Forms Of Intellectual Activity Research Articles

Ontologi, Epistimologi, dan Aksiologi dalam Perspektif Filsafat Ilmu Dakwah di Era Komunikasi Digital

Ontology, Epistemology, and Axiology in the Philosophical Perspective of Da'wah in the Age of Digital Communication. The development of the era of globalization is forcing people to be technology literate. Coupled with the Covid-19 pandemic, forcing people to carry out digital communication for daily needs, including spiritual needs. This is what underlies the da'i to be able to transform da'wah into the digital realm. But before that, it is necessary for the da'i to explore the philosophy of da'wah in order to create valuable content in communicating in the digital realm. This paper aims to find out more deeply about ontology epistemology and axiology in order to better know the benefits of da'wah. This paper uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method (library review), namely the technique of collecting writings, readings and other literature, both physical and digital specifically, and then analyzing the content of the study based on the focus of the problems discussed. The results showed 1) ontology in the form of the essence of the existence of da'wah in communication between da'i and mad'u. 2) epistemology in Islamic da'wah, namely bayani epistemology, in the form of sources used in preaching on social media, irfani epistemology, in the form of intuition from da'i and burhani epistemology, in the form of intellectual activity. 3) In understanding axiology, the preacher must first master his knowledge. While mad'u must be selective in choosing their da'i, Da'i and mad'u both must realize that digital users are very diverse. When the da'i does da'wah, he must be ready to face all kinds of mad'u. for that it is necessary to create a dialogue space in digital.

New forms of intellectual activity in globalized society

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is the foresight of new forms of intellectual activity in society.Design/methodology/approachThis research examines the ways of predicting the development of intellectual activity. To reveal the topic, the author uses semiotics and the method of building possible worlds. The author explores intellectual activity in terms of sign systems. From this angle, the logic of the narrative expresses the order of the organization of intellectual activity. This approach reveals the connections between images of possible worlds and decision-making methods.FindingsThe author conceptually outlines the forms of intellectual activity in a globalized society. A globalized society is a complex of political, economic, cultural and scientific ties that spread throughout the world. The foresight of new forms of intellectual activity allows conceptually sketching the practical use of proper decision-making methods. These methods involve the use of artificial machine intelligence, collective intelligence, etc. Forms of intellectual activity are related to the worldbuilding that cause the development of culture through the development of knowledge. The description of forms of intellectual activity shows a promising way of humanitarian research in a globalized society.Research limitations/implicationsThe research implies technological metaphors related to the history of culture and the role of intellectual activity in it.Practical implicationsThe author examines the practical possibilities of applying traditional humanities for the development of new forms of intellectual activity in a globalized society.Social implicationsIn the social space, exposing the effectiveness of traditional humanities helps to assess the consequences of using intellectual activity in practice.Originality/valueThe originality of this research is associated with the identification of links between the conceptual provisions of semiotics and the method for building possible worlds.

Confucian Exegetical Thought in the Southern Dynasties Period (420–589): Canonical Texts and Commentaries between Decline and Restoration

The article examines the main trends in Confucian exegetical thought during the Southern dynasties period. Confucian exegesis, as an original intellectual tradition, was in a state of crisis at that time and experienced significant influence both from the syncretic teaching xuanxue and Buddhism. This situation determined the particular popularity of some canonical texts and commentaries and the actual oblivion of others. Losing its monopoly in education, Confucianism often came down to providing ritual ceremonies at court. The article examines several aspects of this crisis state of southern Confucianism. It identifies and analyzes a new type of commentary that appeared in the exegesis of this period, and it explores the main intellectual tendencies in the Confucian exegesis of the Southern dynasties period and traces the reasons for their appearance. The author examines features of subcommentary-yishu, through which scholars realized new forms of intellectual activity. This commentary originated from Buddhist monks’ translation and teaching activities approximately in the mid-5th century AD. In the exegesis of the Southern dynasties, yishu provided a platform for relatively free philosophical discussion, often associated with the practice of lecturing. It is important that this practice in Confucianism and Buddhism of that time had many common features. The changes in the educational standard (the emergence of schools with a new structure) are traced as well as its influence on the position of Confucian commentary in the educational process (apparent instability of the set of authoritative commentaries).

