Form Of Legislation Research Articles

A ‘legacy of suspicion’: the UK National Archives, the ‘migrated archives’ and the insecticide debacle of 2022

AbstractIn early 2022 the UK National Archives (TNA) suddenly withdrew one of its most sensitive archival collections from public access. There was no warning, and, for a considerable time, no explanation, thus fuelling a decades-long ‘legacy of suspicion’ about the underlying motives of TNA, the Foreign Office and even the entire British government. This article traces that story using early speculations expressed by users (and potential users) of the so-called ‘Foreign and Commonwealth Office migrated archives’, information eventually provided by TNA, and an analysis of some requests submitted under the UK Freedom of Information legislation. It concludes with a discussion of a new TNA programme to open up the collection to the national archives of the countries from which the records were removed at independence.

Information and communication technologies legislation for self-government bodies

The research relevance is determined by the fact that in Ukraine, digital and information processes are increasingly popularised in the activities of local self-government bodies, allowing for prompt resolution of certain community tasks. However, the legislation in this area does not fully meet the requirements for the use of information and communication technologies. The study aims to analyse the powers of local self-government bodies to use information and electronic resources in their activities. The main research method used was the systemic and structural one, which helped to determine the specifics of the use of information and communication technologies. The results of the study show that Ukrainian legislation fragmentarily regulates information and communication relations of local self-government bodies. It is proposed to adopt a specialised legislative act. It is determined that local self-government bodies have a fairly significant number of information and communication technologies and e-government tools. It is found that it is expedient for Ukrainian local self-government bodies to adopt the experience of the Republic of Poland in using the crowdsourcing tool, but for its implementation, it is necessary to adopt an appropriate legal act and allocate adequate funding. The author emphasises the importance of the opinion of the international European community in the field of information support for the activities of public authorities and local self-government within the framework of bilateral partnership. The author emphasises the need to consider the financial capacity of Ukraine to maintain and develop new information and communication technology tools under the legal regime of martial law. The practical significance of the results obtained is that they encourage the introduction of new information and communication technology tools in the work of local self-government bodies.

A Global Perspective on Data Journalism Materiality: Knowledge Production across Public Transparency Infrastructure Environments

It is widely accepted that data materiality serves as the breeding ground of data journalism’s performativity, in some cases functioning as the sole ingredient for news construction. Material identity is closely tied to the historical process that originated it, yet few studies have explored how unequal public policies on government transparency affect news production in data journalism. We bring in a fresh perspective on materiality that taps into research on public transparency to offer a framework for understanding how external social actors influence data knowledge construction. This study analyzed data journalism project entries in the Global Editors Network (GEN) and Sigma Awards from 61 countries to explore data journalism process and products across transparency environments. Results suggest that journalists operating in open data infrastructure are more likely to exhibit a dependency on preprocessed public data and their output exhibits topical diversity, while journalists operating in closed data infrastructures are more likely to use Right to Information legislation and alternative data sources. This study informs the debate on the empiricism of data journalism in knowledge construction, emphasizing how data access (or lack of access) affects not only journalistic epistemology but also power relationships and journalistic roles.

Comparison of the Transformation of some Provisions of the Information Legislation of Russia and the EU in the Context of the Cyber Security Conception

Introduction. The article discusses the legislative framework in the field of information and cyber security in Russia and the European Union, as well as relevant changes to them. The changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation after the adoption on December 30, 2021 No. 441-FZ “On Amendments to Article 15.3 of the Federal Law “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” and Articles 3 and 5 of the Federal Law “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, as well as Council of Europe Convention 108 for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (T-PD) of 1981, Protocol amending the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data, adopted by the Committee of Ministers on its 128th session in Elsinore on 18 May 2018. (Convention 108+), 2021 Guidelines for the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data by and for Political Campaigns.Materials and methods. The research materials were compiled by the Federal Law of December 30, 2021 No. 441-FZ “On Amending Article 15.3 of the Federal Law “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” and Articles 3 and 5 of the Federal Law “On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation ”, Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152 “On Personal Data”, Federal Law “On measures of influence on persons involved in violations of fundamental human rights and freedoms, rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation” of December 28, 2012 No. 272, Federal Law “On Fundamental Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate in a Referendum of Citizens of the Russian Federation” No. 67-FZ of June 12, 2002, 108 of the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (T-PD), Convention 108+ and the Guidelines on the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data by and for Political Campaigns 2021. The methodological basis of the study was the following general scientific and special methods of cognition of legal phenomena and processes in the field of personal data protection: the method of system-structural analysis; method of synthesis of social and legal phenomena; comparative legal method; formal-logical method.Results of the study. The Russian Federation implements many of the provisions of the Guidelines for the Protection of Individuals with regard to the processing of personal data. However, there are those proposals that are not reflected in Russian laws. In addition, the Guidelines for the Protection of Individuals with regard to the processing of personal data actually allow organizations to transfer data to social networks for advertising, which in Russia can be regarded as a violation of the law.Discussion and conclusion. At the moment, uncertainty remains in connection with the cooperation between Russia and European countries and Russia's withdrawal from the Council of Europe, the ECtHR and the HRC. In the near future, Russia will determine the list of European conventions that no longer meet its national interests, and denounce them. If Convention 108 is not included in this list, then Russia will be able to remain a party to the Convention and, consequently, to related documents. But still, even if the Convention under consideration and related documents are denounced, some of its positive practices can be adapted by Russian legislators and reflected in the Russian Federal Law in a slightly modified form.

