Forms Of Harassment Research Articles

Cyber Bullying: A Psycho-Social Study of the Entry Level Employees of the Hotel Industry in Kolkata

Technology continues to grow rapidly and is therefore changing our ways of functioning in society. Recent advancements of Communication Technology, while providing us with conveniences, also expose us to interactions that put our safety and emotional well-being at risk. This article examines one of the harmful effects of technology, cyber bullying, which is a new form of harassment with distinct differences in structure, content and impact. A review of concerned literature shows that cyber bullying is becoming a serious problem in India and most of the people do not take any step when they are cyber bullied. Very few share their issues with their colleagues and/or family members or legal enforcement agencies. Another interesting finding was that cyber bullying and victimization are closely related. This finding call for a systematic understanding of cyber bullying that requires us to scrutinize the social and virtual relationships which are prone to cyber bullying. Cyber bullying has become a major social concern because it raises questions about techno ethics. The present paper is based on an exploration of the perception, experiences and the Psycho-social impact of victimization from cyber bullying among the Entry Level Employees of the Hotel Industry in Kolkata. The exploratory investigation is based on the following theoretical framework- Bandura’s Theory of Triadic Reciprocal Determinism and the General Strain Theory. This framework posits that human behaviour is influenced by an individual’s confrontation with various stimuli. Confrontation with negative stimuli, such as that involving cyber abuse, often results in a various psychological affects among victims that may be detrimental to their overall well-being. The study investigates why and how the ‘Entry Level’ Employees of the Hotel Industry in Kolkata, become victims of cyber bullying. It also focuses on the nature of cyber bullying in virtual space and reveals how those, who are bullied, react and why the victims mostly do not report the incident and take legal action. Primary data was collected through face to face semi structured open ended interviews with 30 ‘Entry Level’ Employees of the HotelIndustry – in the age group of between the age group of 22-26 years- working in different hotels in Kolkata (15 female and 15 male employees) and had faced cyber abuse in any form. The respondents were chosen by purposive sampling, followed by snow balling. Based on the analysis of the interview, the main finding of the empirical study were analyzed in the following sub-themes- i) effect of recurring instance of cybe crime, ii) self blaming and suspecting technology as well as people, and decline in self esteem, iii) feeling helpless, hopeless and worthless due to lack of control over cyber abuse.

Experiences of a gender non-conforming lesbian in the “ladies’ (rest)room”

ABSTRACTPublic restrooms in U.S. culture are highly gendered, politicized, problematic spaces. Gender non-conforming lesbians may feel especially at risk for various forms of harassment or policing by other occupants in the “ladies’ (rest)room.” Using auto-ethnographic lived experiences as observations, this essay explores reactions of other women/female occupants in public restrooms designated for female persons to the presence of a gender non-conforming lesbian (the author). Reactions include no response, fear and flight or fight, screaming/shrieking, and active policing. Differences by location and region, and changes in responses over time, are also explored.

Sexual Harassment, Racial Harassment, and Well-Being among Asian American Women: An Intersectional Approach

ABSTRACTHarassment of Asian American (AA) women has received little attention in popular culture and academic research despite their long legacy of sexualized racial stereotyping (e.g., Geisha, sexually submissive; Shimizu, 2007) and additional risk of mistreatment due to their membership in both marginalized gender and racial groups (Beale, 1970; Settles & Buchanan, 2014). This study addresses this dearth of research using an intersectional theoretical framework to comprehensively examine sexual and racial harassment with a sample of AA women. Results validated the underlying factor structure of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (Fitzgerald, Gelfand, & Drasgow, 1995) and the Racial Acts, Crimes, and Experiences Scale (RACES; Bergman & Buchanan, 2008) for AA women. Additionally, our results replicated previous research indicating that participants often reported experiencing behaviors that constitute harassment, but did not label them as such. This supports the use of behavioral measures over items that require individuals to label their experiences as harassment. Finally, we examined the associations between these forms of harassment and two indicators of psychological well-being, depression, and posttraumatic stress (PTS). Our results found that gender harassment was associated with more depression, whereas unwanted sexual attention, sexual coercion, and racial harassment were associated with increased PTS. This supports the utility of including both sexual and racial harassment in providing a more nuanced understanding of AA women’s harassment experiences overall and the relationship of harassment to psychological well-being. We discuss theoretical and clinical implications of these findings.