CONSCIOUSNESS – SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS– REASON AS THE LOGIC OF THE ASCENSION OF CLASSICAL GERMAN PHILOSOPHY

In the paper there is an attempt to establish an unconventional typology of the stages of the classical German philosophy progressive movement. As the main milestones of this movement the sequence of philosophical concepts of I. Kant, J. Fichte, F. Schelling, and G. Hegel are considered. Herewith the criterion of this sequence is the basic forms of human intellectual activity: consciousness – self-consciousness – reason. Applied the methodological scheme of adequate estimation of the mentioned philosophical doctrines, and their upward movement: consciousness and self-consciousness are the opposition, reason is their synthesis, combination. At the same time, taking into account G. Hegel’s dialectics, the determined moments in their totality are components of the processional mechanism of progress of the German philosophical systems of the second half of the XVIII century – the first half of the XX century. This methodological basis led to a general conclusion, that I. Kant’s philosophy is the philosophy of consciousness, J. Fichte’s philosophy – of self-consciousness, F. Schelling’s philosophy is a combination of self-consciousness and reason, and G. Hegel’s philosophy – of reason. At the same time, it is emphasized that in each of these philosophies, these three forms of intellectual activity are a subject of research, but with the predomination of one of them. Distinguished criteria of historical progress of classical systems of German philosophy actualize the study of various forms of human intellectual life in the direction of their ordering. I. Kant’s philosophy is a philosophy of consciousness because there is a phenomenological relation «consciousness – subject». And at the same time there is a transcendental unity of self-consciousness of I (I think). But the one is only a particular case. Reason in I. Kant’s «critical» philosophy is not a synthesis of consciousness and self-consciousness. According to J. Fichte «critical» philosophy, on the contrary, comes from the absolute self-conscious I, thus it eliminates I. Kant’s thing-in-itself. At the same time, the phenomenon of consciousness in foundations of the science of knowledge follows from the factor of not-I’s «impetus» on I, in order to lead I to action (to cognize). However, in general the phenomenon of consciousness appears as a subordinate moment, because this phenomenon is determined by self-consciousness. Meanwhile, reason does not appear (as well as in I. Kant’s theory) as a combination of consciousness and self-consciousness. F. Schelling’s philosophy of nature did not give the opportunity (due to the specifics of its subject) to distinguish the problem of the relationship of consciousness, self-consciousness, and reason. The basic principle of F. Schelling’s transcendental philosophy is the principle of subjectivity, self-consciousness (I): through the act of self-consciousness I becomes an object of oneself. I as an absolute intelligentsia is both self-consciousness and pure reason (absolute synthesis). Instead, consciousness appears as a moment of self-consciousness. G. Hegel in the «Phenomenology of Spirit» considered consciousness in it’s opposition to the subject. In the «Science of Logic» implemented the principle of identity of consciousness and the subject, and, therefore, on the agenda is self-consciousness. The subject is realized as a thinking of oneself. Logic at the same time is the sphere of reason’s realization, where there is domination of identity (congruence) of thinking and being. However, logic also contains the moment of consciousness (and not only the moment of self-consciousness), which can be traced in the presence in it of the forms of sensory consciousness (quality, quantity, measure). G. Hegel’s philosophy of reason is an incarnation of the philosophy of consciousness and the philosophy of self-consciousness. Key words: thinking, being, subjective, objective, I, consciousness, self-consciousness, reason (theoretical and practical).

About the Monogram

<p>The UIC Research Journal International Edition monogram depicts two feathers used in ancient quill pens. Intentionally juxtaposed to resemble the iconic Yin Yang symbol, this abstract form signifies the physicality and spirituality of the highest form of intellectual activity – research. Aside from capturing the dramatic glimpse of ancient writing, which is the essential aspect of any form of publication, this powerful image also depicts the interconnectivity and balance between the multidisciplinary and international characters of this research publication. In response to the UIC quest for quality research outputs that can pass international peer review process, this symbol was conceptualized to remind all researchers of UIC to commit to the truthfulness, credibility, and validity of information derived from the rigors of research writing. Created by Jo Caliph G. Rivera, this monogram is meant to become a unique emblem in every cover of UIC Research Journal International Edition. </p><p><strong>Renan P. Limjuco </strong> </p><p>Editor in Chief</p><div> </div>

