Forms Of Economic Development Research Articles

Indigenous Resilience and Pedagogies of Resistance: Responding to the Crisis of Our Age

Historically, Indigenous peoples have displayed remarkable resilience in the face of adversity, notably, in the face of colonization. Over several decades, Indigenous peoples have sought through legal and other means to regain and retain cultural and traditional rights, including traditional practices, languages and identities, as well as the right to culturally appropriate forms of economic development. This resilience by Indigenous peoples has been described as grounded in culture, place and in Indigenous forms of spirituality. In the 21st century, faced with new modes of colonization, this same resilience is giving rise to new modes of both engagement and disengagement on the part of multiple Indigenous communities around the globe. Positioned in the context of profound environmental and global crisis, this article considers Indigenous strategies of renewal and resistance against the background of the changing role and function of the nation-state, drawing on specific legislative changes in Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand.

The data clustering based dynamic risk identification of biological immune system: mechanism, method and simulation

Under the new form of economic development in our country, with the growth of dynamic and the complexity of internal and external environment of enterprise, various kinds of uncertain events have emerged in an endless so that the risks faced by enterprises are increasing, how to effectively identify and control dynamic risks for managers are key elements for the sustainable development of enterprises. Biological immune system is a complex adaptive system, can quickly identify and resist the risk, draw lessons from this principle, the biological immune provides a new idea and method to identify dynamic risk effectively for the enterprise. Combing with the literatures, we found that there is a certain progress about the current research of enterprise dynamic risk identification under biological immune perspective, but there is not a set of relatively mature method system. Therefore, this article makes reference to the ideas of the biological immune, on the basis of immune identification mechanism, from two aspects of dynamic risk definition and ascension of identification accuracy to implement extensions of dynamic risk identification of biological immune mechanism, build a set of DRI biological immune system extension method contains dynamic memory automatic identification and variable fuzzy automatic identification system, and carry out the simulation experiment of multi-agent on Netlogo simulation platform to verify the effectiveness of this method. This study extend and expand the enterprise dynamic risk identification theory, enrich the literature of biological immune mechanism of enterprise dynamic risk identification, provide application guide on the problem of dynamic risk identification in other areas.

Імплементація концепції “великих даних” у державну статистику

Стаття присвячена дослідженню розвитку концепції “великих даних” в світі та її впливу на трансформацію статистичного моделювання економічних процесів. Наголошено на важливості імплементації “великих даних” у систему державної статистики України, що дасть можливість корегування економічної політики у відповідності зі змінами інституційного середовища.

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation.

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.

Use of land in a water fund in modern conditions

The article deals with issues of management and financial support land use water resources Ukraine in terms of decentralization. It was established that one of the obstacles to decentralization in Ukraine is the lack of necessary funding infrastructure upgrades lands of water fund. The necessity of reforming the institutional system of water use on the lands of water fund, through the implementation of new institutional forms of economic development, water resources, focused on the water and agricultural needs of communities. In particular, they provide for the establishment of partnerships between the state and private enterprise entities and ensure diversification of investment water management and protection projects.

Illicit Partners and Political Development: How Organized Crime Made the State

Conventional approaches to the relationship between states and criminal groups depict it as one of corruption. However, this overlooks the developmental aspect of some state-criminal group relationships. This paper identifies the types of relationships states and criminal groups can have, and the conditions under which they collaborate to achieve political and economic developmental goals. I first develop a typology of state-criminal group relationships deductively. Then, using archival and secondary sources, I evaluate four cases, each representing a different type of state-criminal group relationship. I find that, though corruption exists to some degree in all cases, when states criminalize markets due to domestic pressure, they are more likely to challenge the criminal groups that emerge as a matter of policy. Furthermore, when states criminalize markets because of international pressure, they are more likely to collaborate with the criminal groups that develop. This collaboration can take the form of economic development or political consolidation. I conclude that criminal groups emerge as a by-product of the statebuilding process, and can be incorporated into that same process later.

Honduras is open for business: extractivist tourism as sustainable development in the wake of disaster?

ABSTRACT Following Hurricane Mitch in 1998, the Honduran government introduced legislative reforms designed to generate investment opportunities in energy, mining and tourism and to expedite the post-disaster recovery. This experiment in “disaster capitalism” provided a blueprint for the recovery strategy implemented by the government of Porfirio Lobo after the 2009 coup against Manuel Zelaya. The similarities between these two historical conjunctures necessitate a deeper engagement with the meaning of extractivism in post-disaster contexts, particularly in relation to so-called sustainable tourism development. While multilateral aid institutions have claimed tourism as a sustainable alternative to more exploitative forms of economic development, this paper draws on ethnographic research in a coastal Garifuna community to argue that tourism is analogous with extractivism. By analyzing the collective action and resistance of black and Indigenous organizations for territorial autonomy, this paper elucidates the connections between traditional extractive industries and tourism, both of which rely on state-orchestrated natural resource expropriation, enclosure and dispossession, resulting in widespread environmental degradation and ecological insecurity for coastal Indigenous communities. The paper highlights how neoliberal tourism policies are advanced under the guise of ecotourism and sustainable development, while creating the conditions for extractivism to take hold within black and Indigenous territories.

