Form Of Diagrams Research Articles

Fatigue life predictions under variable amplitude loading for composite materials

The fatigue strength curves for fiber reinforced laminates are normally available at certain combinations of load ranges and minimum-to-maximum load ratios. The data are alternatively presented in the form of a constant life diagram. Real-world signals contain, however, a finite number of load ranges and mean values pairs which rarely coincide with those experimentally measured. For fatigue assessment purposes, an interpolation in the constant life diagram, seeking for fatigue strength curves not originally measured, is needed. It is the aim of this paper to present and apply a new way for interpolating in the constant life diagram. The interpolated fatigue strength curve is then used in a simulated fatigue life prediction case study. The source for fatigue loads comes from two normalized load signals of variable amplitude that can be scaled to any desirable (and reasonable) maximum stress maximum stress value. In this way, two predicted maximum stress versus cycles to failure can be computed. The relative position of these two curves agrees with the severity of each load signal which confirms the consistency of the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, the variable amplitude curves fall below the experimental ones (at a load ratio [Formula: see text]), that is, disregarding the interactions between large and small cycles implies in unacceptable (non-conservative) predictions in fatigue design.

Creation of an online library of qualifying works of students of the SCIA department

The purpose of the article is to develop an information resource for the placement of qualification papers of students of the Department of Education and Research. The research methodology is based on the methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as on the use of informational, system-structural, and functional approaches. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the development of informational and functional models of the process of creating an online library of qualifying works of students of the SCIA department. Conclusions. A goal tree has been developed, the general purpose of which is to create an online library of qualifying works of students of the SCIA department. In order to achieve the set goal, a division was made into three first-level goals, which in turn are divided into smaller goals and sub-goals, each of which has an individual means of achieving the goal. An information model of the problem was built in Peter-Chen notation, which contains 6 entities related to each other with connections. The notation presents the “Supervisor” (as the student’s mentor), who manages the “Student” (the author of the qualification work). “Student” performs “QW” (study carried out by the student), which is reviewed by “Reviewer” (critic of qualification work). “QW” is contained in the “Online Library” (website of qualifying papers), which is visited by the “User” (interested person). A functional model of the given task is provided in the form of context diagrams and detailed processes. The first context diagram shows the process of “Filling the online library of the QW” and four external entities: “Secretary of the examination board”, “Manager”, “Reviewer” and “Student”. The second context diagram shows the process “Organisation of the work of the online library” and two external entities: “Administrator” and “User”. Three systems for managing site content are considered, namely: Drupal, Joomla and WordPress. After a detailed analysis of each CMS, WordPress was chosen as the ideal solution for the task, due to its simplicity, flexibility, and the ease of use and management

Integrating data and knowledge to support the selection of service plant species in agroecology

There is a crucial need for tools to help researchers, technicians and farmers designing sustainable agroecosystems based on agroecology Indeed, such agroecosystems are inherently complex and their design requires to integrate various data and unstabilised scientific knowledge. In this paper, we consider the issue of selecting service plant species according to their potential to provide ecosystem services. To tackle that issue, we adopt an approach based both on a formalized representation of domain knowledge, which enables reasoning, and on the exploitation of available data, collected independently of the targeted application. More specifically, we rely on the one hand on recent scientific results in agronomy linking functional traits (i.e., measurable characteristics of plant species) to ecosystem services, and on the other hand on data about functional traits collected by the research community in ecology. The architecture of our system is inspired by the ontology-based data access paradigm, which allows to combine data and knowledge in a principled way. We provide a methodology to acquire scientific knowledge in the form of diagrams linked to data sources, as well as a formalization in a logical rule-based language. Importantly, our rules are independent from specific diagrams and data, to ensure genericity and facilitate the evolution of the system. We detail the construction of a knowledge base devoted to vine grassing, i.e., installing herbaceous service plants in vineyards, and present an evaluation of the system’s results on this use case. We finally discuss the lessons learned and further challenges to be met.

