Form Of Linguistic Expression Research Articles

Approach to Choosing Communication Strategies of Social Projects Based on Indistinct Liguistic Method

Communication strategies of promoting goods, services and brands form an integral part of marketing strategies. Resolving the problem of choosing communication strategy is based on expert opinion of one or several specialists, whose position can be taken by professionals in promotion of commercial and social goods. The goal is to choose the best alternative of conducting communication campaigns based on its potential effectiveness. The article uses mathematic tools of fluctuating set of indistinct linguistic terms in order to resolve the problem of choosing communication strategy for social projects. On this basis the task was formulated for decision-making concerning the choice of marketing strategy in conditions of uncertainty and an example was provided for choosing communication strategy of promoting a social project. As an example of using these tools the inter-regional literature camping ‘War and Peace’ was studied, where a multitude of 3 alternatives was formed, expert opinions in the form of linguistic expressions were obtained and the multitude of alternatives was regulated on the basis of non-dominant strategy. Findings of the research show possibility to use indistinct linguistic computing model for decision-making in marketing.

Voicing the Terrestrial: Theory of the Lyric and the Pressures of the Anthropocene

Abstract In the present essay, I argue that lyric ecopoetry is particularly suited to alter our worldview in favor of a more ecologically-aware stance. In itself this position has been announced by numerous ecocritics, with some doubts as to its adequacy expressed by Timothy Clark in his Ecocriticism on the Edge. Partly in response to his critique, it is here argued that poems do offer a viable way of altering human modes of thinking not by what or how they evoke but by the way in which they register in the reader’s consciousness. To this effect, I depart from the theories of the lyric advanced in the last two decades by the likes of Jonathan Culler, Derek Attridge and the poet Don Patterson, all of whom argue that lyric poetry differs from any other form of linguistic expression in being itself the event it evokes rather than a representation of an event. This is because by dint of being performed by readers, lyric poems compel one to embrace the voices that comprise them as one’s own, as a result helping one interiorize an experience of ultimate otherness. It is this modus of poetry’s existence that makes it a particularly apt literary form for impelling one to appreciate the complexity of and one’s imbrication in the networks of planetary ecosystems. In this way, as I claim further on, poetry may be conceived of as a vehicle for instilling a form of thinking that Bruno Latour has recently theorized as Terrestrial. For him, the Terrestrial is characterized by what he calls the system of engendering, a way of dwelling in the interrelated systems of the Earth that is reciprocally beneficial for human and non-humans. After an overview of Latour’s idea, which is put forward as a potential political platform, and its relation to the extant theories of environmental humanities that emphasize poetry’s role in conjuring the awareness of the intricacy of natural processes, I suggest that lyric poetry offers not only a means of linguistic expression of the interdependence of all elements in any given ecosystem but also constitutes a language capable of swaying human modes of thinking in favor of the Terrestrial.

SUBJECTIVITY IN GERMAN ENGINEERING DISCOURSE

Statement of the problem. This article is devoted to the description of the means of expressing subjectivity in engineering discourse. Attention is focused on the evaluative component of cognitive activity, namely, hedonistic, normative, utilitarian, teleological, psychological, aesthetic and ethical assessments. The stated goal seems relevant, since it touches upon the currently significant problem of the specifics of reflecting individual cognitive and pragmatic prerequisites of linguistic modeling of reality in professional speech. Results. Based on the material of German-language scientific and technical texts, the linguistic specifics of various types of assessment are analyzed. The unit of analysis is a terminological fragment containing an indication of the attitude of the author of the message to inventions, their sphere of service, processes, scientific ideas, and theories. Along with neutral nominations, there are a sufficient number of metaphorically reinterpreted units in the German language, indicating the emotional attitude of the author to the subject of speech. Conclusions. The analysis of the factual material allowed us to conclude that the cognitive basis for the existence of subjectivity in engineering discourse is the orientation of the researcher on evaluation scales, each of which reflects the degree of compliance of a parameter with the norm and is characterized by gradation having various forms of linguistic expression. The most significant scales in the framework of professional communication are normative, utilitarian and teleological. This is due to the orientation of scientific research on the usefulness and expediency of inventions for society, their positive impact on the standard of living, as well as the need to unify scientific search algorithms involving the establishment of a set of norms and rules in a certain subject area.

LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SYMBOLIC CONCEPTION REPRESENTATION IN TERMINOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Cognitive, or knowledge, agents, who are in some way aware of describing their own view of the world (based on their mental concepts), need to become concerned with the expressions of their own conceptions. My main supposition is that agents’ conceptions are mainly expressed in the form of linguistic expressions that are spoken, written, and represented based on e.g. letters, numbers, or symbols. This research especially focuses on symbolic conceptions (that are agents’ conceptions that are manifested in the form of their symbols). I attempt to logically (and using CLSYM) analyse symbolic conceptions in terminological systems. CLSYM is an assertional fragment of my developed Conception Language (CL), which is utilised as a formal-logical system for representing and explicating agents’ conceptions of the world.

SPEECH ACTS IN DISNEY ANIMATED MOVIE: CINDERELLA 3 A TWIST IN TIME

Speech act, one form of linguistic expression, plays a vital role in expressing speaker’s meaning, so understanding the underlying meaning can help to avoid misunderstanding in daily communication situations in general and in movies in specific. This study aims to analyse the types of speech acts performed by characters in the Cinderella 3: A Twist in Time. It adopted Searle's (1983) model of speech acts for data analysis. The findings reveal that 11 characters performed 854 speech acts to indicate five types of speech acts, namely representative, directive, expressive, commissive and declarative. The representatives were most employed, followed by directives, and expressives. The least used illocutionary acts were commissives and declaratives. Regarding the language function, it is found that the most common functions were stating, ordering and calling which were performed mostly by Cinderella, Prince Charming, Anastasia, and Tremaine. This paper suggests some implications for English language teaching and learning in terms of pragmatics.

Изменения концепта «Природа» в языковом сознании детей и подростков, вовлеченных в процессы цифровизации

The present paper deals with the issues of formation of the concept of NATURE in linguistic consciousness of a schoolchild, since it is exactly in childhood and adolescence that the worldview of surrounding reality emerges. The authors consider the topics of the semantic range and cultural significance of the concept NATURE in the Russian linguistic picture of the world of a child and adolescent. The study reveals and describes the dependence of conceptual content of consciousness on the real environment of existence of a modern child and adolescent assuming that the consequence of fragmentation of the world and “digitalization” of activity via formation of the clip thinking is a gradual loss of deep connections between the concept and related associative phenomena. The conclusions are based on polyparametric analysis of the data of the free associative experiments by means of definitive interpretation of values, comparative analysis and statistical processing of data, observation and description. The authors associate the prospects of the conducted research with a further study of the concept NATURE in different types of discourse in comparison with the eco-concept ENVIRONMENT. In terms of the given paper the eco-concept represents a multidimensional mental unit, having different forms of linguistic expression and possessing emotional, personal, natural, and cultural components. The potential for studying the raised issues in scientific, methodological and didactic aspects is due to the fact that ecological knowledge is a constantly evolving system, supplemented from outside.

Interpreters who explicitate talk more. On the relationship between explicitating styles and retrospective styles in simultaneous interpreting

ABSTRACT Translators and interpreters leave their ‘linguistic fingerprint’ on the translated text. This distinctive way of formulating discourse is especially visible in interpreting, in which the target text is free from revision and editorial intervention. This study aims to account for idiosyncratic differences in explicitation patterns of simultaneous interpreting trainees by investigating the correlation between one of the indicators of interpreting style – explicitating frequency styles – and retrospective styles. We seek to establish whether these two forms of linguistic behaviour share some common traits characteristic for a given interpreter. The retrospective styles are operationalised adopting the parameters of verbosity, relevance, and informativeness of the reports. These parameters are compared against the explicitating frequency styles: abundant, medium, and lean. The results reveal a significant correlation between the density of explicitation pattern and the verbosity of the participants measured in words per comment. Interpreters who perform frequent explicitations tend to provide extensive retrospective verbalisations, whereas those with patterns of scarce shifts are more likely to provide brief and concise reports. This finding implies that one of the reasons behind explicitating behaviour of interpreters may be their individual tendency to opt for a more extensive surface form of linguistic expression.