Suicide and the Creative Class: A Cross-National Examination

ABSTRACTStudies on suicide have illustrated the role society plays in the very individual act of suicide. Suicide research has examined the role of economic development within cities, states, and countries. Florida suggested that a new form of economic development, built around the creative class, is being implemented by the most prosperous cities and countries. Using a cross-national analysis of 59 countries the study finds that as the percent of the creative class increased, suicide increased. The findings indicate that there could be a negative consequence to areas pursuing economic development along the creative class model.

Production Relations in Agrarian Capitalist Development

Das (2012) proposes to apply Marx’s account of the subsumption of labor under capital, concerning levels of capitalist control of production, in addressing questions regarding the definition of capitalism and the nature and forms of economic development in agrarian economies, and to use the recent economic experience of Indian agriculture for empirical illustration. This comment raises several issues with regard to Das’s reading of Marx’s account and his application of that account in assessing Indian agricultural development.

Political Ecology and Socio-Ecological Conflicts in Southeast Asia

INTRODUCTIONFrom July 2015 onwards, forest and peat fires raged once again in Indonesia, mainly on the remaining forests in Sumatra and Kalimantan. By the end of the year, acrid haze extended to the neighboring countries of Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand, releasing CO2 emissions equivalent to the annual emissions in Germany and driving a public health emergency across the region. Under the Haze Wave, everyday life in Indonesia was brought to a standstill, thousands of people were evacuated, and offices and schools were closed. Land clearance through slash and burn practices for industrial plantations that feed a massive global demand for palm oil and pulpwood were reported the root cause of the fires (Balch, 2015; Osborn, Torpey, Franklin, & Howard, 2015).The appropriation and of land for these patterns of resource-based development - along with selective industrialization processes and rapid urbanization - have significantly contributed to economic growth in Southeast Asia. At the same time, the region - and especially marginalized groups - face the environmental and social costs of centuries of resource extraction (e.g., deforestation, water pollution, flooding, biodiversity loss, eviction of indigenous people or ethnic minorities, surge in urban poor) that give rise to resistance and conflicts against these forms of economic development. This special issue features a focus on such socio-ecological conflicts from a political ecology perspective. It brings together an interdisciplinary collection of expressions of conflict over land, forests, water, mining, and environmental assets, and discusses the power relations underlying these forms of contestation well the strategies of different actors to deal with the unequal outcomes of environmental and resource politics.POLITICAL ECOLOGY, POWER RELATIONS, AND SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL CONFLICTSIn contrast to debates about natural scarcities, political ecology highlights the societal and political character of resource extraction and environmental impacts (Robbins, 2012). The interdisciplinary research agenda analyzes the appropriation of nature and the distribution and consumption of natural resources an explicitly political process that is linked to social relations of ownership and (Bryant & Bailey, 1997; Neumann, 2005; Robbins, 2012). Society-nature relations hence evolve in historically and geographically embedded constellations that are linked to power, domination, and inequalities. Based on a political economy understanding, Bryant and Bailey (1997) conceptualize power the ability of an actor to control (p. 39) the access to nature and natural resources well the access of other actors to these resources. Power is, then, the that person, social group, or state has over the access to and the distribution of natural resources of another person, social group, or state, both in material (e.g., of access to land, natural resources, and environmental risks) and symbolic terms (e.g., of access to knowledge systems and environmental discourses) (Pichler, 2016). Hence, the appropriation and transformation of nature is shaped by social relations of power and domination and the associated actors who the access to natural resources (Wissen, 2015). As Blaikie and Brookfield (1987) put it: one person's degradation is another's accumulation (p. 14).Focusing on the political character of environmental problems implies taking related conflicts into account. Conflicts serve as a prime form and expression of politics (Le Billon, 2015, p. 602) where underlying relations of power and domination, and (contradictory) interests are revealed. Whereas mainstream environmental research often strives for the prevention of conflicts, political ecologists challenge the depoliticization of environmental issues and highlight the emancipatory potential of contestation and conflict.Over the last three decades, political ecology research has developed diverse conceptions of socio-ecological conflicts. …

Potential for Eco-Industrial Park Development in Moncton, New Brunswick (Canada): A Comparative Analysis

