Formation Of Representations Research Articles

К вопросу о гранулометрическом составе взорванных скальных пород

Decreasing ore grades combined with increasing pit depths call for the development of solutions to ensure efficient interaction within the mine-to-mill concept, which should be adapted to each specific mining operation and will optimize the production costs. The aim of the study was to develop a methodological approach to assess the particle size distribution of material within the mine-to-mill process. The study applied a comprehensive approach, which includes scientific analysis and generalization of previously published research results. From the methodological point of view, the study was based on the system analysis methods, as well as on the use of information technologies. A conclusion is made that a mathematical apparatus needs to be created and implemented, which would allow formalizing the nature of statistical data on the particle size distribution. The solution of this problem is extremely important to obtain a time series describing the dynamics of the process over time, since most of the data have a different format of representation. The authors believe that a promising approach is to use predictive analytics, i.e. a tool for analyzing statistically significant and objective data, which helps to make accurate forecasts for decisionmaking.

Redundant representations are required to disambiguate simultaneously presented complex stimuli.

A pedestrian crossing a street during rush hour often looks and listens for potential danger. When they hear several different horns, they localize the cars that are honking and decide whether or not they need to modify their motor plan. How does the pedestrian use this auditory information to pick out the corresponding cars in visual space? The integration of distributed representations like these is called the assignment problem, and it must be solved to integrate distinct representations across but also within sensory modalities. Here, we identify and analyze a solution to the assignment problem: the representation of one or more common stimulus features in pairs of relevant brain regions-for example, estimates of the spatial position of cars are represented in both the visual and auditory systems. We characterize how the reliability of this solution depends on different features of the stimulus set (e.g., the size of the set and the complexity of the stimuli) and the details of the split representations (e.g., the precision of each stimulus representation and the amount of overlapping information). Next, we implement this solution in a biologically plausible receptive field code and show how constraints on the number of neurons and spikes used by the code force the brain to navigate a tradeoff between local and catastrophic errors. We show that, when many spikes and neurons are available, representing stimuli from a single sensory modality can be done more reliably across multiple brain regions, despite the risk of assignment errors. Finally, we show that a feedforward neural network can learn the optimal solution to the assignment problem, even when it receives inputs in two distinct representational formats. We also discuss relevant results on assignment errors from the human working memory literature and show that several key predictions of our theory already have support.

The effects of a single bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on visuomotor adaptation and its savings

Performing exercise before or after motor skill learning is thought to have a positive impact on acquisition and retention of motor memories stored in our nervous system. It has been shown that performing 25 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise prior to visuomotor adaptation can enhance both visuomotor adaptation and its retention compared to 25 min of rest before the adaptation. To determine whether a single bout of aerobic exercise could actually facilitate the formation of a neural representation associated with a novel visuomotor condition, we examined aftereffects and savings associated with a visuomotor adaptation task following either an exercise or a rest condition. Sixteen healthy young individuals (18–35 years) first experienced 25 min of moderate-intensity cycling or rest, and then adapted to a 30-degree visuomotor rotation condition. Immediately following that, participants experienced a washout session, which was followed by a readaptation session. Results indicated that all subjects adapted to the visuomotor rotation completely, although no difference was found between the cycling and rest conditions. Aftereffects and savings were also observed in both conditions, but with no difference between the conditions. These findings suggest that compared to a short rest session, a single bout of moderate-intensity cycling may not have a greater impact for enhancing visuomotor adaptation and its retention. Further research is needed, in which the effects of certain factors such as exercise intensity, duration and timing are more systematically investigated.

Testing the influence of semantic and perceptual training on the formation of unitized representations

Testing the influence of semantic and perceptual training on the formation of unitized representations

Unveiling the benefits of multitasking in disentangled representation formation.

Johnston and Fusi recently investigated the emergence of disentangled representations when a neural network was trained to perform multiple simultaneous tasks. Such experiments explore the benefits of flexible representations and add to a growing field of research investigating the representational geometry of artificial and biological neural networks.

Delayed formation of neural representations of space in aged mice.

