continuous system can be "interpolated" for any arbitrary source-receiver positions on the basis of the estimated mode shapes. With the identified modal parameters, the low-frequency and early reflection part of room impulse responses (RIRs) can be synthesized for arbitrary source-sensor pairs. The proposed AMA acoustic field interpolation is validated by extensive simulations and experiments.

On modal forms of the two-parametric weak intuitionistic fuzzy implication

In this paper new modal forms of the two-parametric weak intuitionistic fuzzy implication are introduced. Fulfillment of some properties, together with Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens inference rules, are investigated. Negations generated by implications are presented.

On-line hemodiafiltration therapy for end-stage kidney disease patients: Promises for the future? What's next?

On-line hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) is currently the most advanced form of blood purification modality leading convective-based therapies in end-stage kidney disease patients. By adding a high convective component to the diffusive clearance achieved with highly permeable dialyzers, OL-HDF reinforces removal of small MWt compounds and enlarges the spectrum of uremic compounds cleared up to middle and large MWt compounds. The biological and clinical benefits of convective-based therapy are currently also being explored in a revisited hybrid modality, combining an increased internal filtration process with a more open membrane. Regular use of ultrapure dialysis fluid required by convective-based therapies improves the bio-incompatibility of the extracorporeal circuit so reducing inflammatory responses. On-line production of substitution fluid, relying on a cold sterilization by ultrafiltration, has several advantages: First, it is a safe and established process; and second, it provides an unlimited amount of substitution fluid at the same cost as regular ultrapure dialysis fluid. As such, OL-HDF is adaptable to all substitution modalities (post, pre, or mixed-HDF), thus allowing the dialytic convective dose to be adjusted to the individual patient needs. The development of OL-HDF opens new pathways such as task automation simplifying care workflow. All these features make OL-HDF the most versatile dialysis modality that can be now integrated in various treatment schedules according to session time and frequency (daily, nocturnal, or alternate day) or location (incenter, satellite, or potentially home-based therapy).

Smart Bus Terminus: Sustainable Urban Public Transport Solution Through BIM and GIS Integrated Approach

Smart city / digital city is engaging in Big Data which will be utilized in monitoring and optimizing the urban systems to minimize resource consumption and maximize the quality of life. To implement the concept of “smart cities”, smart city components, design innovation and prototypes must be studied in detail which will be beneficial in understanding the features. India is moving towards becoming one of the developed nations, the source of revenue is highly dependent on public contributions, especially through the transportation sector. The population of India is majorly comprised of the middle-class income category. Their livelihood mainly depends on the regional level jobs and for commute, they prefer public transportation especially Buses. For lodging these buses that are huge in number, Bus Terminus become an integral infrastructure component. In Indian cities, the existing bus terminus appears to be poorly designed and highly congested irrespective of their sizes. Interventions of modern methodologies to improve the conditions in the existing bus terminus in various Indian cities and reconstructing them is of utmost priority for urban planners and policymakers to reach sustainable cities. The objective of adopting smart innovative solutions in Bus Terminus is to reduce pollution, congestion of traffic, improve safety, time optimization and cost reduction. Modern bus terminus must accommodate some key features such as green buildings and utilization of eco-friendly materials for construction, incorporating real-time response, installing solar panels for energy efficiency and power generation, waste segregation and recycling, the hybrid modal form of transport i.e., both traditional and electric vehicles, etc. In the present study, the attempt has been made to develop an artistic view of a “Smart Bus Terminus” prototype that can be adopted at regional and global levels. Autodesk REVIT Architecture and AutoCAD have been used to design and create 3D models; Geographical Information System tools have been adopted for the recommendation of site selection.

