Form Of Grooming Research Articles

Scabies Prevalence on Cats and Rabbits in Animal Hospital of East Java Livestock Service on 2021

This study aims to obtain information and data on the prevalence of scabies in cats and rabbits at the Animal Hospital of East Java Livestock Service Surabaya. The data obtained in this study are data on visitors or pet owners to the Animal Hospital in January - December 2021. The type of research is descriptive research. The data obtained tabulated and analyzed with a prevalence test and discussed descriptively. The prevalence of scabies in cats and rabbits at the study was 5.62% or 76 positive of 1352 visiting clients. Forty five of them were cats (59.21% of 76) and 31 were rabbits (40.79% of 76). Scabies attacks animals in the nose, mouth and ears. Scabies also causes weight loss, hair loss, irritation, anemia and even death. Scabies treatment at the research location is by cleaning the scars caused by scabies, applying an ointment containing 5% permethrin, and giving anti-histamine and anti-parasitic as well as providing supportive therapy in the form of grooming using shampoo containing anti-ectoparasites. Pet owners are expected to follow the advice given by animal hospital staff who have provided knowledge in terms of controlling and preventing Scabies.

Effects of cadmium ingestion on reproduction and maternal egg care in the European earwig

A growing number of studies show that anthropization can alter the behaviour, survival, physiology, cognition and reproduction of many animal species. However, its impact on parental care, a common behaviour where even subtle changes can have dramatic effects on the viability of future generations and thereby jeopardize population dynamics, remains surprisingly unclear. Here, we studied the effects of exposure to cadmium, a highly toxic chemical pollutant widely distributed in the trophic chain, on egg production and maternal egg care in the European earwig, Forficula auricularia . We fed 200 females with food containing cadmium at five different concentrations for several weeks, and then quantified the number of eggs produced, the expression of six forms of egg care and three forms of noncare behaviours, as well as maternal survival and egg development. In contrast to most results reported in other animal species, we found no evidence that ingestion of even substantial doses of cadmium affects egg production or maternal egg care in the form of grooming, antennation, displacement, gathering, defence or retrieval. Moreover, it neither affected maternal exploration, inactivity or self-grooming behaviours, nor egg development time, hatching rate or juvenile weight. Overall, these results reveal that egg care is resilient to environmental cadmium pollution in earwigs and suggest that females possess efficient and fast-acting physiological processes that help them reduce their sensitivity to heavy metal contamination. More generally, our findings may suggest that selection pressures associated with the necessity to express egg care has directly or indirectly selected for higher resistance/tolerance against certain chemical pollution, and thus that species with parental care could be more resilient in the face of increasing levels of anthropogenic pollution. • Egg care is an essential behaviour to ensure the viability of future generations. • Cadmium is highly toxic to organisms and affects numerous fitness-related traits. • We tested the effects of cadmium on egg care and reproduction in earwig females. • We found that egg care and female reproduction were independent of cadmium exposure. • The critical importance of egg care could explain the robustness of this behaviour.

Narcissistic Sexual Predation: Keith Raniere’s Grooming Strategies in NXIVM

The 2019 trial of NXIVM founder and leader, Keith Raniere, detailed various forms and aspects of his exploitative practices, including those of a sexual nature. In this article I address a particular component of the sexual abuse process: the grooming of women for sexual exploitation. Many of Raniere’s teachings and behaviors prepared—or groomed—female members of NXIVM for his increasingly coercive and humiliating sexual demands. In addition to forms of grooming directed through group teachings, Raniere also established personal relationships with numerous women, during which he groomed them on an individual basis. Using Grant Sinnamon’s (2017) research on the grooming of adults for sexual abuse, in conjunction with Janja Lalich’s (1997) work on the psychosexual exploitation of women in cults, I analyze the many ways that Raniere groomed women in NXIVM. Furthermore, I integrate Sinnamon’s (2017) specific observations regarding narcissistic sexual predators to explore Raniere’s probable narcissism and how this manifested in his grooming practices.