Microplastics in aquatic environments: a review of recent advances

Global production and usage of plastics have skyrocketed to 368 Mt in 2019, resulting in increasing amounts of plastic waste concentrating in natural and urban ecosystems (particularly rivers and oceans), through landfills, incineration or illegal disposal. As highlighted herein, due to the production and degradation of larger plastics, micro- and nanoplastics are introduced to these ecosystems, causing detrimental impact on plants and animals, including humans, through accumulation in living systems. Although toxicity impacts are not clearly established, long-term accumulation of microplastics in living systems can have an adverse impact on health and function. Critically, this review explores state-of-the-art physical, chemical and biological methods for removing and destroying new and legacy microplastics in aquatic ecosystems (natural and urban). Currently, there are no standardised, accepted and cost-effective methods for complete removal of microplastics from these aquatic ecosystems. Gaps in knowledge and recommendations for future research to help inform practice and legislation are highlighted. A key consideration highlighted in the review is that microplastics cycle through ecosystems – natural and engineered. These do not operate in silos, and waste from treatment processes could be a conduit for (unintended) recontamination of microplastics. Hence, there is a need to take a whole-system approach when developing innovative removal or destructive solutions, and ultimately, reducing plastic use remains the best option to safeguard future environmental and public health.

Protection of personal data under martial law in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the issue of personal data protection under martial law in Ukraine. A detailed study of this issue has been carried out, aspects of the regulatory environment and levels of personal data protection in such difficult conditions have been considered.
 In the context of martial law, the violation of the personal data confidentiality may pose serious threats. It has been highlighted that the disclosure of such data can lead to a risk to the personal safety of people, including those involved in the conflict. This can become the basis for blackmail and manipulation, which negatively affects the situation of individuals and the overall situation.
 The recommendations aimed at preventing such threats and improving the level of personal data protection during martial law have been provided. Particular attention has been paid to the need to develop and implement specialised legal acts that would regulate the protection of personal data in such emergency situations. The possibilities of using modern technologies, in particular data encryption and multi-level authentication, to enhance the security and confidentiality of personal data have also been considered.
 Implementation of effective personal data protection measures during martial law is an important task to ensure the security and privacy of people. Compliance with regulatory requirements, development of data protection technologies and raising awareness of this issue among the population can help reduce risks and maintain the confidentiality of personal data even in the context of a military conflict.
 The conclusions presented in this article can be a valuable source of information for legislators and information security professionals dealing with personal data protection under martial law. The results of the study may contribute to the development and implementation of effective data protection strategies aimed at ensuring the security and privacy of participants to the conflict and citizens in general. Significant aspects of the problem of personal data protection under martial law have been considered and recommendations for improving the situation in this area have been provided.