Potensi Kombinasi Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribosylation Like 4c Antisense Oligonuclotide-1316 dengan Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Generasi 4-Anti Surfactant Protein B sebagai Terapi Adenokarsinoma Paru

Background: Lung cancer is a disease of the respiratory system that gets special attention because the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that in 2018, lung cancer was the cancer with the highest number of morbidity and mortality rate in the world. There are several types of lung cancer, one of which is adenocarcinoma, which accounts for about 40% of all lung cancers. In its management, cancer cells often develop resistance to EGFR TKI drugs while Cisplatin and Crizotinib have quite dangerous side effects, namely bradycardia to cardiotoxicity.Methods: The method used is a literature review with literature sources in the form of relevant article from search engine such as Pubmed and Google Scholar that contain keyword “ARL4C ASO-1316”, “lung adenocarcinoma”, “PAMAM Dendrimer Generasi 4” and “anti SFTPB antibody”.Result: The ability of ARL4C ASO-1316 in inhibiting the division and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells has been proven in vivo and in vitro so that it can provide hope in the form of new modalities in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. In addition, the combination with the PAMAM Dendrimer G4-Anti SFTPB carrier can increase the ability to deliver ARL4C ASO-1316 to reach target tissues rapidly and can provide maximum effect in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.Conclusion : Adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation like 4c antisense oligonuclotide-1316 with polyamidoamine dendrimer generation 4-anti surfactant protein b should provide novel approaches and new insights for lung adenocarcinoma.

Unpacking “Stacking”: Researching Political Identity and Regime Security in Armed Forces

This article unpacks the phenomenon of identity-based stacking in armed forces to lay the groundwork for a next generation of scholarship, proposing three sets of extensions with examples from regimes in Africa and the Middle East. First, we argue that scholars might treat the concept of stacking with greater nuance by considering variation in stacking’s modal forms, incorporating identities beyond ethnicity, considering how the salience of stacking varies within armed forces, and treating the identities on which stacking is based as malleable. Second, we argue for a more attention to the mechanisms through which stacking operates, such that it can involve layering of multiple bases of identity, be used to manipulate and manufacture identity, and be used to induce in-group competition and rivalry. Finally, stacking scholarship should consider more the costs to a leader’s control over policy and distributional matters and emphasize the trade-offs that various forms of stacking generate among regime security imperatives.

The Development of the Concept of Social Capital

Social capital is assumed as an alternative form of other modalities. Theoretically, there is a debate about social capital leading to social relations. The debate relates to the conceptualization of social capital as concrete capital where individuals or groups are able to utilize social relations including values, social networks and trust to obtain economic benefits and social benefits. Using a qualitative approach with a literature study method, this article aims to explain social capital as a theoretical concept. The presentation of the study shows that there is a relationship between social capital and inclusiveness and community empowerment, especially in the context of sustainable inclusive development. This article concludes that the concept of social capital serves as a useful framework for successful development and policy formulation.

Accidental Pathological Findings in Asymptomatic Maxillary Sinuses in Patients Referred for Head and Neck Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A Cross-sectional Study Analysis.

Background:The aim of the present study was to detect the prevalence of accidental pathological findings in asymptomatic maxillary sinuses in patients referred for head and neck cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination for varied reasons.Methods:The present cross-sectional study included a detailed analysis of CBCT scans of 150 patients aged between 18 and 70 years reporting for varied dental complaints for detecting accidental pathological findings in maxillary sinuses while the patients did not have any complaint pertaining to sinuses.Results:The findings of the present study revealed 58% patients to have pathological findings in maxillary sinuses while they were asymptomatic for sinuses. Furthermore, the prevalence of mucosal thickening was found in 29.3% of the patients while 36.7% patients presented with polypoidal mucosal thickening.Conclusion:Higher prevalence of pathologies in asymptomatic maxillary sinuses found in the present study emphasized significance of a thorough examination of routine dental patients by dento-maxillofacial radiologists with necessary investigations to be advised in the form of higher imaging modalities like CBCT, if necessary.