Handling of Scabies in Domestic Cat at Q-one Petklinik Surabaya

Background: Scabies is a skin disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei. Scabies is transmitted through direct contact with animals affected by scabies or contact with the source of scabies mite in area of cat lives. Purpose: This study aims to determine the management of scabies at Q-One PetKlinik Surabaya. Method: Handling domestic cats affected by S.scabiei began with an interview with the owner and examinated with the physical condition of cats, and observed the body that was infected with S.scabiei. Scrabbing on scabs was conducted in the cat’s body which was located in the facial area, and followed by microscopic examination to observe the S.scabiei mite. Results: During April 2021, there were 13 domestic cats affected by scabies. Treatment for scabies was by administrated drugs containing 5% Permethrin. Cats were also given supportive therapy by grooming with antiectoparasite shampoo after two weeks from being given drugs. Conclusion: Handling cases of scabies in domestic cats at Q-One PetKlinik Surabaya is performed by cleaning the scab, applying an ointment containing 5% permethrin, and giving anti-histamine and anti-parasitic as well as providing supportive therapy in the form of grooming using shampoo containing anti-ectoparasites.

Emotion work and the archaeology of consensus: the Northern Iroquoian case

In archaeology, emotion has often been thought to lie beyond the reach of responsible materialist scholarship. However, this study illustrates the central role of emotion in the formation of consensus-based political systems. In the Late Woodland longhouse societies of north-eastern North America, political alliance-building depended on emotion work – elaborated interpersonal attentions in the form of grooming, bodily adornment, smoking and gift-giving that were intended to shift the affective character of relationships and satisfy deep personal desires. Emotion work depended heavily on material things – especially wampum beads and smoking pipes – that connected individual bodies with the body politic. A crucial part of the process of building and maintaining grassroots social collectives, emotion work produced historically particular forms of power and political subjectivity. These practices can be understood as a kind of corporeal politics, one with lasting consequences for indigenous sociopolitical development in eastern North America.

Interactions between parents and parents and pups in the monogamous California mouse (Peromyscus californicus).

The California mouse ( Peromyscus californicus ) may be a valuable animal model to study parenting as it is one of the few monogamous and biparental rodent species. By using automated infra-red imaging and video documentation of established pairs spanning two days prior to birth of the litter until d 5 of post natal development (PND), it was possible to follow interactions between parents and between parents and pups. The paired males were attentive to their partners in the form of grooming and sniffing throughout the time period studied. Both these and other activities of the partners, such as eating and drinking, peaked during late light/ mid-dark period. Beginning the day before birth, and most significantly on PND 0, the female made aggressive attempts to exclude the male from nest-attending, acts that were not reciprocated by the male, although he made repeated attempts to mate his partner during that period. By PND 1, males were permitted to return to the nest, where they initiated grooming, licking, and huddling over the litter, although time spent by the male on parental care was still less than that of the female. Male and female pups were of similar size and grew at the same rate. Pups, which are believed to be exothermic for at least the first two weeks post-natally, maintained a body temperature higher than that of their parents until PND 16. Data are consistent with the inference that the male California mouse parent is important in helping retain pup body heat and permit dams increased time to procure food to accommodate her increased energy needs for lactation. These assessments provide indices that may be used to assess the effects of extrinsic factors, such as endocrine disrupting chemicals, on biparental behaviors and offspring development.