Eco-industrial development projects are increasingly popular because of their ability to transform the traditional model of industrial parks into more sustainable forms of economic development. Still, few industrial parks worldwide have achieved the high degree of eco-transformation that characterizes eco-industrial parks (EIPs). Assessing the potential for eco-industrial development at the park or regional scale is an important step towards this goal. This study aimed to assess the potential for ecological development of a growing industrial park (Caledonia Industrial Estates (CIE), province of New Brunswick, Canada) following the principles of industrial ecology. A baseline survey of CIE businesses was conducted. The results were compared to results from similar assessments in three other industrial parks across Canada, located in Nova Scotia, Ontario and Saskatchewan. The main categories used for comparison were business variety and size, public transportation, green spaces, energy and material use, and environmental management organization. While showing that CIE has EIP potential, the results revealed similarities and differences between the industrial parks studied, some of which were related to barriers limiting the efficient use and sharing of resources. One way that was identified that could help CIE incorporate eco-industrial activities into their operations would be the appointment of an environmental management organization or a shared environmental manager. Strategies to foster EIP development, in general, are also identified. These findings, based on actual business experiences, can help determine which actions and activities are suitable for CIE and other business communities that consider eco-industrial development as their next phase. They are particularly relevant to industrial parks in a development or redevelopment phase.

Exploring the potential impacts of tourism development on social and ecological change in the Solomon Islands

Pacific Island communities may be vulnerable to negative impacts of economic development, which is often considered a strategy for reducing vulnerability to environmental change. Studies that evaluate potential impacts of economic development in isolated communities may be inaccurate to only focus on asking people to anticipate impacts of phenomena they have had minimal exposure to. We used an open-ended approach to evaluate how communities in the Solomon Islands perceived change, and used this information to anticipate potential impacts of the government's plans to develop tourism. Our results showed mostly negative expectations of change, particularly socio-cultural, which was perceived as being driven by diminishing social capital, foreign influence, and economic development. Despite minimal exposure, locals supported tourism and had more positive expectations of change associated with this activity. Our findings emphasize the need for locally appropriate planning to ensure intended positive impacts of tourism and other forms of economic development.

Chinese domestic tourist perceptions of wind farms experiences

ABSTRACTWind farm complexes have grown in popularity as a form of energy tourism, but to date there is a paucity of research that addresses tourist perceptions of wind farms as a form of special interest tourism (i.e. energy tourism). The scope of this study concentrated on determining and statistically profiling domestic tourists’ perceptions of wind farm complexes for energy tourism purposes. As such, this study applies grounded theory as a means of interpreting domestic tourist perceptions of their lived wind farm experiences. By means of a qualitative research design, the researchers discovered that domestic Chinese tourists found their wind farm experiences were typified by interests in sustainability energy, exposure to differing local cultures, the science surrounding wind turbine technology and personal enrichment associated with the sharing of wind farm experiences with family and friends. The primary implication of this study calls for the deployment of collaborative interagency policies which promote wind farming as part of the government's overall sustainable energy platform while also supporting energy tourism as a means of personal enrichment and a form of economic development.

Semi-subsistence Farming Development in a Carpathian Declining Mining Area. A Microscale Study of Landowners’ Perception: Stulpicani Commune, Romania

Globalization mechanisms, the new economic orientation of Romania after the Communism collapse and as a member state of the European Union have led to several transformations in the mountain rural space, which meant, beside others, changes of the land use, the closing down of the unproductive mines. The study was conducted in Stulpicani commune, Suceava County, Romanian Carpathians, between 2013 and 2014, where people turned into farming as the only country uranium active mining, nearby was resized and others were decommissioned. The aim of this paper is to analyze the semi-subsistence farmers’ perception about their farms’ development in the framework of a large return to agriculture due to the declining mining activities, and Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In order to assess this, a field survey has been applied on 342 house heads of semi-subsistence farms involved in getting specific funding, which was processed in SPSS v.17 soft through Chi-square test and PCA. The results show that semi-subsistence farms represent still suitable forms of economic development of the Romania's mountain rural areas in consent with traditions and environmental offer. It is also revealed that at the first stage, 2009-2013, it is a high rate of trust in CAP, but we find some controversies between and inside groups. In this context, a common effort is need, from local to national in order to keep the tradition of farming and to find ways to maintain the advantages of EU programs to develop farms further.

Dialogue and the "culture of encounter" as the part to the peace in the modern world (in the light of Pope Francis course)

Dialogue and the "culture of encounter" as the part to the peace in the modern world (in the light of Pope Francis course)

Analysis on Construction and Empirical Evaluation of Index System of Low Carbon Economy Development

Low carbon economy is a kind of low energy consumption, low pollution, low emission as the basis of a new form of economic development, is the inevitable trend of harmonious development of man and nature. Based on expounding the connotation of low carbon economy and the elements, select the evaluation of each index of low carbon economic development level, the construction of the evaluation index system of low carbon economy, quantitative evaluation of the level of development of low carbon economy, and on this basis, put forward our country in the development of low carbon economy in the course of the transformation of the economic mode of development, increase investment in science and technology, the adjustment of energy consumption structure, optimize the industrial structure, the development of carbon sequestration potential of proposed measures.