Aging is associated with cognitive deficits, with spatial memory being very susceptible to decline. The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is important for processing spatial information in the brain and is particularly vulnerable to aging, yet its sparse activity has led to difficulties in assessing changes in this area. Using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, we compared DG neuronal activity and representations of space in young and aged mice walking on an unfamiliar treadmill. We found that calcium activity was significantly higher and less tuned to location in aged mice, resulting in decreased spatial information encoded in the DG. However, with repeated exposure to the same treadmill, both spatial tuning and information levels in aged mice became similar to young mice, while activity remained elevated. Our results show that spatial representations of novel environments are impaired in the aged hippocampus and gradually improve with increased familiarity. Moreover, while the aged DG is hyperexcitable, this does not disrupt neural representations of familiar environments.

Children dynamically update and extend the interface between number words and perceptual magnitudes.

As adults, we represent and think about number, space, and time in at least two ways: our intuitive-but imprecise-perceptual representations, and the slowly learned-but precise-number words. With development, these representational formats interface, allowing us to use precise number words to estimate imprecise perceptual experiences. We test two accounts of this developmental milestone. Either slowly learned associations are required for the interface to form, predicting that deviations from typical experiences (e.g., presentation of a novel unit or unpracticed dimension) will disrupt children's ability to map number words to their perceptual experiences or children's understanding of the logical similarity between number words and perceptual representations allows them to flexibly extend this interface to novel experiences (e.g., units and dimensions they have not yet learned how to formally measure). 5-11-year-olds completed verbal estimation and perceptual sensitivity tasks across three dimensions: Number, Length, and Area. For verbal estimation, they were given novel units (i.e., a three-dot unit called one "toma" for Number, a 44 px long line called one "blicket" for Length, a 111 px2 blob called one "modi" for Area) and asked to estimate how many tomas/blickets/modies they saw when shown a larger set of dots, lines, and blobs. Children could flexibly link number words to novel units across dimensions, demonstrating positive estimation slopes, even for Length and Area, which younger children had limited experience with. This suggests that the logic of structure mapping can be dynamically utilized across perceptual dimensions, even without extensive experience.

The formation of specific and gist associative episodic memory representations during encoding: Effects of rate of presentation.

Assessing the time course under which underlying memory representations can be formed is an important question for understanding memory. Several studies assessing item memory have shown that gist representations of items are laid out more rapidly than verbatim representations. However, for associations among items/components, which form the core of episodic memory, it is unclear whether gist representations form more quickly than, or at least in parallel with, verbatim representations, as fuzzy-trace theory predicts, or whether gist is extracted more slowly from inferring the meaning of verbatim representations, as in gist macroprocessor theories. To test these contrasting possibilities, we used a novel associative recognition task in which participants studied face-scene pairs for .75, 1.5, or 4 seconds each, and were later tested on their ability to discriminate intact pairs from foils which varied in how similar they were to originally studied pairs. Across 2 experiments, we found that verbatim memory for associations, measured using a multinomial-processing-tree model, improved from .75 to 1.5 to 4 seconds of presentation time. Paralleling these effects of encoding time on verbatim memory, for gist memory, there were improvements from .75 seconds to 1.5 seconds in both experiment 1 and 2, while improvements from 1.5 seconds to 4 seconds were only evident when the retention interval between study and test was increased (experiment 2). These results provide strong support for the parallel processing framework of fuzzy-trace theory over the slow gist extraction framework of an alternative gist macroprocessor theory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Names of Genitals: Nominative Features and Their Functioning in Pornography Narrative

The paper deals with the classification of ways of designation genitals in Russian. The theoretical basis is represented by researches on meaning euphemization, the theory of conceptual metaphor and existing classifications of genital vocabulary. The aim of this study is search for classification grounds needed for the systematization of the studied group of words and the description of the lexical ways of designating the genitals in Russian. The material for the study was 120 fragments of pornographic texts containing an explicit description of the consensual and nonconsensual sexual interaction. Based on the lexical-semantic analysis, four ways of nominating the genitals were identified: orthophemistic, euphemistic, dysphemistic and metaphorical ways. Anatomical terms and lexemes of the bookish and colloquial styles were attributed to the orthophemistic way of nomination. The euphemistic way of nominating the genitals included lexemes and lexical combinations which semantically accentuate the sacred status of the genitals or contain reference to their structure, location, physiological features. Euphemization of the studied somatisms was also carried out through the mention of a piece of clothing that covers the genitals or of internal organs of the reproductive system (for female genitals). Lexical constructions in which the genitals were associated with their owner were also attributed to the euphemistic method. The dysphemistic method included lexemes and lexical combinations containing in their semantics indications of the inconsistency of the genitals with the bodily canon, diminutive and augmentative terms, and obscene lexical items. Fourteen metaphorical groups of nominations for male genitalia and fifteen groups of nominations for female genitalia were identified. Four feature concepts that are involved in the formation of the figurative representation of the genitals were found: (1) external similarity, (2) functional characteristics, (3) role in sexual interaction and sexual practices, (4) sociocultural representation.