A block diagram approach to characterize the kinematic and torque relationship of three-port transmission mechanism

ABSTRACT This paper presents a kinematic and dynamic modeling of a three-port transmission mechanism using the block diagram technique. By exploiting the simplicity of the block diagram technique, unlike the more complex conventional approaches, the three-port transmission mechanism is systematically characterized to obtain the velocity kinematics and torque relationship. This is achieved by establishing a feedback connection of the three-port transmission mechanism in block diagram form, and obtain the close-loop input/output relationship using techniques known in the control community, such as Mason’s rule. Two categories of the three-port transmission mechanism were investigated including, the 1D rotation type (planetary gear) and the 2D rotation type (differential). The kinematic and dynamic expressions of both categories were shown to be easily obtained, identifying the characteristic differences. The velocity kinematics, torque relationships, and power analysis were expressed to validate the proposed modeling. Further verification using MATLAB Simulink shows a good agreement of the analytical expressions and the proposed block diagram model. To demonstrate the effective use of the proposed approach, the block diagram technique is applied in the design analysis of a south-pointing chariot device.

Access to Covid-19 Information and Awareness for People with Visual Impairment in Zimbabwe: The Missing Link: The Case of Harare Central Business District (CBD).

The thrust of this study was to determine whether information on Covid 19 was being effectively disserminated to people with visual impairment in ways that made it accessible. Covid 19 has destroyed many lives in the country and indeed other countries. While people with sight have access to information through ordinary print, Television, radio,pictures audios, vedios, pamphlets and other such means,the same may not be said of people with visual impairment. People with visual impairment access information through enlarged print, Braille, radio and other forms. It was therefore imperative to determine whether people with visual impairment really benefitted from the current formats of information dissermination on the ground. The study used the qualitative paradigm in gathering data. The population comprised of fifty people with visual impairment. The sample included thirty females and twenty males. The study found out that people with visual impairment were not effectively accessing information on Covid 19 like sighted people were doing. They were being short changed in a number of ways. The formats being used were not effectively reaching out to people with visual impairment. It was mainly ordinary print that was used and yet many of the people with visual impairment required the use of Braille, enlarged print and others. It was also established that while some of the people may have benefitted from listening to audios and some vedios, the way this information was packaged left a lot to be desired. In most cases people with visual impairment had to seek assistance from other people in order to clearly understand the essence of some of the messages meant to benefit them. Some of the information was conveyed in the form of diagrams, and yet not all people with visual impairment can read diagrams and interpret them correctly. Even those with low vision experienced challenges in understanding diagrams. The study recommended that there was urgent need to present information on Covid 19 in accesible formats that were user friendly to all. Policies also needed to be put in place to help in ensuring that this group of people was not shortchanged in this respect. There was also need for the involvement of people with visual impairment in decision making on information dissemination on Covid 19.

СИСТЕМА ЗНАКОВ Ч. С. ПИРСА КАК ОТРАЖЕНИЕ УЧЕНИЯ О КАТЕГОРИЯХ И ПРЕДИКАБИЛИЯХ: ВЗГЛЯД ОСНОВАТЕЛЯ СЕМИОТИКИ

The article attempts to investigate scientific background underlying the system of signs proposed by Ch.S. Peirce. The study is based on the hypothesis that Ch.S.Peirce borrowed the principle of systematisation from the Latin translation of “Organon” by Aristotle published by Julius Pacius in 1584. Having analysed this issue of “Organon” the author demonstrates that the system of categories and predicabilia by Aristotle was transformed into a diagram presenting the interconnections between categories as judgements. Along with that it is shown that Pacius calculated the systems consisting of more than five notions as elements. Moreover, it is specified that Pacius borrowed the idea of representing categories in the form of diagrams from Johann Eck. It is possible to conclude from the investigation conducted that Ch.S.Peirce’s system of signs is isomorphic to Aristotle’s system of signs in the interpretation of Pacius. The article also introduces the idea about “the direction of predication” from accidence towards gender (from right to left) and from gender towards accidence (from left to right), which opens the perspective for future comparative analysis with semasiological and onomasiological methods of studying the language.