NSF addresses sexual harassment by grantees

The U.S. National Science Foundation will require universities to report grant recipients whom they have found guilty of sexual harassment, the agency announced on Feb. 8. Under a new condition of the award, institutions receiving NSF support are required to report any finding of sexual or other harassment involving grant personnel—including principal investigators—as well as the placement of any individuals on administrative leave relating to a harassment investigation or finding. In response to those reports, NSF can now apply the same sanctions to findings of sexual harassment that it does to findings of research misconduct. That can include suspending or terminating a grant. “NSF doesn’t tolerate sexual harassment or any form of harassment at grantee institutions or field sites, or anywhere that science is done,” says France A. Cordova, NSF’s director. Cordova says that although NSF does not include sexual harassment in the definition of research misconduct, it does consider

Desarrollo de un instrumento para medir cibervictimización en adolescentes

There is sufficient evidence on the existence of traditional bullying and its effects, but the increasing use of technologies as a way of coexistence among students has given rise to the need to study a new form of harassment: cybervictimization. The objective of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of a scale to measure cybervictimization reports in high school students. A non-probabilistic sample of 286 high school students who reported having been victims of cybervictimization was selected. The exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis evidenced the empirical sustainability of a measurement model by means of three factors: harassment, invasion of privacy and denigration. In addition, the test showed evidence of concurrent validity by correlating the results with the reports of traditional victimization. It is concluded that, although it must be improved, the scale constitutes an instrument to measure the construct.

#MeToo: The Perfect Storm Needed to Change Attitudes Toward Sexual Harassment and Violence

The #MeToo and #TimesUp campaigns have led to calls for a radical change in attitudes to harassment, sexual violence, and abuse. These campaigns have not been uncontroversial—claims that we risk applying today’s standards to yesterday’s behavior have evoked huge antipathy. That sexual harassment is engrained in our social ethos is exposed in surveys of school-aged children, with over one third of girls in mixed-sex schools personally experiencing sexual harassment at school.1 Emerging technologies have enabled new forms of harassment, such as increasingly common and damaging online abuse2 and ‘up-skirting’ – with calls for the latter to be made a criminal offence.3 Sexual violence and abuse are wide-ranging – from sexual abuse and exploitation to rape and modern-day slavery for sexual purposes. Despite the impact on all, sexual violence remains a gendered crime, with more girls and women affected, reflecting misogynistic and patriarchal attitudes inherited from ages past. Recent outcry over the proposal by the Parole Board to release from prison a serial ‘black cab’ rapist led to a judicial review, which overturned the decision,4 raising the complex question of what can be done to protect the public from proven perpetrators who may re-offend.

Case Study: HarassMap

HarassMap is an NGO based in Cairo that collects and maps crowdsourced data on sexual harassment in Egypt. Alongside this crowd-sourced data gathering it also offers training, workshops and advocacy programs, working with relevant parties to reduce the acceptability of all forms of sexual harassment. The project has been running since 2010 based on the Ushaidi platform. Over this time it has collected a very large number of mapped events reported largely by anonymous members of the public. The data has value both in terms of its richness; mapping data, category of harassment and descriptions are all recorded; and also as a longitudinal dataset that can inform on the success of interventions as well as the development of new forms of harassment. The project has been approached in the past by a number of researchers interested in using the data it has collected. The interest from HarassMap in Pilot Project participation was originally to obtain technical support to address how best to share data. While some technical advice was offered the focus on practice and planning was still useful. Identifying what data resources the project had, and in what form, allowed them to develop an online portal through which data can be made available to researchers on request.

