Decentralized Form Research Articles

Desentralisasi Dan Otonomi Daerah Dalam Upaya Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Daerah Yang Baik

Regional autonomy as a form of decentralization of government policies is aimed at bringing the government closer to providing services to the community as a whole. Thus, the services provided tend to be more evenly distributed and in accordance with the needs of the community in the area concerned. Decentralization and regional autonomy can be said to be successful if government services to the community become better and the community becomes more involved in improving shared welfare. Delegation of authority from the central government to regional governments is carried out by taking into account the capacity and ability of local governments to organize and manage the interests of the local community. The implementation of good government is the main prerequisite for realizing the aspirations of the people in achieving the goals and ideals of the nation and state. The parameters of good regional government are in the form of service to the community and empowerment of community members in every development. In order for good local government to become a reality and run as it should, it requires commitment and active involvement of the local government and the community. Therefore, in the administration of regional government leadership is needed for regional heads who have the ability, are creative, responsive, honest, trustworthy, democratic, and obedient to principles and have leadership insights that are characterized by local wisdom. Thus, the wheel of regional government which is run on the principle of broadest autonomy is able to create good and accountable regional government.

Hybrid Event-Triggered Bipartite Consensus Control of Multiagent Systems and Application to Satellite Formation

This work studies event-triggered bipartite consensus problem of multi-agent systems (MAS) with structurally balanced signed graph. A hybrid system approach is proposed to deal with the leaderless and leader-following bipartite consensus problems in a unified framework, and a novel hybrid event-triggering mechanism (ETM) is proposed to reduce the usage of communication resources. By appropriately defining closed-loop states, a unified hybrid model is constructed for both leaderless and leader-following MAS. Then, stability analysis and ETM design results are given under hybrid systems framework. It is worth noting that the designed hybrid ETM is in decentralized form rather than distributed form. Moreover, the lower bound of triggering intervals can be pre-selected, i.e., Zeno-freeness is guaranteed, that is important for control implementation. The proposed method is applied to satellite formation system in simulation results to show the effectiveness. <i>Note to Practitioners</i>&#x2014;This paper considers bipartite consensus control problem of MAS, which can be applied to some practical systems, e.g., bidirectional formation of unmanned air vehicles, since the control objective in these applications can be transformed into bipartite consensus control problem of MAS. Compared with the existing results, a hybrid system approach is proposed for consensus analysis of MAS with or without leader, and a novel event-triggering mechanism is proposed, which is more easier to be implemented, so, the proposed approach is more friendly for control engineers. The obtained results are applied to satellite formation control problem and the effectiveness is verified, and it is expected that the proposed approach can be extended to MAS with more realistic network-induced constraints and applied to more practical engineering systems.

Federalism as an institutional doctrine

Federalism as an institutional doctrine

Uncovering the Challenges of Sustainable Development in North Aceh: A Policy Analysis of Special Transfer Funds

This study evaluates the management of two special funds in North Aceh, Indonesia, to promote sustainable development goals (SDGs) after a protracted conflict that brought the region to the brink of poverty and suffering. The special autonomy fund and the revenue-sharing funds for oil and gas are forms of fiscal decentralization provided by the central government to help Aceh recover from the conflict’s effects and natural disasters. Despite receiving these funds for over 13 years, Aceh remains among the poorest regions in Indonesia. This study used policy analyzing process theory to evaluate the management of these funds at the district level, specifically in North Aceh. A qualitative descriptive method that combines semi-structured interviews, field observations, and government documents, were used in this research. We revealed that the policy of managing these special funds has yet to achieve SDGs, particularly in North Aceh. The underutilization of revenue-sharing funds, the limited allocation of districts’ special autonomy funds, and the emphasis on infrastructure development as a priority have hindered progress and well-being, resulting in persistent poverty, unemployment, and continued dependence on transfer funds.

Akty normatywne i indywidualne samorządów zawodowych jako przejaw funkcji administracji publicznej (uwagi na tle samorządu radców prawnych)

One of the basic assumptions of democratic state based on the rule of law is the principle of decentralisation of public administration, stated in the article 15(1) of the Constitution of Republic of Poland. Apart from the elemental form of territorial decentralisation (local associations) Polish Constitution provides for so-called material decentralisation. Its reflection can be seen in legislation powers to appoint occupational associations and make them responsible for providing the proper performance of the profession of public trust. This article aims at discussing professional associations power of lawmaking i.e. issuing normative and individual acts. Aforementioned issue will be examined on the background of legal adviser’s association (the largest legal professional association in Poland). The power in question is the essential tool to supervise the proper performance of the profession. It is also important that it is a way of performing public administration functions.