Fear extinction relies on ventral hippocampal safety codes shaped by the amygdala.

Extinction memory retrieval is influenced by spatial contextual information that determines responding to conditioned stimuli (CS). However, it is poorly understood whether contextual representations are imbued with emotional values to support memory selection. Here, we performed activity-dependent engram tagging and in vivo single-unit electrophysiological recordings from the ventral hippocampus (vH) while optogenetically manipulating basolateral amygdala (BLA) inputs during the formation of cued fear extinction memory. During fear extinction when CS acquire safety properties, we found that CS-related activity in the vH reactivated during sleep consolidation and was strengthened upon memory retrieval. Moreover, fear extinction memory was facilitated when the extinction context exhibited precise coding of its affective zones. Last, these activity patterns along with the retrieval of the fear extinction memory were dependent on glutamatergic transmission from the BLA during extinction learning. Thus, fear extinction memory relies on the formation of contextual and stimulus safety representations in the vH instructed by the BLA.

From danger to destination: changes in the language of endemic disease during the COVID-19 pandemic

At the beginning of 2022, the word ‘endemic’ became a buzzword, especially in the UK and the USA, and a kernel for the formation of novel social representations of the...

Memory, perceptual, and motor costs affect the strength of categorical encoding during motor learning of object properties

Nearly all tasks of daily life involve skilled object manipulation, and successful manipulation requires knowledge of object dynamics. We recently developed a motor learning paradigm that reveals the categorical organization of motor memories of object dynamics. When participants repeatedly lift a constant-density “family” of cylindrical objects that vary in size, and then an outlier object with a greater density is interleaved into the sequence of lifts, they often fail to learn the weight of the outlier, persistently treating it as a family member despite repeated errors. Here we examine eight factors (Similarity, Cardinality, Frequency, History, Structure, Stochasticity, Persistence, and Time Pressure) that could influence the formation and retrieval of category representations in the outlier paradigm. In our web-based task, participants (N = 240) anticipated object weights by stretching a virtual spring attached to the top of each object. Using Bayesian t-tests, we analyze the relative impact of each manipulated factor on categorical encoding (strengthen, weaken, or no effect). Our results suggest that category representations of object weight are automatic, rigid, and linear and, as a consequence, the key determinant of whether an outlier is encoded as a member of the family is its discriminability from the family members.

Perception needs modular stimulus-control

Perceptual processes differ from cognitive, this paper argues, in functioning to be causally controlled by proximal stimuli, and being modular, at least in a modest sense that excludes their being isotropic in Jerry Fodor's sense. This claim agrees with such theorists as Jacob Beck and Ben Phillips that a function of stimulus-control is needed for perceptual status. In support of this necessity claim, I argue, inter alia, that E.J. Green's recent architectural account misclassifies processes deploying knowledge of grammar as perceptual. Pace Beck and Phillips, however, I argue a function of stimulus-control is insufficient for perceptual as opposed to cognitive status. One consideration in favour of such insufficiency, noted but (I argue) not convincingly rebutted by these theorists, concerns perpetually grounded demonstrative thought. Two other considerations trade on the fact that a function of stimulus-control can arise not from blind nature but intentional design or social institutions, where so-functioning processes may but need not be perceptual. I offer two cases where such processes are cognitive, viz. skilful play-by-play announcing of ongoing events, and voluntary visualizing of ongoing events under the guidance of apt play-by-play announcements, dubbed announcement-driven visualizing (ADV). The cognitive status of these three diverse phenomena cannot be explained by an absence of a perception-like representational format or content (for ADV has such) or by a presence of personal-level mental states causally mediating between stimuli and outputs (for perception has such). A bettter explanation invokes, I argue, the non-modular character of the generating process.