Law-making: issues of form and content

The article is devoted to the study of issues of the form and content of law-making through the prism of the idea of freedom as the primary basis for the formation and development of socio-normative systems. Emphasis is placed on the predominantly instrumental nature of the understanding of the essence and nature of law-making in modern legal literature. It is substantiated that law is one of the forms of freedom as a process of separating good from evil, the content of which has a moral dimension, not limited by the pragmatic, conventional orientation of the functional influence of officially established legal norms on social relations. At the same time, the idea of human freedom is the general, primary basis for the formation and development of law, morality and religion as necessary socionormative systems in every society; the idea of freedom acts as a basic, fundamental concept for each of them and around it, or rather its concrete understanding within certain temporal and spatial dimensions, a holistic and multi-level system of relevant social values (justice, humanism, equality, good faith, etc.) is developing, which must be coherently and balanced justified, protected and defended within the limits of the specified normative phenomena. The author’s understanding of the concept of «law-making» is offered. Law-making is the activity of authorized bodies and other entities, defined in the legislation, for the planning, development and adoption of a normative legal act with the aim of ensuring legal regulation and/or protection of social relations, the content of which is the official establishment of rules of behavior and activities of people and their associations based on a constitutionally established system of social values, which are substantiated taking into account the objective relationships and interdependencies between the main social regulators operating in society. As a result of research the following conclusions are made: 1. The content of law-making is its main ideas, goals, opinions and positions of its subjects, reality, reproduced at different levels of the consciousness of the rule-maker and embodied in the form of legal norms with different legal force, which fix the models of behavior of the participants of the relevant legal relations, their rights and obligations, the mechanism of their implementation, legal responsibility for their violation, etc. 2. The form of law-making, in contrast to its content, represents its fixed determination, the way of its actual existence, its state or structure. The form of law-making is its internal organization, which includes relevant stages, communications, the procedure for drawing up certain documentation, a system of legal means used in the process of developing and adopting legal acts, etc. The dialectic of the form and content of law-making is manifested in the fact that the form of law-making cannot be outside the context of its defined content, meaning or idea, just as the content of law-making always needs a certain design or organization. Key words: law-making, form and content, freedom, human rights, morality, religion, social values.

Inappropriate use of budget funds, implementation of budget expenditures or provision of loans from the budget without the established budget allocations or exceeding them

The full-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation not only violated the territorial integrity of our state, but also significantly deformed the entire system of global and regional security, increased the level and severity of criminal offenses. Non-targeted use of budget funds, in particular, spending from the budget or providing loans from the budget without the established budget allocations or exceeding them. In addition, a part of such subjects is a symbiosis of criminal organizations and the state, where the latter through its bodies uses criminal means, methods and types of activities to achieve its own goals or is completely dependent on such organizations, which, in turn, use state policy to concealing the essence of one’s activity.
 This article deals with the issue of misuse of budget funds, in particular, making expenditures from the budget or providing loans from the budget without the established budget allocations or exceeding them. The causes, consequences and possible ways to prevent such a negative phenomenon are analyzed.
 Cases of violations of budget procedures and violations that may have a negative impact on financial stability and the efficiency of the use of budget resources are considered in detail.
 The author of the article analyzes the legislative framework related to budget management and considers recommendations for strengthening control and responsibility for the use of budget funds. This article aims to raise awareness of the problem of inappropriate use of budget resources and contribute to the improvement of budget management to achieve greater efficiency and transparency in the use of public finances.
 This article is a valuable source of information for specialists, researchers and legislators who deal with the problem of inappropriate use of budget funds, implementation of budget expenditures or provision of loans from the budget without established budget allocations or exceeding them. It emphasizes the need for joint efforts of all interested parties to prevent this phenomenon and to ensure effective measures against misuse of budget funds, implementation of budget expenditures or provision of loans from the budget without established budget allocations or exceeding them.

Prevalence of Underreported Nicotine Exposure Among US Nonsmoking Adults: A Comparison of Self-Reported Exposure and Serum Cotinine Levels From NHANES 2013-2020.

Secondhand smoke (SHS) poses a significant health risk. However, individuals who do not smoke may be unaware of their exposure, thereby failing to take protective actions promptly. We assessed the prevalence of underreported nicotine exposure in a nationally representative sample of US nonsmoking adults using data from the US National Health and Examination Survey. Individuals with underreported nicotine exposure were defined as those who reported no exposure to all tobacco products (traditional tobacco, nicotine replacements, and e-cigarettes) or SHS, yet had detectable levels of serum cotinine (>0.015 ng/mL). We fitted logistic regression models to determine sociodemographic and chronic condition factors associated with underreported nicotine exposure. Our analysis included 13 503 adults aged 18 years and older. Between 2013 and 2020, the prevalence of self-reported SHS exposure, serum cotinine-assessed nicotine exposure, and underreported nicotine exposure among US nonsmokers were 22.0%, 51.2%, and 34.6%, respectively. Remarkably, 67.6% with detectable serum cotinine reported no SHS exposure. Males, non-Hispanic blacks, individuals of other races (including Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Pacific Islanders), and those without cardiovascular diseases were more likely to underreport nicotine exposure than their counterparts. The median serum cotinine value was higher in respondents who reported SHS exposure (0.107 ng/mL) than in those who reported no exposure (0.035 ng/mL). We estimate that approximately 56 million US residents had underreported nicotine exposure. Over a third of US nonsmokers underreport their nicotine exposure, underlining the urgent need for comprehensive public awareness campaigns and interventions. Further research into sociodemographic determinants influencing this underreporting is needed. Understanding the extent of underreported nicotine exposure is crucial for developing effective public health strategies and interventions. It is imperative to bolster public consciousness about the risks associated with SHS. Additionally, surveillance tools should also incorporate measures of exposure to outdoor SHS and e-cigarette vapor to enhance the quality of data monitoring. Findings from this study can guide tobacco control initiatives and inform smoke-free air legislation.