IIOT ПЕРЕДАЧА ДАННЫХ С БПЛА В ПРОМЫШЛЕННУЮ СРЕДУ АГРОКОМПЛЕКСОВ В РЕЖИМЕ РЕАЛЬНОГО ВРЕМЕНИ

Agricultural complexes, including agriculture, are a good environment for the introduction of modern technologies and methods of using unmanned aerial vehicles to solve various tasks. Currently, in distributed control systems in various agricultural complexes using unmanned aerial vehicles, the classical hardware and software architecture for building such systems has been established. However, this approach has a number of significant drawbacks. (Research purpose) The research purpose is selecting the IIoT of the wireless real-time communication protocol of unmanned aerial vehicles for irrigation of agricultural complexes with a ground-based industrial system and developing concepts of a hardware and software complex using modern technologies and practices of the industrial Internet of things. (Materials and methods) Used open sources of international communities in the field of automation and the industrial Internet of Things, as well as domestic and foreign scientific publications on these topics, as source data and materials for the analysis and design of the proposed hardware architecture of the IIoT platform. The method of decomposition according to automation levels was applied; the method of decomposition according to the functionality performed by individual hardware and software components of the system; the method of summarizing information from modern sources on the subject of research; formalization of the hardware and software structure in the form of schematic diagrams. (Results and discussions) Proposed the concept of information data transmission based on the IIoT protocol of DDS-real-time data transmission. (Conclusions) It has been shown that classical architectural approaches to data transmission in the conditions of wireless systems and agro-unmanned aircraft have proven themselves well, however, the need to introduce new architectural and software methods and protocols for data transmission in real time leads to the need to study promising ways to implement this functionality. We analyzed the existing global trends in the field under consideration and proposed an up-to-date and up-to-date concept of IIoT architecture of distributed data transmission systems within the framework of a distributed management and monitoring system for agricultural complexes based on unmanned aircraft.

Особенности комплексного расчета эжекционной системы охлаждения наддувочного воздуха в дизеле

The expediency of increasing the density of fresh charge at the inlet to the cylinder of a diesel engine with a gas turbine boost by using an ejection cooling system after the compressor to circulate cooling air through the cooler is substantiated. The urgency of improving the cooling systems of the charge air is noted in the direction of reducing the cost of power for operation and simplifying the design of their elements. The functional and design features of the elements of the charge air ejection cooling system are considered. The incompleteness of studying the functioning of the ejector at the outlet for intensive circulation of cooling air through the cooler matrix when placing the ejector after the turbocharger turbine is noted. The sequence of calculation of the system in the form of a block diagram is proposed, including a diesel engine, a compressor and a turbocharger turbine, a charge air cooler and an ejector in the exhaust system. The main factors characterizing the relationship between the functional and geometric parameters of the system elements are considered. The features of the complex calculation of the ejection cooling system for charge air in a diesel engine using mathematical modeling of processes in various elements of the system to find reserves and compromise solutions to reduce the cost of power for its operation and increase its efficiency are reflected. The results of the complex calculation of the ejection cooling system of the charge air using numerical modeling are presented graphically in the form of dependences of the parameters of its elements on the degree of pressure reduction in the turbocharger turbine. The analysis of the results of the complex calculation shows that the maximum values of the degree of cooling, charge air density and effective diesel power are achieved at different degrees of pressure reduction in the turbine or ejector. In this regard, it is concluded that it is advisable to choose the required values of the degrees of pressure reduction in the turbine or ejector on a compromise basis when designing an ejection cooling system for charge air.