Intertextuality as a modern linguo-cognitive practice: new forms of linguistic expression in the German postmodern literature

The phenomenon of intertextuality requires deep rethinking in the postmodern era, because determines the formation of a new type of creative thinking that allows going beyond the limits of a work of art. At the same time, it is extremely important to study German postmodernism, which has both common European features and its own specificity, due to cultural and historical characteristics. The prose and poetry of German postmodernism is a unique material for the study of a new intertextuality language. The first part of the article analyzes the problems of definition and typology of intertextuality based on the works of J. Kristeva, R. Bart, M.M. Bakhtin, U. Eco, etc. The author states that intertextuality should be understood as not only dialogue, but also multiplicity of perception, a kind of game between the author and the reader, as well as a special cognitive practice. The classifications of intertextuality are based on the principles of intertext relations and location, structure, text stylistics and authorship. The second part presents the results of the study of new intertextuality forms based on the novel by M.-U. Kling Kangaroo Manifesto and modern German lyrics of R. Dhl, G.K. Atrmann and E. Yandl. The author uses the methods of stylistic, contextual and cognitive analysis and concludes that in each individual work of art, intertextuality acquires new meanings, the emergence of which is due to the author's special vision; among them falsification of intertext, imitation of cinematic text, graphic representation of intertextual images, etc. Thus, postmodern literature and intertextuality open up new opportunities for research.

The art of composing: between autonomy and heteronomy

The art of composing: between autonomy and heteronomy

An Introduction to “Cultuling” Analysis (CLA) in Light of Variational Pragmatics: A Step towards “Euculturing”

Because language and culture are inextricably intermingled, scrutinizing the indispensable role of the language of a speech community can yield significant information about its culture. Conceptualized under an overarching field of study, culturology of language, Pishghadam (2013) postulates how the realizations of cultuling (culture in language) and metacultuling can be entrenched in a language. Each metacultuling is composed of interrelated cultulings, appearing in the form of linguistic expressions. Cultuling can be manifested if we embark upon the macrosocial factors such as region, ethnicity, age, social status, and gender on language in (inter)action and on intralingual pragmatic conventions embedded in variational pragmatics (VP). This study elaborates on the aforementioned conceptualizations along with the previous studies drawing on cultuling analysis (CLA) as an innovative method for the analysis of language. It also illuminates how CLA can manifest the cultural memes hidden in language and the cultural functions of linguistic expressions. Finally, it discusses how identifying defective cultural memes can help purify culture and pave the way for euculturing.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF PRAGMATISM AND PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIO-HUMANITARIAN REDESCRIPTION OF ANALYTIC METHODOLOGY

Purpose. The paper is aimed at studying the specificity of anthropological problematics in pragmatism from the perspective of its ability to be the source of analytic philosophy evolution in the socio-humanitarian direction. Theoretical basis of the research is determined by the works of the representatives of classical pragmatism (C. S. Peirce, W. James, J. Dewey, F. Schiller), neopragmatism (W. V. O. Quine), post-pragmatism (R. Rorty) and analytic pragmatism (R. Brandom). Their works give a clear understanding of the important place of anthropological searches in the theory of pragmatism. Originality. On the basis of the analysis of logical, epistemological and metaphysical ideas formulated by representatives of pragmatism, it is proved that pragmatic methodology is anthropocentric. It is established that the ideological and social foundations of pragmatism can be determined as pluralistic ones due to the attention to the human person. It is revealed that theoretical and methodological searches of pragmatism can be effective in the formation of the socio-humanitarian concepts in analytic philosophy through the specification of strategies for the cognition of human existence in such terms as experience or self and the development of practical ways to justify the truth of knowledge. Conclusions. Pragmatists criticized impersonal, formal thinking, which cannot be an effective means of cognition. Thinking has a social basis and is entirely personal. Justifying its dependence on the socio-cultural sphere and the internal intentions of the subject, it is possible to develop an effective logical theory that operates symbols not only at the syntactic or semantic level but also takes into account the pragmatic aspect of language. Anthropological problematics is also important in the theory of knowledge, the core of which is the notion of pragmatic belief, which enables truth and religious beliefs, since the foundation of the theory of truth is determined by the principle of humanism, and the truth is interpreted as a value orientation. Knowing the external world, we find in it the similarity with us – that’s why the metaphysical foundations of being, according to pragmatism, are personified, and the methodology is defined in anthropomorphic terms. Applying it, the study of human existence is specified in the analysis of psychological and socio-cultural dimensions of such concepts as experience or self. Attempts to comprehend the nature of human existence in pragmatism are empirically grounded. Appealing to science, methodological pluralism, the search for socio-cultural background for thinking and suitable linguistic forms of expression of human experience are the achievements of pragmatism, which are the basis for the socio-humanitarian redescription of analytic methodology.