Mobile Keyword Prediction using Federated Learning

Abstract: Federated learning is a decentralized form of Machine Learning in which data subsets are trained on several edge devices aggregated and brought to the centralized server. Here, federated applications store the local copy on all the edge devices such as smartphones where users can use it accordingly. The model gradually learns and trains itself from inputs by the user’s virtual keyboard and becomes smarter iteratively. Devices transfer the results in the form of parameters to the centralized server where these results are aggregated with the help of federated algorithms. For the purpose of next word prediction using federated learning, we implemented different algorithms such as FedAvg, FedProx, FedSgd. In reference to the traditional ML models, data is collected in a centralized location and is used to train the model. However, unlike ML techniques the Federated Learning techniques give more control over user’s data to themselves since the data is not shared with the central server or other devices. Thus, federated learning adheres to the data privacy and feasibility for its users

New media and cultural heritage politics: the intertwining of official authorised heritage discourse, folk decentralisation, and internet positivity in Chinese women’s scripts

ABSTRACT Although heritage in the digital age and heritage digitisation have received increasing scholarly attention, critical reflection on new media heritage politics as individuals, communities and institutions transmit heritage remains an unexplored area. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the representation of Chinese Nüshu (literally women’s scripts) on new media platforms, paying particular attention to the centralised nature of Chinese AHD and its decentralisation through digital, democratic grassroots practices on heritage new media. Using a mixed-method approach combining qualitative and quantitative techniques, this study conducted a digital ethnography on several Nüshu social media communities from 2017 to 2022 and more than fifty in-depth interviews with twenty-three Nüshu stakeholders including official and unofficial transmitters, local officials, heritage experts, and local residence. The study finds dynamic negotiations in terms of cultural (re)production, power transformation, actors’ empowerment, and identity construction between the local authorised heritage discourse (AHD) and folk heritage discourse on new media. Furthermore, as a form of decentralisation of local AHD, the study demonstrates the presence of digital heritage democratisation in China through new media. However, this creates the potential for new discursive hegemony in folk heritage society. Recently, short-form content’s popularity has rapidly risen; the study reveals the complex politics of ‘positivity’ in relation to the representation of heritage on short-form video platforms in China.

Refugee Protection in Multi-level Governance Regimes: A Case for Kenya and Indonesia

In Indonesia, The Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 concerning the management of asylum seekers, signed by President Joko Widodo on the last day of 2016, formalizes the role of sub-national units in refugee management, including the provision of appropriate, non-custodial accommodation. While in Kenya, the recently enacted Refugee Act of 2021 alludes to the engagement of the County Governments in Refugee protection. Within the context of the legal framework of these two countries, this article analyses the place of refugees in a multi-layered governance system through a comparative appraisal of local government structures in the selected States. The Article compares forms of decentralization adopted in these two refugee-hosting countries with the primary aim of establishing local government formation responsive to asylum seekers' plight. The research finds a novelty that involving local governments in refugee protection is a crucial step toward the effective and sustainable management of displaced populations. However, for it to be effective, it must be supported by adequate resources, clear guidelines, and a strong institutional capacity.

Decentralization in Education System: Outcomes and Challenges

School cluster policy implementation is an effort to develop actualized school demands in the form of decentralization of institutional authority. This article focused on recent developments in the decentralization of school-based management in enhancing administration, Academic and financial management for the development of the school system, and quality education through community participation in decision-making, proper budgetary utilization and transparency, and proper school monitoring and evaluation. The central focus of the approach is to empower school leadership. A qualitative approach using a case study strategy was employed. Fifteen school Cluster Head Teachers from the highly resourced school cluster who had attended induction training were appointed as research participants using the purposive sampling technique. The primary data were collected from semi-structured interviews. Using an explorative case study design resulted in a rich and deep description of Head teachers’ experiences. The major argument presents a model of school cluster policy in the form of decentralization of school-based management is very much relative. Still, there is a gap between policy and practice across contexts. Instead of debating the model of decentralization of school-based management, managerial practices in the form of delegation of power as an authority have to be practiced in the context around to fulfill the real needs of the school in the particular context of Sindh Pakistan. However, effective implementation of the School cluster policy must require time management, expertise, and assistance from the parental department in providing proper induction training in the local context as an initiative of delegation of power.

The Local Government as a New Quality in the International Relations. Aggresion Against Ukraine as a Verifying Factor

The article describes the international cooperation of local governments, which are a form of decentralization of democratic states. This cooperation developed massively after the Second World War. Today more than 200,000 local and regional communities participate in it, cooperating not only by direct contacts, but also through various types of organizations and networks. This is a new and growing phenomenon in the international environment. On selected examples of Polish local governments, it is shown how strong are the positive ties between members of territorial communities from different countries, built by this cooperation. Their strength and nature are shown by presenting the activities of selected Polish local governments during the extreme crisis, i.e. the war in Ukraine. Thus, it was presented how Polish local governments help the attacked Ukrainians and Ukraine.