Contemporary Thinking on Conversion and Persecution: A Survey of Recent Missiological Compendia

Abstract This essay surveys the state of research regarding the ample relations between conversion and persecution as reflected in two recent missiological collections of essays, namely Freedom of Belief and Christian Mission (2015), and Sorrow and Blood: Christian Mission in Contexts of Suffering, Persecution and Martyrdom (2012). The systematic categories emanate from examining conversion as a human right in the framework of freedom of religion or belief, with the guidance of the un Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. The essay covers missiological reflection on the right to convert; not to be forced to convert; and to try to convert others by means of non-coercive persuasion. It also discovers a lack of reflection on the rights of the child and of his or her parents in this regard. This is done against the background of the challenges to the enjoyment of these rights in various contexts and from multiple parties, often taking the form of harassment, discrimination or persecution. It becomes evident that a Christian theological and missiological perspective adds important further considerations to the human rights perspective on conversion and religious freedom or persecution.

Educación en Derechos Humanos: formación ética-cívica de los educadores sociales como medio para prevenir el ciberbullying

Internet has created a space of exchange of communication and education that has opened the doors for multitude of opportunities in all the facets of the life for any person. Nevertheless, in this work a new form of harassment is analyzed between minors that it is emerging thanks to the possibilities that Internet opens the aggressors: the ciberbullying. The aim is to detect the important aspects on the ciberbullying that they could be an object of an intervention partner educational to propose a plan of ethical - civic formation of the social educators. We analyze the ciberbullying across one systematic review of the literature analyz¬ing the key aspects inside the investigations carried out on this topic: age, level educational and kind, technological tools, motives and reasons, strategies of defense and consequences for the victim and the aggressor.Later we develop a plan of ethical - civic formation for the social educators as relevant agents for the prevention and the elimination of the ciberbullying having in it counts the following types of formation: formation of the autoesteem, empathy and in the individual and social beginning of the human rights, formation in social skills and resolution of conflicts, to educate in not violence, formation in violence of kind, to educate in equality, formation in ethical-virtual literacy and formation in the individual and penal re¬sponsibility. This type of ethical-civic formation of the social educators is necessary in order that they could intervene with children and teenagers for the prevention of the ciberbullying and also for the prevention of the violation of the human rights in different social contexts.

PREVENTION OF HARASSMENT AT WORK

In this paper, the author discusses the phenomenon of mobbing, or harassment at the workplace, by focusing on the concept, phenomenological characteristics and types of mobbing, the etiological factors leading to its emergence, and the consequences sustained by victims. Considering the need to have mobbing recognized and legally sanctioned as a form of harassment, the author underscores that the social response to mobbing must be conceived as a comprehensive system of preventive measures. This paper aims to provide an insight into this negative social phenomenon as a prerequisite for building an effective system of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. In particular, the author provides an overview of the Serbian legislation on this matter and points to the role of the non-governmental sector in the prevention of mobbing.

Workplace harassment among employees: An explorative study

Introduction: Workplace harassment is the belittling or threatening behavior directed at an individual worker or a group of workers. Matters of workplace harassment recently gained interest among practitioners and researchers as it is becoming one of the most sensitive areas of effective workplace management. Materials and Methods: Nonexperimental cross-sectional exploratory survey approach with quantitative design was adopted. Samples constituted both male and female employees 20–60 years working for minimum 6 h in an institution selected by random sampling technique. Data were collected using demographic tool and workplace harassment experience tool developed by the investigator. The Institutional Ethics Committee approval and the individual subject consent were also obtained. Results: Data obtained from 210 employees indicated that majority (20%) were between the age group of 30–35 years. Majority, 63.3%, of the employees had occasional harassment, 8.1% had mild harassment, 0.5% had severe harassment, and 28.1% reported no harassment at the workplace. Area-wise analysis indicated that highest possible area among participants was psychological (15.5 ± 7.26) and the lowest harassment was in the area of physical harassment (3.74 ± 1.75). Conclusion: Workplace harassment is a serious concern which requires immediate attention for better outcome. Although majority of the participants experience at least some form of harassment, they hesitate to objectively indicate the same due to fear of consequences of losing the job and facing further ramifications. The issue requires to be addressed with appropriate policies at the workplace. The study will help to plan the strategies to be implemented for building a healthy workplace environment.