Envisioning tropical environments: Representations of peatlands in Malaysian media

At a time of international debate about the value of tropical peatlands in Malaysia and Indonesia, this paper explores continuities and changes in colonial representations of peatlands over time. The principal aim is to understand how arguments for both development and conservation are framed and expressed in relation to wider narratives about the suitability or unsuitability of tropical peatlands for commercial development. Of particular interest is the ways in which scientific findings (both for and against peatlands development) are communicated in popular media. The substantive focus of the paper is Malaysian media; we undertake a qualitative content analysis of representations of tropical peatlands in English-language Malaysian media over a 20-year period. Close attention to a particular form of linguistic expression, namely textual metaphor, emerged from a combination of secondary reading and the evident presence of different metaphors within the data set itself. Informed by relevant studies, these are classified as ontological, cybernetic, organic and aquatic. As well as differences, we find similar metaphorical expressions criss-crossing lines of debate. Land container (ontological) metaphors that envision tropical peatlands as receptacles of economically valuable natural resources are by far the most common. We conclude that market-centred conservation is the principle alternative to mainstream, extractive development in Malaysia (as elsewhere). At a time when the value of peatlands is expressed mainly in terms of economic use and exchange value, the circulation of counternarratives that emphasise intrinsic and/or future value thus remain equally crucial.

A Fuzzy-AHP Method for Selection Best Apparel Item to Start-Up with New Garment Factory: A Case Study in Bangladesh

The readymade garments industry is rapidly growing and now it is the single highest export earner for Bangladesh. This business sector becomes an attractive investment destination to the country’s new young entrepreneurs upcoming due to its cheaper labor cost, lower investment cost, availability of resources, governments support, etc. than the other sectors. However, many other factors are often needed to consider in investing in this garments sectors. Again, in garments sectors, there is a wide range of apparel items like shirts, trousers, jackets, sweaters, etc. options that are available to invest. Different types of apparel items demand different types of resource requirements, diverse level of capital investment, operator’s skills, and it is also related to the many other factors. Again, all the investors are not in same stand points according to their business handling capabilities, capitals in hand, business locations and so many other aspects. This paper proposes a methodology for selection best apparel item among different alternatives that will provide a decision support to the investors in opening a new garment factory. The proposed methodology is based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) under fuzzy environment. The approaches allow the decision maker to use expert’s judgment in the form of linguistic expression in the evaluation process. In the application of proposed methodology, the best apparel item is selected for opening a garment factory in Bangladesh at present conditions.

The TF-IDF measure and analysis of links between words within N-grams in the formation of knowledge units for open tests

A method is proposed for searching in a text corpus for phrases that are the most similar to an original one in a described knowledge fragment (including linguistic forms of expression) based on a numerical evaluation of the coupling strength between the related words from the original phrase that occur in them. In this regard, the links themselves expand from traditional bigrams to three or more elements and are distinguished according to the results of dividing the words of the original phrase into classes according to the value of the TF-IDF measure as an alternative to syntactic dependences.

Drawing and Drafting in Architecture Architectural History as a Part of Future Studies

Architectural historians take an academic interest in past architectural styles and techniques. The actual value of the exploration of the past is to design, from the knowledge gained, a possible image of the future. Consequently, architectural history becomes a part of the futurology. In this context, the first questions are in regard to the fundamental skills of architects. How does work drafting in the architecture? What future presentation methods could be applied? The following article takes a critical look at factors that may influence solutions in the field of drafting in the future, such as the inclusion of the public in the dialogue of the drafting process. This could lead to a discussion about the current didactic for the teaching of drafting and architectural history at universities. Architectural history currently creates a rigid corset for the concepts of styles and for different time frameworks. Is this approach still up-to-date at all? Because of the current teaching method, the vocabulary predominantly originates from the history of art. Accordingly, large numbers of lexical facts are taught and requested, but are there other options available? Against the background of current developments, the question arises: whether architects and architectural historians should not become emancipated and develop, for subject-related issues, their own linguistic forms of expression? If this approach were to be taken into consideration, the knowledge gained and the practical benefits from these studies would be a multiple for the everyday work of prospective architects. As a result, the future of architecture would obtain its own past.