Power distribution mechanisms with friction control in the transmission of a road train with an active trailer-dissolution

The article analyzes the experience of using gear controlled power distribution mechanisms in transport engineering as part of a dynamic stabilization system for high-speed ground vehicles. An overview of the sources on this issue is given. It is shown that the issue of increasing the lateral stability against skidding is relevant in modern conditions and has received a mathematical description mainly in the application to passenger cars. Attention is paid to theoretical studies of Russian scientists involved in the problem of power distribution control in transmissions of transport vehicles and tractors for various purposes. A solution to the problem of full control over the distribution of torques in a transmission containing several drive axles is proposed in the form of a structural diagram of a transmission based on the use of controlled gear power distribution mechanisms. The considered solutions are applicable for monohull vehicles and road trains with an active trailer link. Methods for determining external parameters (gamma of gear ratios) for interaxle and interwheel controlled power distribution mechanisms are proposed in the application to the case of turning a road train with an active trailer-dissolution having an electromechanical transmission.

МАСОВА ЖИТЛОВА ЗАБУДОВА КИЄВА ЧАСІВ СРСР: ПРОЯВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ОСОБЛИВОСТЕЙ МІСТОБУДУВАННЯ ЧИ ФОРМУВАННЯ УНІФІКОВАНОГО ПРОСТОРУ РАДЯНСЬКОГО МІСТА

The purpose of the article is to identify the peculiarities of urban development in Kyiv through the study of residential areas built in the modernist era and the possibility of taking them into account in the interests of post-war reconstruction of Ukrainian cities and Kyiv's development in the future. Methods. The planning features of the three socialist-era residential areas of Kyiv selected by the authors were assessed using a matrix of criteria developed on the principle of a comprehensive assessment of the territory in terms of three main functional zones. The results of the assessment served as data for building models in the form of petal diagrams that reflect the level of planning features of residential areas in the context of each zone. Results. The article reveals the peculiarities of mass housing construction in the capital of Ukraine in the second half of the twentieth century as a consequence of the adaptation of the Ukrainian urban planning scientific school and practice to the realities of Soviet ideology in urban planning. The article analyses the change in the urban face of Kyiv in the modernist era, the formation of various trends in the capital's urban planning, forms of implementation and trends in urban planning during the period of its Soviet ideologisation. Kyiv became an arena of struggle in urban development and redevelopment in the post-World War II period against the backdrop of rapid urbanisation, changes in housing requirements and acute manifestations of colonialism. A comparative analysis of three cases of housing construction, which recorded the progress in housing construction in terms of urban planning at different stages of post-war development of Kyiv - the residential areas "Berezniaky", "Syneozernyi" and "Teremky 1" - was carried out, which can better reveal the urban planning context in which the construction of a "European" and/or "Soviet" city is confronted. Scientific novelty. The tested methodology of field research of architectural and urban planning compositions, arrangement of urban spaces of different types, microzoning in order to compare residential areas and establish their user properties is the author's development. It has been established that despite the colonial policy, which had a significant impact on urban planning in Ukraine during the Soviet era, Ukrainian urban planners under the pressure of the Soviet ideological machine attracted the best European experience in planning and designing in the interests of the residents of the capital of Ukraine. Practical significance. The proposed methodology and the results obtained can be used in the planning and organisation of urban space. Mass housing construction will remain an urgent task in Ukraine and requires comprehension of negative experience and the use of the best practices of Kyiv's development in the modernist era.

Digitalization of planning for low-rise development of rural areas

The article is devoted to the consideration of the current problem of low-rise development of settlements in rural areas. The presence of federal and regional legislative initiatives at the strategic level of planning is noted. The purpose of the study is related to the development of methods and algorithms for the current planning of low-rise buildings. The stated task is considered as a multi-project planning problem. The problem was formulated and formalized using scheduling schemes and priority rules. For numerical experimentation, a model of a multi-project planning program and a test task were developed, including 27 projects of various buildings with household buildings. The task contains 504 requests for the implementation of project work, as well as the work requirements for workers of various specialties, construction mechanisms and funding levels. The developed program layout, in addition to carrying out calculations using the presented algorithms, visualizes the results of numerical experimentation in the form of Gantt charts and resource consumption diagrams. The performance of the developed methods and algorithms has been confirmed. Conclusions and discussion of the study results are presented.