About the Monogram

<p>The UIC Research Journal International Edition monogramdepicts two feathers used in ancient quill pens. Intentionallyjuxtaposed to resemble the iconic Yin Yang symbol, this abstractform signifies the physicality and spirituality of the highest form ofintellectual activity—research. Aside from capturing the dramaticglimpse of ancient writing, which is the essential aspect of any formof publication, this powerful image also depicts the interconnectivityand balance between the multidisciplinary and international charactersof this research publication. In response to the UIC quest for qualityresearch outputs that can pass international peer review process, thissymbol was conceptualized to remind all researchers of UIC to committo the truthfulness, credibility, and validity of information derivedfrom the rigors of research writing. Created by Jo Caliph G. Rivera,this monogram is meant to become a unique emblem in every cover ofUIC Research Journal International Edition.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Dr. Renan P. Limjuco</strong></p><p>Editor in Chief</p><p>UIC Research Journal</p><p>International Edition</p>

About the Monogram

<p>The UIC (University of the Immaculate Conception) Research Journal International Edition monogram depicts two feathers used in ancient quill pens. Intentionally juxtaposed to resemble the iconic Yin Yang symbol, this abstract form signifies the physicality and spirituality of the highest form of intellectual activity—research. Aside from capturing the dramatic glimpse of ancient writing, which is the essential aspect of any form of publication, this powerful image also depicts the interconnectivity and balance between the multidisciplinary and international characters of this research publication. In response to the UIC quest for quality research outputs that can pass international peer review process, this symbol was conceptualized to remind all researchers of UIC to commit to the truthfulness, credibility, and validity of information derived from the rigors of research writing. Created by Jo Caliph G. Rivera, this monogram is meant to become a unique emblem in every cover of UIC Research Journal International Edition.</p><p> </p><p>Dr. Renan P. Limjuco</p><p>Editor in Chief</p><p>UIC Research Journal</p><p>International Edition</p>

CIVILIZATIONAL AND HISTORICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ASPECTS OF THE «GREEK MIRACLE»

The purpose of the work is to study the impact of geographical, social and cultural context, mentality characteristics of historical process of society on the origin and characteristics of the development of intellectual achievement, namely philosophy and science. The purpose of the article is to understand natural, historical, cultural, social and psychological aspects that led to the genesis of cognitive development peculiarities of ancient Greek philosophy of scientific knowledge. Methodology. Methodology of the work contains such cognitive approaches as systematic and structural ones, source study and post-positivist concepts, the theory of local civilizations. Theoretical basis and results: the novelty of this work is in studying the diverse factors that determined the emergence and dynamics of ancient Greek philosophical thought and science as a whole system of interrelated elements. The influence on the genesis of philosophy and science of ancient Hellas, its geographical conditions and geopolitical situation as well as the cultural dialogue with surrounding civilizations, the reception of historical and cultural experience of the previous Hellenic civilization, historical process and mentality of ancient Greeks have been analyzed. Conclusions: the whole cluster of the above mentioned factors had a profound and multi-directional influence on the formation and development of Greek philosophy and science. In addition, each of the factors influenced the original intellectual achievements of Greeks. In particular, the influence of natural factors realized in the formation of skills in the mentality of ancient Greeks has become a prerequisite for philosophizing and scientific knowledge. Geo-political, social and cultural factors have contributed to the geographical expansion of ancient Greeks and their information acquisition about the world. Through the dialogue with other eastern and Mediterranean cultures Greeks mastered intellectually rich and meaningful experience of a number of great civilizations. The precursor forms of intellectual activity have played a significant role in the genesis of ancient Greek philosophy and science. Synergy interaction of these factors has led to rapid development of philosophy and science of ancient Hellas.

About the Monogram

<p>The UIC (University of the Immaculate Conception) Research Journal International Edition monogram depicts two feathers used in ancient quill pens. Intentionally juxtaposed to resemble the iconic Yin Yang symbol, this abstract form signifies the physicality and spirituality of the highest form of intellectual activity---research. Aside from capturing the dramatic glimpse of ancient writing, which is the essential aspect of any form of publication, this powerful image also depicts the interconnectivity and balance between the <em>multidisciplinary </em>and <em>international </em>characters of this research publication. In response to the UIC quest for quality research outputs that can pass international peer review process, this symbol was conceptualized to remind all researchers of UIC to commit to the truthfulness, credibility, and validity of information derived from the rigors of research writing. Created by Jo Caliph G. Rivera, this monogram is meant to become a unique emblem in every cover of UIC Research Journal International Edition.</p><p>Dr. Renan P. Limjuco<br />Editor in Chief<br />UIC Research Journal</p>