Parables of Coercion: Conversion and Knowledge at the End of Islamic Spain by Seth Kimmel

Reviewed by: Parables of Coercion: Conversion and Knowledge at the End of Islamic Spain by Seth Kimmel Elizabeth R. Wright Seth Kimmel, Parables of Coercion: Conversion and Knowledge at the End of Islamic Spain. U of Chicago P, 2015. 239 pp. Combining analytical perspectives of intellectual history and comparative literature, Seth Kimmel casts new light on the pastoral strategies and scholarly practices that theologians, church leaders, and crown officials mobilized to remove the "danger" of heresy they associated with New Christians. While the book heeds issues related to conversos and Amerindians, the foremost attention centers on the scholarly and pastoral debates that focused on peninsular Spain's native Hispano-Muslim minority (Moriscos) required to convert to Christianity from circa 1502. As Kimmel states up front, his aim is not to provide another social history of religious minorities in early modern Spain, though his chapters and notes attest to an appropriate engagement with recent and classic studies in this field. Parables of Coercion offers a wide-ranging exploration of how the struggle to eliminate Islam and its traces from Iberia mobilized intellectuals within the Spanish Monarchy to reconceive the boundaries and scholarly practices of such disciplines as history writing, canon law, and theology. Analysis in the six chapters thus delves into the textual practices of prelates, preachers, inquisitors, theologians, classicists, Hebraists, and court councilors as well as recent converts seeking some modus vivendi within the Spanish Monarchy. Chapter 1, "Legible Conversions," examines how Augustinian notions of coercion became the dominant paradigm for ritual efficacy and its enforcement after a brief interlude in the late 1490s where advocates of voluntary conversions and gradual assimilation set policy. Suggesting new lines of inquiry in realms of study mapped out by scholars as formidable as Julio Caro Baroja, Bernard Vincent, and Mercedes García Arenal, Kimmel ponders a seeming paradox: the very inquisitors who focused scrutiny on Moriscos alleged to be practicing taquīyya (dissimulation) practiced their own concealment, using lies to root out suspected heretics (29–30). Chapter 2 ("Glossing Faith") considers the implications of the crown policy of coercion in the context of Spain's global imperial expansion. Assaying how the debates about and struggle for Morisco assimilation shaped academic debates about the nature of language, the discussion here shows how Francisco de Vitoria and other Salamanca theologians "glossed" or theorized the Catholic faith to speak to an increasingly global evangelization project. Along the way, the chapter proposes a fresh examination of the Valladolid debate of 1552 between Las Casas and Sepúlveda, concentrating on an elucidation of the clash of interpretive methods. In closing this section, Kimmel examines the longer-range intellectual implication of the mid-sixteenth century turn to the study and grammaticalization of Amerindian languages with the goal of New Christian assimilation: in separating the heresy of the nonbelievers' sacred texts and traditions from the linguistic forms of expression within them, priests and friars practiced a nascent comparative philology. [End Page 533] Inevitably, these comparative analyses of languages in the New World refracted back to peninsular Spain, with its fraught traditions of Arabic and Hebrew study. The anxieties tied to the study of Semitic languages anchor Chapter 3 ("Polyglot forms"), a tour-de-force of interdisciplinary research and textual analysis. Indeed, this section would be an excellent choice for the busy reader with time for just one chapter or to model scholarly inquiry in a graduate seminar. Here, Kimmel's point of departure is the examination of how the need for improved communications within Spain's global empire nourished new modes of study of Semitic philology. While Hebrew itself was not the language of an unassimilated rural population—in contrast to Arabic in Granada and Valencia—Kimmel reveals how the two Semitic languages intertwined in libraries and scriptoria. The chapter thus charts the contradictory forces that informed the study of Arabic. Although the risk of inquisitorial scrutiny acted as a brake limiting the depth of study, the most skilled humanists came to understand that Arabic was a powerful tool for Christian exegesis. The result was a "thriving economy of distinctly inexpert Arabic" (83). Yet Kimmel pays special attention to a notable exception to the amateur Arabism: Benito Arias Montano. A...