Resource-based planning strategies

Issues of energy saving and increasing energy efficiency, being one of the main mechanisms for ensuring sustainable development of the Russian economy, are becoming especially relevant. In this regard, the role of planning energy-saving measures, including the development of resourcebased strategies, is increasing. The article is devoted to the consideration of the current problem of a resource-oriented strategy for multi-project planning. The purpose of the study is related to the presentation of the developed resource-based methods and algorithms. The problem was formulated and formalized using scheduling schemes and priority rules. For numerical experimentation, a prototype of a multi-project planning program and a test task, including 15 projects, were developed. The task contains 450 requests for the implementation of project work, as well as connections between the subsequent/preceding work of each project. The developed program layout, in addition to carrying out calculations using the presented algorithms, visualizes the results of numerical experimentation in the form of Gantt charts and resource consumption diagrams. The performance of the developed methods and algorithms has been confirmed. Conclusions and discussion of the study results are presented.

ПРОТОКОЛ DDS КАК ЕДИНАЯ СРЕДА ПЕРЕДАЧИ ДАННЫХ В РЕЖИМЕ РЕАЛЬНОГО ВРЕМЕНИ

For the effective development of agricultural complexes, the introduction of a variety of advanced technologies, including unmanned aerial vehicles, is especially important. In the distributed control systems used in various agricultural complexes and logging industries using unmanned aerial vehicles, the classical hardware and software architecture for creating such systems has been established. However, this approach has a number of significant drawbacks, in particular, the presence of a large number of different data bus standards at different levels of the platform architecture, which quite often significantly complicates the integration of individual parts of the system. The lack of a single standard within the software protocol for real-time data transmission leads to data fragmentation at all levels of the system as a whole. (Research Purpose) The research purpose is developing the concept of a hardware and software architecture for transmitting information data based on the Data Distribution Service protocol in real time as part of monitoring, managing and distributing tasks between unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as at all levels of a distributed agroforestry system using modern technologies and practices of the industrial Internet of Things. (Materials and methods) Used open sources of international communities in the field of automation and the industrial Internet of Things, as well as domestic and foreign scientific publications on this subject. The method of decomposition by automation levels was applied; the method of decomposition by functionality performed by individual hardware and software components of the system; the method of summarizing information from modern sources on the subject of research; formalization of hardware and software structures in the form of schematic diagrams. (Results and discussion) We have developed a concept for transmitting information data based on the Industrial Internet of Things Data Distribution Service protocol to ensure real-time data transmission. The proposed system makes it possible to implement unified information flows for monitoring and controlling unmanned aerial vehicles at all levels of a distributed agroforestry system. This helps simplify the integration of unmanned aerial systems into agroforestry systems of various orientation and complexity, eliminating difficulties in the interaction of various system components at all levels, including cloud solutions and other Industrial Internet of Things platforms. (Conclusions) As a result of the study, the problems of integrating the information flows of the agroforestry system and data transmission at its various levels were identified. It is proposed to use the Data Distribution Service data transfer protocol as a single standard at all levels of the system, which in the future will ensure compatibility and ease of integration of unmanned aerial vehicles of various manufacturers within a single system.

Interactive map of social and cultural space of the Russian regional capital of the late XVIII - the first third of the XIX century (based on the materials of Tambov).

The object of the study is the social and cultural space of the city of Tambov in the late XVIII – the first third of the XIX century. The source base of the study consists of documents of several funds of the State Archive of the Tambov region, as well as plans of the city of Tambov in 1781, 1803, 1828 and 1832. The main goal of the study is to present the mechanism of creating an interactive map of the cultural space of the city of Tambov. In the research, in addition to classical historical methods, the systematization and analysis of statistical, record-keeping, cartographic and visual sources was carried out by using geo-information technologies. The main scientific result of the research was the samples of analyses of statistical and visual material of the interactive resource. The chosen platform made it possible to present the scientific results in the form of diagrams of the distribution of the share of different estates in separate quarters of the city, lists of demographic data on the population of Tambov; cards with reference historical data on the cultural heritage objects of the city. Specific results of the study include the determination of the number of quarters inhabited by these or those class groups, as well as the identification of whole groups of quarters marked by a noticeable homogeneity of the class composition of the population. The main methodological and technological result of the research is the provision of an efficient mechanism for analyzing urban space, systematization of data on its development and inhabitants, which can be available to a wide range of users. The information and technology of the proposed resource shows the possibilities of its use not only for research activities, but also for educational, excursion and museum work.