Bereavement in the context of homelessness: A rapid review

It is common for the bereaved who are experiencing homelessness to be unrecognized grievers, who are then not adequately supported in their bereavement. This rapid review gathered published information from 17 references on how bereavement is experienced within the context of homelessness (from 509 references imported for screening). Four themes identified for understanding the bereavement experience were bereavement as a risk factor for homelessness, anticipatory grief, increased frequency of death, and ways of processing grief. Current practices used for support were themed into memorials, advocacy, and trauma-informed care. Themes for gaps and barriers to support were bereavement being systematically overlooked and environmental features present. The summary of findings is intended to help inform future research, policy, legislation, and cultural responses to grief and bereavement with the hope it may reduce people’s grief from being disenfranchized.

Immigrant Settlement and Integration in Canada: Trends in Public Funding

This article is the first study to document trends in state funding for the settlement sector in Canada. It is based on an innovative new dataset that was secured through several years of using freedom of information legislation to collect federal and provincial funding data on settlement and integration programs. This study demonstrates, among other things, that there are significant disparities in funding for settlement and integration services among regions within Canada. Funding for immigrant-serving organizations (ISAs) is also concentrated among a small number of organizations. These trends have potential implications for the access and quality of settlement services available to newcomers based on where they land in Canada.

Let the people know, and the country will be safe: FOI models in South Africa and Zimbabwe

PurposeDemocratic countries all over the world are embarking on initiatives to empower citizens through public participation. One of the tools used by countries to promote public participation is the enactment and implementation of freedom of information (FOI) legislation, as it is the case with South Africa and Zimbabwe. Despite having legislation reaffirming the need for people’s right to know, practices in South Africa and Zimbabwe indicate the opposite. The purpose of this study is to explore FOI models in South Africa and Zimbabwe, with a view to recommend ways in which people’s right to know can be promoted.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative study used interviews to collect the data from 12 FOI experts in South Africa and Zimbabwe, who were selected through the snowball sampling technique. Data collected through interviews were supplemented by the data collected through document analysis.FindingsThe study concluded that the key role players need to make efforts to ensure that the right to know, which is associated with FOI, is being realised in both countries. FOI legislation, in both countries, is imprecise and needs to be revised to ensure effective implementation.Originality/valueThe study demonstrates that FOI is a necessary tool for people to be involved in decision-making in government. People’s rights to know can be achieved by successfully implementing FOI legislation.

Reflecting on the use of freedom of information requests in mental health research

Freedom of information (FoI) legislation has been represented as a valuable but underused means of generating otherwise unavailable data from public authorities in health and social care research. This article complements extant literature on the use of FoI requests for research intended to inform health and social care policy and improve the quality of practice. Reflections are provided on challenges and ethical considerations, drawing on relevant literature and the authors’ experience undertaking studies addressing different topics in mental health and child welfare using FoI requests as the primary source of data collection. The recommendations are practically orientated and aimed primarily at social work and health and social care researchers who may have limited knowledge of how FoI requests might be utilised in their work but be curious about this method’s application.

The Intertwined Renewable Energy–Water–Environment (REWE) Nexus Challenges and Opportunities: A Case Study of California

In our built environment, societal production of energy and clean water is inextricably linked to the natural resources from which they are derived. Acknowledgement and consideration of the coupling of energy, water, and the environment (the energy–water–environment nexus) will be critical to a sustainable future. This is particularly true as we transition away from historical energy sources (e.g., coal, petroleum, natural gas) and into the widespread adaptation of renewable energy (RE) sources (e.g., solar, wind, geothermal, hydro, bioenergy) as a strategy to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and consequently slow global climate change. This transition is fraught with both challenges and opportunities at the county, state, national, and international levels, as addressing future societal needs with respect to energy and water, and the environment requires recognition of their interdependence and development of new technologies and societal practices. In this study, the focus is on the RE–water–environment (REWE) nexus. In California, the REWE nexus is becoming increasingly important in achieving 100% clean electricity from eligible RE and zero-carbon resources by 2045 and in the face of climate change and population and economic growth. In this context, California’s RE deployment and renewable electrical generation, its RE legislative information, REWE nexus, and intertwined REWE nexus challenges and opportunities in California (e.g., administrative–legal, technology development, digitalization, and end-of-life RE waste) are comprehensively discussed to identify the knowledge gaps in this nexus and solutions.

METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE PARTICIPATION OF THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF UKRAINE IN THE STATE ADMINISTRATION OF THE SPHERE OF LABOR PROTECTION

The subject of analysis defines the fundamental principles of participation of the Ukrainian Parliament in the state administration of the sphere of labor protection. The basic in this case is that the Parliament receives from the people a representative mandate for the exercise of their powers in the field of lawmaking and the performance of other functions (first of all, control). The problem of the participation of parliament in the state regulation of labor protection is the focus of specialists in labor law and social security law. Indeed, the study of any spheres of social and labor relations is based on the legal norms of the highest legal force. The purpose of the research is to clarify the methodological foundations of the place of the Ukrainian parliament in the state regulation of labor protection. Constitutional prescriptions not only refer to safe and healthy working conditions as basic positive rights but also indicate the duty of state authorities and officials to contribute to the full provision of this right. First of all, in this case, the activity of the Ukrainian parliament - the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, which, in addition to its direct appointment in the form of law-making, performs several other functions of state importance: representative, control, establishing, and some others. All this shows that the parliament has a key role in regulating any part of social relations, including in the field of labor protection. As a result of the law-making activity of the parliament, the legal basis of regulation in the field of labor protection is created. The control function of the parliament, primarily aimed at compliance with the law by the executive power and officials, also deserves special attention. The Ukrainian Parliament has a prominent place in the state regulation of any part of social relations, including the sphere of labor protection. Unparalleled importance is given to the legislative principles of creating and ensuring safe working conditions. However, in this case, critical importance should also be given to other parliamentary functions.

Remote Performance of a Labor Function by an Employee: Problems of Theory and Law Enforcement

Periodic bursts of deterioration of the sanitary and epidemiological situation in certain regions and in Russia as a whole make remote performance of a labor function by an employee relevant and in demand. The remote format of work increases economic profitability of the employer’s activities. Transition to remote work is not a formal change of the place of performance of the labor function, it involves a significant organizational and local regulatory restructuring.Mandatory and optional transfer to a remote form of work involves the inclusion of certain terms in the employment contract, as well as in additional agreements to the employment contract. The classical rules of interaction between an employee and an employer are not applicable for the remote exercise of the labor function. Prior to the conclusion of employment contracts with remote employees of the employer organization, it is recommended that local regulations be developed and published for all the employees to read them. It is important to note that the employee must acknowledge by signing that he has read each local regulatory act.The work of a remote employee means certain specifics of his interaction with the employer, including the use of electronic document circulation system and electronic digital signature.Traditional approaches to determining the working time and rest time of a remote worker are also inapplicable. Such an employee independently and under his own responsibility chooses the mode of work depending on the tasks periodically given by the employer. It is impossible to apply the classical grounds to terminate an employment contract concluded with a remote employee, since it seems necessary to take into account the specifics of the remote labor function.In the doctrine and law enforcement practice, there is no uniform approach to solving problems related to the remote exercise of a labor function, the interaction between a remote employee and an employer. Based on the analysis of current provisions of labor and information legislation, judicial and business practice, conclusions and recommendations are made in the article regarding the solution of problems related to the conclusion and termination of an employment contract with a remote employee, as well as regarding the documents supporting the contract.

The Dutch Open Government Act: Bridging old and new open government?

Across the globe, ‘old’ open government is gradually transforming into ‘new’ open government. While freedom of information (FOI) legislation is usually associated with old open government, this legislation itself is also on the move. This country report discusses to what extent the Dutch Open Government Act, that has been enacted very recently, reflects this shift from old to new open government. While certainly incorporating features of modern open government, such as the emphasis on machine-readable formats of government documents, traditional elements of FOI legislation, such as the right to request for information without stating an interest, are preserved to ensure adequate access to government information.