Programmed versus stimulus-driven antiparasitic grooming in a desert rodent

We tested 2 hypotheses concerning regulation of grooming in flea-infested rodents and examined if 2 grooming components, scan and scratch grooming, are controlled by programmed and stimulus-driven regulation, respectively. The programmed grooming hypothesis proposes central programming that periodically evokes a bout of grooming to remove ectoparasites before they are attached and predicts that juvenile rodents 1) regardless of infestation status will invest more time in grooming (the body size principle) and 2) sustain lower flea densities than adults. The stimulus-driven grooming hypothesis postulates a direct response to irritation from ectoparasite bites and predicts that under flea-free conditions, 1) the stimulus-driven grooming regulation will not be activated, thereby neither juveniles nor adults will engage in grooming, but under flea infestation, 2) adults will invest more time in grooming than juveniles and sustain similar flea densities. We recorded the behavior of adult and juvenile flea-parasitized and nonparasitized rodents and quantified the frequency and duration of the 2 grooming components. Flea infestation increased the time devoted to grooming, supporting the existence of a regulation mechanism. However, the results did not support the dominance of neither hypothesis. Both forms of grooming were affected similarly by flea infestation and host age, hence may not necessarily be linked to a given regulation mechanism. Regardless of infestation status, time devoted to grooming was lower in juveniles, and both age groups sustained fleas at similar densities. We suggest that the assumptions and predictions of the 2 hypotheses should take into account the morphology and natural history of the host organism.

Effect of environmental enrichment by providing trees as rubbing objects in grassland: Grazing cattle need tree‐grooming

ABSTRACTWe examined the role of trees as grooming objects in grazing pasture and investigated their necessity. Four grazing Japanese Black cows were used. Experimental pastures with restricted (RST) and released (RLS) grooming with trees were established. Examination was carried out for 24 h in each RST and RLS. The respective frequencies and duration of self‐grooming, allo‐grooming (social grooming) and grooming with trees was recorded by a continuous scan sampling method, and maintenance behavior was recorded by a 2‐min group animal scan sampling method. Grooming with trees in RLS occurred 29 ± 12 times/24 h and for 1342 ± 475 s/24 h. Total frequencies and duration of grooming in RLS tended to increase from that in RST (P = 0.08, P = 0.06, respectively). However, self‐grooming and allo‐grooming exhibited no differences. The results indicate that cattle may enrich their grooming through the use of trees if the latter are available. Furthermore, they may not substitute grooming with trees with other forms of grooming if no trees are available in the grassland. No difference was observed in the general proportion of their maintenance behavior. These results suggest that trees in grassland provide a good environmental enrichment object that satisfies cattle's potential needs of grooming and did not restrict their general behavior.

Paternal Care in Propithecus verreauxi coquereli

Alloparental behavior is documented for several anthropoid primates, but few researchers have investigated the extent or variability of such behavior in prosimians. We report results from a study of male-infant interactions in 2 groups of Coquerel’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli) at the Duke University Primate Center (DUPC). Both groups contained 1 adult pair, 2 juveniles, and a newborn. The adult males exhibited paternal behavior toward their offspring in the form of grooming and holding the infant, though males differed in the amount of time they spent engaged in these activities. Group differences in the proximity maintained between the infants’ parents suggest that the relationship between adult males and females may help account for the variation. The presence of juveniles appeared to diminish paternal behavior in the group exhibiting a higher overall rate of male-infant interaction.

True paternal care in a multi-male primate society.

Although male parental care is rare among mammals, adult males of many cercopithecine primate species provide care for infants and juveniles. This care is often in the form of grooming, carrying, support in agonistic interactions, and protection against infanticide. For these behaviours to be interpreted as true parental care, males must selectively direct care towards their own offspring and this care must result in fitness benefits. With the exception of males defending probable offspring from infanticide, male primates living in multi-male, multi-female social groups have not been shown to selectively direct care towards their own offspring. We determined paternity for 75 juveniles in a population of wild savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus) and collected data on interventions in agonistic disputes by adult males on behalf of juveniles as a form of male care. Here we show that adult males differentiate their offspring from unrelated juveniles and selectively support their offspring in agonistic disputes. As support in agonistic disputes is likely to contribute to rank acquisition and protect juveniles from injury and stress, this can be considered true parental care.

Grooming elicited by intracerebroventricular bombesin and eledoisim in the mouse

The behavioral effects of centrally administered bombesin and eledolsin were investigated in the mouse. Both peptides produced syndromes of compulsive stereotyped grooming. Manipulations known to affect other forms of grooming were ineffective in modifying the above syndromes. The findings argue for novel subtypes of peptide mediated grooming.