Formation of meat productivity and quality of meat of young cattle of the Aberdeen-Angus and Blanc-Blue Belge breeds

Beef differs from meat from other types of animals in quality, taste and versatility in cooking. The reduction in livestock numbers leads to a negative trend in beef production; therefore, crossing beef cattle with Holstein bulls was the optimal solution. However, reducing the number of young animals for fattening does not improve the quality of their meat. In this regard, assessing the efficiency of beef production, depending on the period of cultivation and slaughter, taking into account quality indicators, is relevant and has practical value. Of particular importance is the study of the meat characteristics of bulls of modern meat breeds, in particular Blanc Blue Belge and Aberdeen Angus, in the conditions of the Central Black Earth zone of free-stall housing using existing stationary premises. The research was carried out in accordance with the plan of research work at the Department of Private Animal Science of Voronezh State Agrarian University in LLC “SHP Novomarkovskoe” Kantemirovsky district of the Voronezh region. During the study, the features of the formation of meat productivity of bulls and heifers of the Aberdeen Angus breed in comparison with the Blanc Blue breed were studied Belge. The results obtained were analyzed in terms of live weight and average daily gains of these breeds. The data obtained were presented in the form of diagrams reflecting changes in live weight during the periods of growing, growing and fattening. Significant differences in the chemical composition of meat of the Aberdeen-Angus breeds were also identified and Blanc Blue Belge based on the protein and fat content in the meat of these breeds.

Penggunaan Kobotoolbox sebagai Prosesor Data Surveilans Terpadu Penyakit (STP) Puskesmas Guntung Manggis

The Integrated Disease Surveillance (IDS) Program at the Guntung Manggis Public Health Center has a problem: the data processing stage only changes tabulation. Data processing is not continued in the form of diagrams, graphs, and mapping, so it will not describe disease trends based on epidemiological characteristics. This will complicate the next stage, namely analyzing the data to produce follow-up recommendations that are not on target. This problem is solved by using the kobotoolbox application for processing IDS data. The use of the kobotoolbox application in processing IDS data was monitored from October to November 2022. The evaluation results used the TAM evaluation model with a score of 95%, and all variables were declared good to very good with a score of (?68,01%), indicating that the kobotoolbox application was very effective in processing IDS data both through questionnaires and interviews. Then the supporting media used, both modules and tutorial videos, are feasible to use with a score of (>61%) in understanding data processing using the kobotoolbox application. It’s hoped that the Surveillance Unit of the Guntung Manggis Public Health Center will continue to use the kobotoolbox application in processing IDS data so that the resulting recommendations are more targeted.

THE PROCESS OF FORMING THE LANGUAGE COMPETENCE OF STUDENTS STUDYING FOREIGN LANGUAGES

This article raises topical issues related to teaching English. The main issue of the study is the formation of language competence among junior students who speak a foreign language at the Intermediate level. The purpose of this study is to form the language competence of students studying foreign languages in the course "Practical grammar of the English language by two modules: direct speech and the sequence of tenses". The article presents the exact facts and provisions, which increases the value of this work. The authors rely on the Concept of foreign language education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, national and foreign literature, analysis of the views of Kunanbayeva S.S., Galskova N.D., Shchukin A.N. and Safonova V.V., Larsen-Freeman D. and Anderson M. A distinctive feature of this article is that it offers an unconventional method of teaching English grammar: automation of grammatical knowledge, skills, and skills of students based on a competence-based approach. This article is a scientific work reflecting the results of the conducted research. The paper analyzes the experimental work, focuses on the effectiveness of the competence-based approach in teaching a foreign language, the conclusions are presented in the form of tables and diagrams, the features of the application of the competence-based approach in the process of teaching junior students are clarified. It is worth noting that the authors have proposed a model for the formation of students' language competence. The model consists of four stages: Perception of the model, Imitation of the model, Substitution and transformation, Communication This article may be useful for teachers of higher educational institutions and students of language specialties. Key words: competence, language competence, foreign language education, the concept of foreign language, language specialties.