Modal analytical forms formed on the basis of participial forms ending with -ya, -yahin Yakut and -arin Tuvan

The article provides a comparative analysis of modal indicators in the Yakut and Tuvan languages. We are talking about analytical grammatical indicators that were formed on the basis of participial forms ending with -yahand -yain the Yakut language and the participle ending in -arin the Tuvan language. These participial forms are the main forms in the verb system of the compared languages; they are polyfunctional participles of the past tense. And it is the ability to express by them the attribution of an action (a sign of an action) to the sphere of time that has not passed that allows them to form on their basis a variety of modal meanings - ought, necessity, assumption, desire and unreality.

Net Worth Poverty and Child Development.

The authors investigate whether net worth poverty (NWP) reduces children's well-being. NWP-having wealth (assets minus debts) less than one fourth of the federal poverty line-is both theoretically and empirically distinct from income poverty (IP) and is the modal form of poverty among children. Data come from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and its Child Development Supplement on children ages 3 to 17 years observed between 2002 and 2019. The authors use linear mixed-effects models to investigate the associations among NWP, IP, and four cognitive and behavioral outcomes. NWP reduces children's cognitive scores and was associated with increases in both problem behavior scores. Negative associations for NWP are similar in magnitude to those found for IP. Much of the NWP effect operates through asset deprivation rather than high debt. The results illustrate the potential risks many children, previously overlooked in studies of IP, face because of wealth deprivation.

On the origin of the optative use of the verbal adjective in -l

This paper deals with the origin of the optative function of the verbal adjective in -l in the Serbian language, a functionally restricted and stylistically marked modal form. Within synchronic analyses, it is usually explained as secondary form: a result of reducing complex verbal forms, whose constituent it represents today. By applying diachronic and comparative linguistic analysis it is shown that the formant *-l- is of Proto-Indo-European origin, appearing in both verbal and nominal systems of Indo-European languages. The diversity of formations with the element *-l- is explained by the assumption that in early Proto-Indo-European this element was a kind of modal particle, which in the process of creating inflection became a grammatical morpheme. In Proto-Slavic, the originally modal verbal-nominal form in *-l- developed in two ways: on the one hand, it produced adjectives (mostly resultatives, but also adjectives with a modal nuance) and, on the other, it became part of complex verbal forms in the domain of non-present (perfect, pluperfect, conditional). The independent modal verbal form in *-l- was preserved in the optative function as an archaism, which explains its markedness and restricted use in specific contexts.

A Retrospective Chart Review of Skin Cancer Pattern and Clinical Outcomes Among Saudi Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Saudi Arabia From 1987-2016.

BackgroundSkin cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. However, limited studies have been conducted on this disease in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to describe the prevalence, treatment modalities, and outcomes of skin cancer in a tertiary care hospital in western Saudi Arabia.MethodsA retrospective review of the medical records of all Saudi patients visiting King Abdulaziz Medical City hospital in Jeddah between 1987 and 2016 was performed.ResultsIn total, 132 patients were diagnosed with skin cancer during the study period, however, only 119 cases were analyzed because of missing information. The male-to-female ratio was 1.09:1. The age at diagnosis ranges from 16-94 (mean age: 63.3 years). The most common type of skin cancer was basal cell carcinoma, followed by squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. The most common anatomical site was the head and neck region. The most common form of treatment modality was surgery. Of the studied patients, 49.6% were cured, 20.2% were in remission, 12.6% relapsed, and 17.6% died.ConclusionsThis study showed an equal male to female ratio with variant cumulative incidence over the years. Surgery was the most common treatment modality and had the highest curative outcome. Primary care physicians should be probed further to raise awareness and screen their patients to ensure early detection of possible skin cancer.