GAMING COMPUTER ENTHUSIASM AS A PREDICTOR OF ADOLESCENT BULLYING

Introduction: In the era of intensive computerization of society, the computer becomes an integral part of the life of a modern teenager. The virtual world contributes to the formation and development of those forms of individuality, which are largely designed by computer games developers, which leads to a change in the organization of the teenager's life - the computer player, his communications, the transformation of traditional social ties. According to the results of research, the consequences of enthusiasm for computer games include, among other things, the emergence of cruelty in relations between peers. Of particular concern is the fact that violence is reflected in the interaction of children with classmates, as a result of which is its spread in educational institutions. The problem of studying the relationship between gaming computer enthusiasm and teenage bullying is, in our opinion, an urgent task and requires a multilevel analysis. Results: The article presents an analytical review of research on the problem of enthusiasm for computer games and school bullying in Russia and abroad. Noting the importance of these studies, it should be recognized that the problem of overcoming adolescents' enthusiasm for computer games in the form of reducing and preventing its destructive influence and preventing the formation of deviant behavior requires further analysis and study. Till now it is not enough studied, in what cases the enthusiasm for computer games leads to deviant forms of behavior, which provokes the formation of an associative orientation in adolescents. In this regard, it is relevant to assess the relationship between the enthusiasm for computer games and deviant behavior in adolescents, as well as the search for effective methods and means to prevent computer game enthusiasm, based on a personal-oriented approach to each child. Discussion and Conclusions: At present, there is no single point of view on how the enthusiasm for computer games arises and develops, how computer games influence the child's mental development and personality, whether they can contribute to his emotional development, cause deviations in his behavior, aggressiveness and cruelty. Despite numerous studies of the bullying problem, it remains an open question how computer game enthusiasm is associated with blocking the process of positive personal development of the child and teenage bullying. How the impact of violent computer games on the child's psyche is associated with aggressive forms of harassment.

Journalism Under Threat

Previous studies of intimidation and harassment of journalists have (rightly) focused on non-democratic and authoritarian nations and/or transitional/emerging democracies. In this article, we examine the situation in Sweden, a country with strong de facto and de jure safeguards of journalistic freedom and autonomy. We report the findings from a representative survey of Swedish journalists where three themes are analysed: the extent of harassment, the forms of harassment, and the consequences of intimidation and harassment. The results show that a third of the respondents had experienced threats at work in the past year, and an overwhelming majority said they had received offensive and insulting comments. Intimidation and harassment also had consequences, both professionally and personally, such as fear and self-censorship. We therefore argue that it is time to add the dimension of external pressure and threats to the discussion of journalistic autonomy—including in countries like Sweden.

The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: Legislative Remedies for Online Harassment and Cyberstalking in India

Cyberstalking is a new form of computer related crime, occurring in our society. Cyberstalking means when a person is followed and pursued online, invading his/her privacy as his/her every move watched. It is a form of harassment that can disrupt the life of the victim and leave him/her feeling very afraid and threatened. Cyberstalking usually occurs with women, who are stalked or harassed by men, or with children who are stalked by adult predators or pedophiles. Cyberstalkers need not have to leave their home to find, or harass their targets, and has no fear of physical violence since they believe that they cannot be physically touched in cyberspace. They use Internet, e-mail, and other electronic communication devices to stalk persons.This paper addresses the issue of cyberstalking and online harassment, and what legal remedies an Internet user may have when confronted with this form of behavior. Firstly, the paper will examine what constitutes cyberstalking and harassment, and will discuss the way in which the Internet may facilitate such behavior.

Recognising and dealing with bullying

Recognising that there is a problem is the first step to tackling bullying, says Carolyne Crowe, who discusses what to look out for, who is involved, what to do and...