Communication, Technology, and the Planetary Creature

Man and technology are inseparable: man produces technology, but the latter contributes to the continuous transformation of man. Today biological evolution based on random genetic mutations is largely exceeded by cultural (more specifically, technological) evolution, which is much faster due to the presence of Lamarckian inheritance mechanisms (imitation, learning and the like). This has two important consequences: 1) the formation of Homo technologicus, a symbiotic creature where biology meets technology intimately and is subject to a continuous transformation; and 2) the formation of a sort of Planetary Creature that originates from the interconnection of the individual man-machine symbionts and is heralded by the Internet and by the communication activities occurring in the Internet, in particular those taking place in the so-called social networks. The Planetary Creature is a single world-wide structure where important communication and cognitive processes occur, developing into a sort of connective intelligence that tends to absorb individual intelligences. This encroaching process can produce resistance and dissent as well as suffering, but can also enhance individual abilities. Actually, the growing efficiency and the decreasing costs of the communication mediated by technology offer unprecedented opportunities for augmenting knowledge and creativity and for eliciting novel forms of intellectual activity. On the other hand there might be negative consequences such as addiction to computers and virtuality, delegation of activities and abilities to machines, vulnerability of complex systems, undue control on individuals and economic exploitation. Some important consequences of these developments are examined concerning the body, the time and space categories, and in particular the identity concept. This text is the keynote address of Guiseppe O. Longo at the 9th International Conference on Sociocybernetics, organised by the Research Committee 51 of the International Sociological Association (ISA) in Urbino, 29 June - 5 July 2009. The theme of the conference was: `Modernity 2.0 - Emerging Social Media Technologies and Their Impacts´. Longo presents here the perspective of engineering science towards sociological issues. He has published several books on that topic, so far in Italian language only. Though some of his statements in the text don't seem well-founded to sociological readers or may be deemed highly speculative, we decided to make his ideas accessible to the non- Italian world. We think they are worth discussing. Wolfgang Hofkirchner

Communication, Technology, and the Planetary Creature

Man and technology are inseparable: man produces technology, but the latter contributes to the continuous transformation of man. Today biological evolution based on random genetic mutations is largely exceeded by cultural (more specifically, technological) evolution, which is much faster due to the presence of Lamarckian inheritance mechanisms (imitation, learning and the like). This has two important consequences: 1) the formation of Homo technologicus, a symbiotic creature where biology meets technology intimately and is subject to a continuous transformation; and 2) the formation of a sort of Planetary Creature that originates from the interconnection of the individual man-machine symbionts and is heralded by the Internet and by the communication activities occurring in the Internet, in particular those taking place in the so-called social networks. The Planetary Creature is a single world-wide structure where important communication and cognitive processes occur, developing into a sort of connective intelligence that tends to absorb individual intelligences. This encroaching process can produce resistance and dissent as well as suffering, but can also enhance individual abilities. Actually, the growing efficiency and the decreasing costs of the communication mediated by technology offer unprecedented opportunities for augmenting knowledge and creativity and for eliciting novel forms of intellectual activity. On the other hand there might be negative consequences such as addiction to computers and virtuality, delegation of activities and abilities to machines, vulnerability of complex systems, undue control on individuals and economic exploitation. Some important consequences of these developments are examined concerning the body, the time and space categories, and in particular the identity concept. This text is the keynote address of Guiseppe O. Longo at the 9th International Conference on Sociocybernetics, organised by the Research Committee 51 of the International Sociological Association (ISA) in Urbino, 29 June - 5 July 2009. The theme of the conference was: `Modernity 2.0 - Emerging Social Media Technologies and Their Impacts´. Longo presents here the perspective of engineering science towards sociological issues. He has published several books on that topic, so far in Italian language only. Though some of his statements in the text don't seem well-founded to sociological readers or may be deemed highly speculative, we decided to make his ideas accessible to the non- Italian world. We think they are worth discussing. Wolfgang Hofkirchner