Vincenzo Ruggiero: The Crimes of the Economy: A Criminological Analysis of Economic Thought

Vincenzo Ruggiero’s latest book, The Crimes of the Economy, as the title suggests is a book about the crimes of the economy not to be confused with economic crimes per se. More specifically, it is a book about the history of the capitalist economy and the crimes that have accompanied this form of economic development, a story that is too rarely shared by informed economists and criminologists alike. A story that when fully expounded on by Ruggiero explains exactly how and why reverse Keynesianism or socialism for the wealthy, along with neoliberalism and ‘‘free markets’’ have come together to replace religion in the twenty-first century as the new opiates for both the rich and poor to adapt to differentially. In regard to the subtitle—A criminological analysis of economic thought—I would argue that the author has written more than an investigation of economic thought through the lenses of criminological thought. In addition, the book is a philosophical treatise on the relations between market capitalism and legal as well as social justice. I would further contend that Ruggiero’s thorough yet abridged examination of the crimes of the economy is also a political, economic, and cultural analysis of capitalist practices and strategies from the fifteenth century to the present day. Overall, Ruggiero has provided the reader with a fundamental critique and demystification of the capitalist-ideological rationalizations for the production of crime, harm, injury, punishment, and victimization, which have always been adjudicated as acceptable costs for doing capitalism because these allow for and facilitate the progress, development, and survival of an economic and political system whose very structure and legitimation depends on the asymmetrical relations of privilege, domination, inequality, consumption, and profit. Pretentions aside, Ruggiero demonstrates that economics has never been a hard science, certainly not one subject to natural or universal laws. Quite the contrary: if there are any fundamental laws at work here, they are ones created by human beings. These

Sustainable development for whose benefit? Brazil's economic power and human rights violations in the Amazon and Mozambique

The Brazilian government, led for two consecutive terms by the socialist Partido Trabalhadores (Worker's Party), is enabling an overwhelmingly state-funded public–private partnership (PPP) to perpetrate human rights abuses against indigenous peoples and riparian communities in its Amazon region. This article considers the human cost of facilitating an explicitly neoliberal form of economic development for the benefit of large corporations – the primary vehicle through which states grow and develop their economies. It will also show how the world's second-largest transnational mining company, Brazilian Vale SA, undermines human rights and positive state obligations in Mozambique, in exploiting the coal reserves there. The article frames this complex scenario within the business and human rights discourse, with an emphasis on the political economy of human rights violations. It first defines the role of the corporation within neoliberalism, then assesses whether international human rights law is able to prevent corporate human rights violations, or violations of the rights of specially protected indigenous citizens. This article concludes that Brazil's economic development policy and the actions of its leading transnational corporation – due to extensive allegations of human rights violations at home and abroad – are inimical to the principles of truly sustainable development.

Law and the Exclusionary Essence of Large-Scale Investments in Sub-Saharan Africa Land

Abstract ‘Global land grabbing’ represents one of the hottest topics of debate within the areas of developmental and agricultural studies. However, this article claims that a narrow focus on the illegality and consequences of the ‘grabbing’, rather than on large scale investments in land (LaSIL) as a form of economic development which is inherently exclusionary, can be detrimental to the future of small-scale farmers. A short-term perspective overlooks the indirect consequences of industrialization, and legitimizes long-term exclusions and marginalization. Through past and present evidence, this paper demonstrates that LaSIL as competing projects will inevitably produce the abandonment of rural areas, the proletarianization of peasants, and the increase in social inequality, against any possibility for coexistence and harmonious cooperation.

The impact of the nationalisation threat on Zimbabwe’s economy

Internationally, the theme of territorial social responsibility, or territorial networks (CSR-oriented partnerships between local public and private partners) aimed to promote a model of sustainable economic growth, is still little noted. The movement of collective responsibility sees institutions and organisations (public and private, for profit and non-profit) participating in a form of economic development that is socially and environmentally sustainable. In these territories where deeply rooted actors are stimulated to cooperate for the responsible development of the productive system, their combined actions become an effective instrument in the sustainable government of the territory. Based on this consideration, the aim of our research is the evaluation of Italian local governmental initiatives to promote corporate social responsibility through public-private networks (specially focusing on the “Marche Region” case- study). Local governance based on the subsidiarity and the shared values of a spatial and socio-economic community can therefore be interpreted as a possible form of “managing publicly” which is focused on creating values and following the public interest, and operates through their motivations and values. This triggers a path of human governance in which participation, co-planning, and dialogue are not merely slogans but the modus operandi in actors’ processes of creating value.