Causes Of Women Harassment At Workplace

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the causes of women harassment at work place. Pharmaceutical and Garment factories S.I.T.E, Karachi are used to analyze the subject. This study elaborates different types and forms of harassments and explains the laws, legal constitutional framework and few court judgments on sexual harassment as a reference. The researcher comprises of comprehensive reviews of the past research studies. A concrete research review has been done in order to cover all the corners of the subject. Then explains the research methodology in which the study drives the research method to the topic. Structured questionnaire was designed to extract the information about the respondents and analyze it through research techniques. 300 total number of female respondents were taken from 10 different pharmaceutical and garment factories of S.I.T.E Karachi. Descriptive and inferential research method was applied to understand the depth of the topic. A regression analysis was used to find the relationship between dependent and independent variables.

Sexual Harassment at Workplace-Interpretation, Consequences and Legal Control

Within the last decade, more women have entered the work force. As their numbers surge, their vulnerability to harassment has also increased. Often reported in the media are criminal acts of rape, assault and molestation, while the ‘less severe’ forms of harassment like verbal abuse, repeated lewd emails or messages, physical touching, or unwelcome comments on behaviour or dress are given free reign because they do not qualify as criminal acts. Sexual harassment is a clear form of gender discrimination based on sex, a manifestation of unequal power relations between men and women. In this paper, the main causes due to which sexual harassment takes place has been discussed. Also, the view of judiciary in India and the steps taken by legislature to curb this menace have been discussed. The problem of sexual harassment needs to be curbed in order to protect the basic human rights that they possess. Sexual harassment at workplace not only infringes their basic rights but also demoralises them, but also largely shakes their confidence. The research methodology of this paper is largely analytical and descriptive. It is largely based on electronic and secondary sources of data. Data has been collected from various books, articles, papers and web sources.

Is medical education hazardous to your health?

Is medical education hazardous to your health?

Same- and Cross-Gender Sexual Harassment Victimization in Middle School: A Developmental-Contextual Perspective

Using a developmental-contextual framework, the present study investigated risk factors for same- and cross-gender sexual harassment victimization in 986 middle school students. Participants completed questionnaires in the fall and spring of the same school year so risk factors could be explored longitudinally. Results revealed that gender differences existed for same- and cross-gender forms of harassment. While girls reported more instances of receiving same- and cross-gender unwanted sexual attention, boys were more likely to report being victims of same-gender gender harassment. Important differences in risk factors also existed. Being bullied in the fall and feeling disconnected from school were risk factors for same-gender victimization but not for cross-gender victimization. Romantic relationship status, which was a significant risk factor for both same- and cross-gender victimization, was qualified by significant gender interactions. Results are explained through a developmental-contextual lens and implications for intervention are discussed.

Secondary Measures of Access to Abortion Services in the United States, 2011 and 2012: Gestational Age Limits, Cost, and Harassment

BackgroundAspects of U.S. clinical abortion service provision such as gestational age limits, charges for abortion services, and anti-abortion harassment can impact the accessibility of abortion; this study documents changes in these measures between 2008 and 2012. MethodsIn 2012 and 2013, we surveyed all known abortion-providing facilities in the United States (n = 1,720). This study summarizes information obtained about gestational age limits, charges, and exposure to anti-abortion harassment among clinics; response rates for relevant items ranged from 54% (gestational limits) to 80% (exposure to harassment). Weights were constructed to compensate for nonresponding facilities. We also examine the distribution of abortions and abortion facilities by region. FindingsAlmost all abortion facilities (95%) offered abortions at 8 weeks’ gestation; 72% did so at 12 weeks, 34% at 20 weeks, and 16% at 24 weeks in 2012. In 2011 and 2012, the median charge for a surgical abortion at 10 weeks gestation was $495, and $500 for an early medication abortion, compared with $503 and $524 (adjusted for inflation) in 2009. In 2011, 84% of clinics experienced at least one form of harassment, only slightly higher than found in 2009. Hospitals and physicians' offices accounted for a substantially smaller proportion of facilities in the Midwest and South. Clinics in the Midwest and South were exposed to more harassment than their counterparts in the Northeast and West. ConclusionsAlthough there was a substantial decline in abortion incidence between 2008 and 2011, the secondary measures of abortion access examined in this study changed little during this time period.