PROPOSTAS E ESTRATÉGIAS PARA A VALORIZAÇÃO DO MULTILINGUISMO NA FORMAÇÃO ESCOLAR DE LÍNGUA MATERNA

In every society, the language is manifested through various oral genres, written and also multimodal, with a huge diversity related to the various conditions of production and circulation of statements. It is true that language is shaped according to the various uses citizens make of it in society. Thus, one cannot perpetuate the myth of a uniform language; on the contrary, the study of the varieties that constitute the multilingualism should be emphasized because it contains a multiculturalism and also the identity of the different communities. In this context, it is essential to reflect on the issue of linguistic discrimination, a major drawback in the process of building a more egalitarian society, diverse and democratic, and also on the true role of cultural norms for writing texts teaching in schools and, especially, of orality where multilingualism appears more clearly. From the observation of these language modes, we understand the importance of various forms of linguistic expression in the constitution of social multilingualism, a prerequisite for a society that seeks to enhance the multiple facets of its multiculturalism. --- http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/matraga.2016.20771

Brazilian Portuguese-English bilingualism does not afect metalinguistic awareness of L1 constraints in two argument structure constructions

In the present study we investigated a corollary of the multicompetence hypothesis as a description of language representation in bilingualism. According to this hypothesis, bilingualism entails a state of linguistic knowledge that does not correspond either to L1 or L2 norms. Previous studies examining online language processing of sentences in Portuguese that simulated argument structures constructions of English have shown a departure from the restrictions of the L1 grammar (Portuguese), which supports the multicompetence hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to explore whether such departure from the L1 would be observed in a psycholinguistic task that taps bilinguals' intentional attention focus on the form of linguistic expressions in their L1, therefore depicting L1 metalinguistic awareness. The results reveal that the bilingualism effects detected during real time sentence processing do not extend to metalinguistic awareness, therefore suggesting that such effects are evanescent, and most likely implicit in nature.

On language production principles and the form of language: a más cómo, menos por qué

The idea that the form of linguistic expressions is modulated by output requirements is widely accepted in current approaches in linguistics, including those taking “extremely nativist” positions. Thus, for instance, the Minimalist Program developed in recent years by Chomsky (1995) holds that language form is strongly determined by the requirements imposed on it by the two main interfaces it links: on the one hand the conceptual-intentional domain of meaning, and on the other, the sensorimotor domain by means of which linguistic expressions are externalized. Within psycholinguistics, consideration of the impact that processing requirements have on the form of sentences can be traced back to Yngve's Depth Hypothesis (Yngve, 1960), which identified an asymmetry in the incidence of left-branching and right-branching grammatical structures in English due to processing constraints. Thomas Bever (Bever, 1970), in a seminal paper generally acknowledged to pioneer modern psycholinguistics, put forth and discussed the hypothesis that the form of language reflects general cognitive laws, in such a way that mechanisms of language learning and processing partially determine the form of grammar. Fodor et al. (1974) integrated ideas in philosophy, psychology, and linguistics to explain what was called language performance, that is, language production and comprehension. At the time, the possibility that the form of grammatical structures might be determined by domain-general behavioral systems was thought of as an important challenge to linguistics. However, after decades of interdisciplinary language study, this view it is now endorsed to varying degrees by most linguists and cognitive scientists, including those in “classic theories” which also hold the view that certain central architectural aspects of human language are not dependent on experience but rather imposed on it by organism-internal biases (Berwick et al., 2013).

Detection of Fuzzy Association Rules by Fuzzy Transforms

We present a new method based on the use of fuzzy transforms for detecting coarse-grained association rules in the datasets. The fuzzy association rules are represented in the form of linguistic expressions and we introduce a pre-processing phase to determine the optimal fuzzy partition of the domains of the quantitative attributes. In the extraction of the fuzzy association rules we use the AprioriGen algorithm and a confidence index calculated via the inverse fuzzy transform. Our method is applied to datasets of the 2001 census database of the district of Naples (Italy); the results show that the extracted fuzzy association rules provide a correct coarse-grained view of the data association rule set.