Empowerment of Relocation Community Affected by Covid 19 Pandemic in DKI Jakarta with Collaborative Governance

The covid-19 pandemic that has hit the world and Indonesia in particular is not only about the number of people exposd to the virus, but its impact on the economic life of society and the country. The slowdown in various economic activities, the business world, trade and various elements driving the real economy have led to a potential decline in the per capita income of the Indonesian population. This is what is felt by the people of the suburbs at the Rawabebek rusunawa DKI Jakarta who really depend on micro-enterprises for their living. They have experienced a decrease in income since the COVID-19 pandemic so they have limitations in meeting the needs of daily life. For this reason, sustainable community empowerment efforts are needed through aapproach Collaborative Governance. The purpose of this study is to analyze empowerment programs that have been carried out for communities affected by the COVID-19 pandemic through collaborative governance. This study uses a qualitative approach to the type of phenomenological research. The results showed that the collaboration process in empowering the relocation community at the Rawabebek flats only touched on the instrumental aspects and had not touched the substantial aspects. The collaborative process in empowering relocation communities should be based on social capital.capital Socialis capital that can be used as the driving force in empowerment. Social capital provides support to the community to take action together and reciprocally. Social capital is an alternative form of modality that is beneficial for the community to obtain both economic and social benefits.

Controller and sensor placement for a 3D irregular building based on Hankel norm

Placing controllers and sensors properly is important in structural health monitoring and control. Many optimization methods require much computation efforts. This paper used Hankel norms to develop the placement rules, because they involve the input and output gains and thus could be shaped by the locations. In modal form, their computations are relatively simple. The location and mode influences on norms were arranged in rows and columns, respectively, to form a matrix, and was normalized by the column (mode) root mean square. The optimization goal is to choose locations with higher index values and lower correlations to ensure higher controllability and observability, and with less effort to be compensated for by gains. Hankel norm is compatible with the LQR control objectives in that they are both 2-norm, so the methodology is appropriate to be applied to the base isolation benchmark building for structural control, which is an eight-story irregular building with ninety-two candidate locations for controllers and thirty-six locations for sensors. Following the method, ten controller locations and eighteen sensor locations were determined. Earthquake time history analysis using LQG technique validated the effectiveness of thus determined subset of locations by comparing with other subset of locations.

Modality in the campaign speech of Republic Korea presidential candidate Moon Jae In (문제인) in 2017

Speech is a form of expressing thoughts in the form of words addressed to many people. In a speech, the speaker usually expresses one’s attitude or assessment toward someone, as called modality. This study discussed the modalities contained in the campaign speech of presidential candidate, Moon Jae In, at the presidential election of the Republic of Korea in 2017. Through this speech, Moon Jae In could win the hearts of the Republic of Korea people and win the election in 2017. The theory used in this research was the modality theory, proposed by Sun Hye Ok (2016). This study used descriptive qualitative methods, namely reporting and assessing the linguistic data through modality theory as an analytical tool. The results of the analysis showed that there were 63 forms of modality in it. There were 6 forms 명제양태 (proposition modality) and 57 forms 사건양태 (event modality). The percentage of data 명제양태 (prediction modality) was 10% and 사건양태 (event modality) was 90%, so it could be said that in his speech, Moon Jae In revealed more forms of disclosure for the future. Those forms were evidenced through sentences that contain abilities, musts, and goals for the future.

Non‐linear internationalization processes in Portugal: Evidence across retail, construction and software development industries

AbstractThe rising number of Portuguese companies with international operations and growing sectoral diversification has been contributing to the recent international expansion of the Portuguese economy. It is important to introduce nuances in these recent developments, as the proportion of international firms and international expansion capabilities are still low. This article presents the results of a research project carried out between 2015 and 2018 focused on studying firm internationalization logics observable in Portugal, in three contributing sectors – retail, construction and information and communications technology (ICT) software development. The results present domestic markets as having a diffluent role, opportunistic client‐ or partner‐following being adopted as dominant expansion logics, and indicate that internationalization processes are valued for their portability and reversibility. Room exists for de‐ and re‐internationalization, resource commitment shifts and non‐linear logics, an expression of managerial attempts to leverage resource constraints and exposure to risk and market uncertainty. Sectoral diversification and the deployment of more flexible organizational modes in internationalizing companies or company groups in Portugal are suggested as relevant and feasible paths to follow, given the different modal forms currently available for most companies to expand.