STATE AND FEATURES OF THE PLEIN AIR PAINTING MOVEMENT DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE AT THE CURRENT STAGE

The aim of the article is to discuss the current stage and features of the development of the plein-air movement in Ukraine. Open air is an integral part of contemporary fine arts. Their role lies in the very nature of artistic creativity. Formation of spatial representations, construction of the scheme of the compositional structure of the work of art, understanding of its logic are closely connected with the ability of artistic modeling of the world, the presence of advanced artistic imagination in combination with holistic perception of nature. From this point of view, plein air is widely used both for educational purposes to develop the spatial skills and creative style of young artists, as well as for the creative expression of recognized artists. The collective nature of plein air promotes close creative communication between representatives of different art schools, provoking the process of mixing and mutually influencing the achievements and achievements of both art schools and artistic fields. In Ukraine, plein airs became a striking feature of artistic life at the turn of the 2010s, which makes it possible to consider them as a feature of the national school of painting formed in the present day. The author classifies the plein-air movement by its types and analyzes the specifics of its development in Ukraine using concrete examples. The following types of plein-airs are distinguished. The first type of plein air is to include traditional plein airs, which have the meaning of an artistic event and focus on creative experimentation. An example of this type of plein air is the sculptural plein air movement in Vinnytsia region. The second type includes traditional plein airs, which are related to the event of a wider cultural context, and which they should complement. In particular, the plein air that takes place within the framework of the traditional Mamay-fest historical and cultural festival in Kamianskе. The next, third, type of plein air is organized on the basis of historical and cultural complexes. This complex is Stavchansky estate, located in the Radomyshl district of Zhytomyr region. We refer international plein air to the fourth type. Such is the creative trip of Ukrainian artists to Italy, which took place within the framework of the international plenary project “GENIUS LOCI”. The wide involvement of Italian motifs in painting and their creative comprehension by Ukrainian artists was the essential result of the plein air. Plein airs that pursue the goal of promoting the commercialization of artistic results, we refer to the fifth type of plein air. Finally, we can refer to the sixth type of plein airs as regional art events, such as the Sumy Spring All-Ukrainian Art Plein Air, held in April 2019 in Sumy Region. Thus, we can state the growth of the plein air movement in Ukraine, which forms the country's artistic and artistic environment. Plein airs are structured according to their types and tasks. The last decade has tended to include them as an integral part of cultural and artistic events of various levels, where plein airs play the role of their artistic component. This has a number of consequences. These include the activation of mutual communication between artists; popularization of painting in society; promoting the creation of artistic traditions or traditions specific to different art schools and regions of the country. In some cases, plein-airs can be used as a component for the formation (or restoration) of artistic and cultural-historical complexes. Also, plein-airs intensify exhibition activities and contribute to the commercialization of the results of artistic creation.

Different Types of Survey-Based Environmental Representations: Egocentric vs. Allocentric Cognitive Maps.

The goal of the current study was to show the existence of distinct types of survey-based environmental representations, egocentric and allocentric, and provide experimental evidence that they are formed by different types of navigational strategies, path integration and map-based navigation, respectively. After traversing an unfamiliar route, participants were either disoriented and asked to point to non-visible landmarks encountered on the route (Experiment 1) or presented with a secondary spatial working memory task while determining the spatial locations of objects on the route (Experiment 2). The results demonstrate a double dissociation between the navigational strategies underlying the formation of allocentric and egocentric survey-based representation. Specifically, only the individuals who generated egocentric survey-based representations of the route were affected by disorientation, suggesting they relied primarily on a path integration strategy combined with landmark/scene processing at each route segment. In contrast, only allocentric-survey mappers were affected by the secondary spatial working memory task, suggesting their use of map-based navigation. This research is the first to show that path integration, in conjunction with egocentric landmark processing, is a distinct standalone navigational strategy underpinning the formation of a unique type of environmental representation-the egocentric survey-based representation.