Relinquishing Orthodoxy: One Freudian Analyst's Personal Journey

The word orthodox, from the Greek ortho (“right,” “correct”) and doxa (“thought,” “teaching,” “glorification”), is typically used to refer to the correct worship or the correct theological and doctrinal observance of religion, or other forms of intellectual activity shared by organizations or movements, as determined by some overseeing body. In Judaism, and for the purposes of this article, reform stresses ethical teachings and frequently simplifies or even rejects traditional beliefs and practices to meet the conditions of contemporary life. In this article, I hope to show how some of my ideas about technique have changed from an orthodox Freudian psychoanalytic approach to what I call patient-centered psychoanalytic work. With the many new theories and the reviewing of older theories of technique, today’s analyst can tailor (without being called eclectic) the treatment to fit the patient. For instance, much of Kohut’s work can apply to the narcissistic individual. Contemporary life demands that we reevaluate the issue of frequency of sessions and telephone sessions. I am sure that this is not a new idea, but much of the literature, particularly the conservative literature, appears to support a strict attitude. During my years as a candidate, there were many taboos and expectations that seemed not to be in the patient’s best interest. Along the road, which I continue to walk, I have learned to be flexible, to use my common sense, and to speak in my own voice more and more. I appreciate the classical training that has been my foundation, but I have learned to question what I refer to as “received wisdom.” I find myself impressed by both the classicists like Waelder, Fenichel, et al. and by many of the rela-

Muslim Reformist Action in Nineteenth-century Tunisia

This article revisits the origins of the Islamic reformist movement that arose in response to the challenges presented by western civilization in the nineteenth century. Tunisia was chosen because the spirit of reform manifested itself in the form of intellectual activity and socio-political action. The article highlights the features of the Tunisian experience before the French occupation in 1881, reveals the cooperation and complementary relationship between religious scholars and statesmen that gave the reform efforts their substance and form, and discusses the dynamic of the forces that were in play and helped determine the attempted reforms’ fate.

Muslim Reformist Action in Nineteenth-century Tunisia

This article revisits the origins of the Islamic reformist movement that arose in response to the challenges presented by western civilization in the nineteenth century. Tunisia was chosen because the spirit of reform manifested itself in the form of intellectual activity and socio-political action. The article highlights the features of the Tunisian experience before the French occupation in 1881, reveals the cooperation and complementary relationship between religious scholars and statesmen that gave the reform efforts their substance and form, and discusses the dynamic of the forces that were in play and helped determine the attempted reforms’ fate.

Cornel West and the Tempest in the Ivory Tower

A major American news story of 2002 centred on a dispute at Harvard between president Lawrence Summers and Cornel West. This article explores why many commentators erroneously portrayed the dispute between the two men as a matter of civil rights and affirmative action. It also examines the issue at the heart of the fracas, namely a long-running debate about the quality of West's scholarship, and considers whether his commitments to publics outside the classroom detract from his scholarly work. Is the release of a hip-hop CD an appropriate form of intellectual activity for a senior Ivy League professor?

I. The Nature of Greek Science

The essential difference between science and related forms of intellectual activity is very difficult to define exactly. A dictionary definition of science is an accurate reflection of what some people understand by the term ‘science’, and then only in the period and place in which the dictionary was written. Most people live their lives and use their language without reference to a dictionary. Even sticking to the dictionary definition, what the word ‘science’ has meant to different people has varied over time and cultures, and its meaning continues to change. As such, the term itself can be a source of anachronism in the study of science in ancient times. For we naturally tend to find in ancient authors just those sorts of things which we recognize as science in our own times, and to ignore those things which are incomprehensible or just plain wrong – to our way of thinking. And we naturally tend to organize what we find into categories which reflect our way of dividing up the world into subjects and disciplines. Thus things that the ancients linked together, we tear apart and treat separately. In particular, some we include in the category of science, others we exclude.