Strengths and Struggles among High Academic Achievers in Senior High School: A Philippine Setting

The purpose of this qualitative research project is to investigate the strengths and weaknesses among high academic achievers faced in their senior high school years. In-depth interviews are used in the study to collect rich, nuanced material, which is then thematically evaluated to find major themes. Expectation and Pressure from Others, Losing Interest, "Procrastination and Cramming", Distractions, and Family Pressure are the five issues that the research focuses on. The results show that high academic achievers experience tremendous external pressure from peers, teachers, and parents, which can cause stress and anxiety. Academic burnout is evident since some individuals also express a progressive loss of enthusiasm and love for their study. When used to handle workload and pressure, unhealthy coping techniques like procrastination and cramming have a negative effect on learning outcomes. Academic performance is further hampered by personal interests and technological distractions. Additionally, family pressure has a significant impact on how students experience school, highlighting the need of setting reasonable expectations and maintaining open lines of communication. The study comes to the conclusion that high achievers in senior high school require specialized assistance and interventions. It's crucial to establish a welcoming workplace that values individual goals, encourages intrinsic drive, and supports a good work-life balance. Time management abilities, study habits, and stress management strategies should all be covered in interventions. Concentration and productivity can be improved by reducing distractions and encouraging focused study time. To combat family pressure and create a healthier family dynamic, it is essential that parents, students, and educators have open communication with one another. Hence, this study adds to our understanding of the difficulties high academic achievers in senior high school confront and offers insightful information for legislators, parents, and teachers. Stakeholders may establish an atmosphere that supports the well-being, engagement, and academic success of high achievers by recognizing and resolving these problems, eventually supporting their holistic development and future successes.

Current Problems of Russian Legislation Systematization under the Influence of Digital Technologies in the Conditions of Digital Transformation

The article deals with topical issues on the systematization of the legislation of the Russian Federation. The study outlines the problems and conceptual ways to solve them. Attention is drawn to the need to systematize the Russian information legislation, streamline existing laws, regulatory legal acts and bring all legal norms into a single legal system. Particular attention is paid to issues related to understanding the conceptual approach to the development of the Information Code, the use of legal structures, terms, the study of different views on the legal regulation of information relations, the state of legal regulation, the disclosure of contradictions and gaps. In the study, methods of analysis and synthesis were used. The study made it possible to draw a number of conclusions: that in the context of digital transformation it is necessary to develop and strengthen scientific and legal methods in various areas of the information society. It is necessary to legislate the concepts related to the circulation of information, as well as develop requirements for state information systems. It is substantiated that in real time, new scientific and theoretical approaches will contribute to the fundamental system of various legal structures, as well as systematize legal relations in the information sphere.

A profile of the Grampian Data Safe Haven, a regional Scottish safe haven for health and population data research.

There has been a recent emphasis to establish and codify large-scale or national Trusted Research Environments (TREs) in the United Kingdom, with a view to limit smaller, local TREs. The basis for this argument is that it avoids duplication of infrastructure, information governance, privacy risks, monopolies and will promote innovation, particularly with commercial partners. However, the work around establishing TREs in the UK largely ignores the long-established local TRE landscape in Scotland, and the way in which local TREs can actually improve data quality, solve technical architecture challenges, promote information governance and risk minimisation, and encourage innovation and collaboration (both academic and commercial). This data centre profile focuses on the Grampian Data Safe Haven (DaSH), a secure, virtual healthcare data analysis and storage centre located in Aberdeen, Scotland. DaSH was co-established by the NHS Grampian Health Board and University of Aberdeen to allow for the secure processing and linking of health data for the Grampian and Scottish population when it is not practicable to obtain consent from individual patients. As an established trusted research environment now in its 10th operating year, DaSH technology ensures healthcare, social care data and other types of sensitive data, routinely collected and used without individual patient consent, are made accessible for both academic research and clinical service evaluation and improvements whilst protecting individuals' privacy at the local, national and international levels. DaSH has registered almost 600 projects and facilitated over 200 distinct research projects with data hosting, extraction, and novel linkages to completion. Ongoing innovation and collaboration between DaSH and the NHS Grampian Health Board continues to expand researcher access to new types of data and data linkages, introduce new technologies for advanced statistical research methods, and supports interdisciplinary research using population health and social care data for research, clinical and commercial advancements, and real-world practitioner applications. The purpose of this paper is to present DaSH's data population, operating model, architecture and information technology, governance, legislation and management, privacy-by-design principles and data access, data linkage methods, data sources, noteworthy research outputs, and further developments in order to demonstrate the value of local TREs within the data management and access debate.