Analisis Sistem Tunjangan Profesi: Kunci Kesejahteraan Bagi Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam

This research aims to explain the analysis of the professional allowance system, which includes policies regarding recipient criteria, allowance amounts, and allowance administration procedures for PAI teachers, as well as provide an overview of the welfare performance of PAI teachers before and after receiving professional allowances, so that in the future it is hoped that more and more teachers will PAI understand the professional allowance system so that it has an impact on fulfilling the welfare of PAI teachers. This research uses quantitative methods with a cross-sectional type of survey research. Research data sources consist of primary data sources originating from journal articles, books, and documents that are relevant to the research problem. Meanwhile, secondary data sources come from PAI teachers at the elementary school level in Kec. Dayeuhkolot District, Bandung, with 16 PAI teachers who have received professional allowances. The data collection technique uses a questionnaire or questionnaire distributed via Google Forms, which is analysed using descriptive statistics and presented in the form of narratives, tables, and diagrams. The results of the research show that the PAI teacher professional allowance system is explained in Minister of Religion Regulation Number 43 of 2014 Article 1 and Minister of Religion Regulation Number 43 of 2014 Article 8. Apart from that, the results showed that the welfare of PAI teachers after receiving professional allowances increased by 17.18%. So it can be concluded that professional allowances can be the key to PAI teacher welfare.

Principles of Design, Materialization, and Optimization of the Strut-Type Hybrid Systems

<p class="Abstract" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The strut-type hybrid system can be made in different geometric shapes, which are affected by: the number and arrangement of struts, the shape and position of the cable in relation to the girder, and the size and shape of the cross-section of the girder. When choosing a system, all the listed parameters can vary geometrically, which has consequences on the behaviour of the girder when carrying the load by directly affecting the change in the stiffness of the system. In addition to the geometric parameters, the stiffness of the hybrid system is affected by variations in the properties of the incorporated materials and their mutual relations. In this paper, based on a detailed parametric analysis, the principles of design, the choice of materialisation, and the possibility of further optimisation of the persistent-type hybrid systems are given, with the aim of additionally increasing the load capacity and reducing the deformability. The results of this research are presented in the form of general expressions and diagrams, which can be applied with sufficient accuracy in practice when choosing the form and materialisation of the hybrid system, as well as the possibility of further optimisation of the system by applying pre-stressing. Using the example of external pre-stressing of a glued laminated timber girder, with the assumption of ensuring the lateral stability of the system, the results of the analysis of the behaviour of such a system under load in real conditions, i.e. the influence of the environment and changes in material properties, are given.</span></p>

Mapowanie przeszłości. Systemy Informacji Geograficznej (GIS) a badanie przeszłości

Interactive online maps enable new perspectives and allow for multi-dimensional interaction with source data, becoming – thanks to that – an intuitive analytical resource for the purpose of exploring relations between the information, which were obscured up to this moment. Visualization of data in the form of interactive maps is becoming not only an attractive means for presenting the knowledge – e.g., in the form of diagrams, tables, and images – but, first and foremost, provides the user with a possibility to perform a more profound analysis of historical phenomena. Visualizations of this kind, revealing unnoticed relations and patterns, provoke new questions and prompt historians to search for the answers. Newly created interactive historical maps can become a starting point to formulate new representations of past phenomena and processes. They can also serve to organize the knowledge and to integrate source materials of different sorts. As they link various forms of data (linguistic, visual, geographical), they form an analytical tool used to interpret historical processes and phenomena that have been of interest, but also to explore new ones.