Fraud and Misconduct in Medical Research

More so than many other forms of intellectual activity, scientific research is a cooperative effort in which scientists depend on their colleagues for accuracy and truthfulness in reporting their work. Violation of this trust, when it occurs, is treated with dismay and contempt when it is uncovered. Although the frequency with which this kind of conduct occurs is not known, the high visibility of fraud in scientific reports in the last two decades has lessened public confidence in scientific research. It has also created an increased diligence on the part of the scientific community to deal with the problems involved. A bibliography with the title<i>Misconduct and Fraud in the Life Sciences</i>, covering the literature from January 1977 through 1987, compiled by Jacqueline van de Kamp and Martin M. Cummings (National Library of Medicine Literature Search No. 87-14) contains 450 citations. The interesting collection of essays on the same subject

A Calculating Profession: Victorian Actuaries among the Statisticians

The ArgumentHistorians of science naturally tend to express interest in other forms of intellectual activity only when these intersect with science. This tendncy has produced a number of enlightening studies of what happens when science and (for instance) law or theology come into contact, but little by way of how science enters into the calculations and social status of such forms of knowledge after the conjuction has passed. Recent work in the sociology of professions, in contrast, has focused attention precisely on those moments when the expert knowledge produced by different group doesnotoverlap. This has been the contribution of Andrew Abbortt's theory of “jurisdictional boundaries” between competing professions. The case of Victorian actuaries who worked hard to maintain unique intellectual claims in the competitive life insurance industry while maintainiing strong social connections and overlaps in knowledge with organized science, challenges the way both historians of science and sociologists of professions view contending knowledge claims. By observing what motivated actuaries to forge an alliance with men of science in the 1820s, then tracing their gradual recognition of a need to distance themselves from certain of the “scientific” values that had earlier informed their collective identity, it is possible to make sense of connections as well as disconnections between science and other forms of knowledge. A history of quantification from the actuaries' perspective, in other words, allows us to view science bothasandincontext.

The sisyphean task of biblical transformation

The task of interpreting the Bible has two main phases— the understanding of the text and the transformation or making relevant of its meaning for modern readers. The steady decline of monolithic religious structures and the growth of pluralism in modern society have produced multivariant forms of intellectual activity embracing the Bible as part of their subject matter. Thus the Bible is embedded in the given of European culture and functions as part of the hermeneutical processes of Jewish, Christian, Muslim and secular traditions. The quest for understanding may be common to all the traditions but the task of transformation can take one of two forms. From within the religious tradition transformation is the attempt to reinterpret the text so as to make it meaningful in contemporary terms but always controlled by the tradition. This form may simply be termed transformation from within or controlled transformation. The alternative form is transformation without limits or control. In this form fidelity to a tradition is not paramount and the real concern is to see how far the material may be transformed so as to constitute an independent entity itself.

Stress in Political Theory

It is not a blessing for a political community that its environment be altogether benign-satisfying its wants abundantly, imposing no heavy burdens upon it, neither restricting nor threatening it in any serious way. Nor are the traditional desiderata of harmony, justice, and concord unmixed blessings. So, at least, runs an but persistent in the history of political theory. Political communities are in need of certain combinations and amounts of adverse environmental forces and internal conflicts. They need strife and dissension; they need to find their strivings resisted or limited, their security and their possessions endangered, their gods blasphemed, and their ideals scorned. In the absence of such afflictions, they will not long prosper. The theme to which I refer is not the distinctive doctrine of a school or tradition within political theory. Even less is it a subtly obscured esoteric doctrine which has been withheld from the eyes of the vulgar by indirect expression. It is a theme in the sense that the ideas and concepts of which it consists derive their inspiration from, and are logically related to, a shared perception of certain aspects of human nature. It is an obscure for several reasons. First, the adverse factors in question have for the most part been abundant, generating too much stress rather than too little. History has offered men only fleeting and incomplete opportunities to experience the lack of adversity and conflict as a problem. It is the normal business of politics to manage and minimize tensions, to conciliate and mitigate conflicts, and to provide against deprivations and dangers. Consequently, it has been the excess, rather than the deficiency, of these adverse factors that has received the most attention from theorists. Second, political theory, in contrast to many other forms of intellectual activity, seems to have an inherent bias toward action, and hence a tendency to concentrate attention on those areas in which an active attempt to mold or manipulate the environment is possible. The theorist is in a familiar, if not a happy, situation, when he seeks to resolve a conflict or to cure some other malady that afflicts his community. But it is difficult to know what to say, let alone what to do, when the political environment seems ominously gentle. Even the language seems to oppose him, for he is obliged to talk about the goodness of bad things, and the badness of good things. Finally, just because the problems with which this deals have not been salient for political theorists, the insights and ideas that have been generated concerning them have not been integrated conceptually with the more developed concerns of political theory such as law, authority, and justice. Several theorists, for example, have given expression to the idea that a mod erate degree of material scarcity is adc