Cross-Industry Principles for Digital Representations of Complex Technical Systems in the Context of the MBSE Approach: A Review

This scientific article discusses the process of digital transformation of enterprises, analyzed as complex technical systems. Digital transformation is essential for businesses to remain competitive in the global marketplace. One of the effective tools for such a transformation is model-based systems engineering (MBSE). However, there is a gap in the practical application of knowledge regarding the uniform principles for the formation of a digital representation of complex technical systems, which limits the realization of the cross-industry potential of digital transformation in the economy. The motivation for this study is to identify common cross-industry principles for the formation of digital representations of complex technical systems that can lead companies to a sustainable and successful digital transformation. The purpose of this work is to identify and formulate these principles through an analysis of publications, using an inductive approach and classifying them by the category of application. As a result of the study, 23 principles were obtained, and the degree of their use in various industries associated with complex technical systems was determined. The results of this study will help to solve the problem of cross-industry integration and guide systemic changes in the organization of enterprises during their digital transformation.

Curating Unmarked Banality

Bindi Kang's ‘Curating Unmarked Banality’ explores the digital videos in Jingjing's Life Journal on Today's Headlines and examines the seemingly ordinary and repetitive nature of vlogs by migrant workers, uncovering their captivating appeal to online audiences. The research argues that the vlogging of mundane life offers an updated narrative of migrant workers' urban experience, creating a contemporary Asian worker's rendition of the flâneur–a classical literary archetype known for its associations with urban public life and leisurely observation. By self-documenting their daily experiences, these workers are shown to challenge the conventional urban-rural binary that prevails in Chinese mainstream media portrayals. These vlogs serve as an act of 'reverse (un)marking', reaffirming and showcasing a mediated urban identity for the migrant population. The analysis adopts Peggy Phelan's concept of the 'unmarked'–which examines the ideology of visibility and its relation to power in performance–and Wayne Brekhus's sociological extension of the term to critique the disproportionate focus on the 'marked' in academic inquiry. Through 'reverse marking', this research discusses the significance of these digital narratives in the broader cultural landscape, examining how such mediated performances engage with issues of visibility, representation and identity formation of traditionally underrepresented groups.

Spatiotemporal neural dynamics of object recognition under uncertainty in humans.

While there is a wealth of knowledge about core object recognition-our ability to recognize clear, high-contrast object images-how the brain accomplishes object recognition tasks under increased uncertainty remains poorly understood. We investigated the spatiotemporal neural dynamics underlying object recognition under increased uncertainty by combining MEG and 7 Tesla (7T) fMRI in humans during a threshold-level object recognition task. We observed an early, parallel rise of recognition-related signals across ventral visual and frontoparietal regions that preceded the emergence of category-related information. Recognition-related signals in ventral visual regions were best explained by a two-state representational format whereby brain activity bifurcated for recognized and unrecognized images. By contrast, recognition-related signals in frontoparietal regions exhibited a reduced representational space for recognized images, yet with sharper category information. These results provide a spatiotemporally resolved view of neural activity supporting object recognition under uncertainty, revealing a pattern distinct from that underlying core object recognition.

Vividness as the similarity between generated imagery and an internal model

Vividness in visual mental imagery has been relatively under-explored compared to imagery’s representational format and neural mechanisms. In this paper, we take a deeper look at vividness and suggest that in re-framing it, we can potentially reconcile disparate findings regarding visual cortex activation during imagery. Unlike traditional views of vividness that define the concept in terms of perception, we frame vividness in terms of imagery’s relation to an internal model; the closer the generated imagery is to this model, the more vivid it is. This view is considered alongside existing neuroscientific, psychological, and philosophical research, as well as directions for future research.

Distinct encoding and post-encoding representational formats contribute to episodic sequence memory formation.

In episodic encoding, an unfolding experience is rapidly transformed into a memory representation that binds separate episodic elements into a memory form to be later recollected. However, it is unclear how brain activity changes over time to accommodate the encoding of incoming information. This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of the representational format that contributed to memory formation of sequential episodes. We combined representational similarity analysis and multivariate decoding approaches on EEG data to compare whether "category-level" or "item-level" representations supported memory formation during the online encoding of a picture triplet sequence and offline, in the period that immediately followed encoding. The findings revealed a gradual integration of category-level representation during the online encoding of the picture sequence and a rapid item-based neural reactivation of the encoded sequence at the episodic offset. However, we found that only memory reinstatement at episodic offset was associated with successful memory retrieval from long-term memory. These results suggest that post-encoding memory reinstatement is crucial for the rapid formation of unique memory for episodes that unfold over time. Overall, the study sheds light on the dynamics of representational format changes that take place during the formation of episodic memories.