Connective tissue and microbiota. The facets of interaction in norm and pathology

The authors consider diseases of internal organs as a reflection of the influence of various factors on the human exposome (as a complex symbiotic system) in the process of formation of the noosphere from the biosphere. At the same time, various exposome factors caused deep violations of the evolutionarily developed symbiotic relationships of a person with the environment and the internal environment with a violation of the basic systems of regulation and adaptation with the development of metabolic imbalance and the subsequent formation of various diseases. The important role of connective tissue in these processes, its various elements in the regulation of the structure of organs and cells, the near-cellular space, metabolism, immunity, ways of interaction with the microbiota and its network structures, decentralized forms of homeostasis regulation are considered.

Tying decentralization and income redistribution to fight corruption: Empirical evidence from developed and developing countries

Utilizing a panel data set for OECD and non-OECD countries for the period 1980–2016, I analyze the effects on corruption of interacting different forms of decentralization—fiscal, administrative, political, and overall decentralization—with an indicator of income inequality. The findings demonstrate that fiscal, administrative, and overall decentralization by themselves are not conducive to lowering corruption, but when moderated by the Gini index, corruption levels decrease in all countries. Moreover, as income inequality decreases, the impact of these forms of decentralization in lowering corruption increases, highlighting that decentralization can be an effective tool in combating corruption particularly when income inequality improves. The findings also demonstrate that in non-OECD countries, decentralization is an important tool to fight corruption up to high levels of inequality, proving that decentralization in developing countries is essential even when issues of income distribution have not been fully solved.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF DECENTRALIZATION OF PUBLIC POWER IN UKRAINE

Introduction. The article deals with the aspects of decentralization of public power in Ukraine from the standpoint of theory and practice. Goal of the article is to prove from the standpoint of theory and practice the place and role of decentralization of public power in our country, the advantages and barriers of this process, as well as a set of interrelated measures to improve the effectiveness of the decentralization process. Research methods: to substantiate the importance of implementing the process of decentralization of power in our country, systemic and analytical approaches, statistical methods, as well as the method of analysis and synthesis were used. Results: the author analyzes the content and essential characteristics of public power in Ukraine and provides its features. It is stated that the main subject of public authority is the State. The author emphasizes the important role of local self-government bodies and the public as subjects of public authority. The necessity of development of local self-government and decentralization of power in our country is substantiated. The author reveals the meaning of the concepts of "decentralization process" and "forms of decentralization" with the aim of a fuller and deeper disclosure of the content of the definition of "decentralization". The author emphasizes the important role of trust in public authorities and demonstrates the existing level of trust in government institutions in modern conditions. The author presents a systemic set of problems that emerged during the decentralization reform in Ukraine in 2015-2020. These include: ineffective communication between the authorities and citizens, which resulted in an information vacuum; the need to address the issue of ensuring the capacity of the formed communities; inconsistency of powers between executive authorities and local self-government bodies, as well as functions and powers between local councils and district state administrations and district councils; low quality of personnel of local authorities; and low quality of local government bodies. It is stated that they point to the low capacity of territorial communities, which exists today and is reflected in the inability of individual territorial communities to provide quality and accessible public services (in the areas of health care, environment, housing and communal services, education, etc.); to protect the rights and interests of residents; to support their own development with resources (infrastructure, personnel, financial, etc.). Additional reasons for the low capacity of territorial communities have been identified. These reasons are: insufficient activity of residents of territorial communities and public organizations; imperfection of the property institution; certain information closure of the activities of state and local governments; inadequate digitalization of public authorities; lack of complete and reliable data on the potential of communities; full-scale military aggression of Russia against Ukraine; ignoring the challenges associated with sustainable and inclusive development, etc. The conditions that should be created to strengthen the capacity of territorial communities are outlined.

Uloga države u posebnim okolnostima

The role of state administration and its public institutions in certain circumstances represents one of the most significant issues in the last twenty years following the serious security crisis caused by terrorist attacks in New York on 11 September 2001. The accent of public administration reforms was on efficiency and effectiveness of public institutions. Reforms were divided into deregulation and liberalization of public services, territorial decentralization, and regionalization with the strengthening of local government institutions and reform of central government administration. After the security crisis in 2001, financial crisis in 2008 and health crisis in 2020, the role of state institutions and public authorities in governing the state was redefined. The leading motives of general liberalization of public services, deregulation, and various forms of decentralization of public institutions abounded due to the new doctrinal approach of governmental organization. New strengthening of public authorities and public institutions became the new mainstream in the organization and functioning of the state. This paper analyzes how the role of the state can be modified due to the dynamics of social, political, and economic changes in society. New governmental reforms are contrary to earlier political and administrative measures, which include the strengthening of public institutions and concentration of public authorities. The government takes on a regulatory function in many aspects of social, political, and economic life. This situation leads to a new organization of the state, where public authorities take on a significant part of the responsibility to regulate various aspects of economic and social activities. At the focus of this paper will be how the dynamics of specific circumstances in society can affect the developing processes of the state and their public institutions. Those processes have economic, social, and political dimensions. The economic dimension includes regulatory measures on the market which contributes to development of the framework for economic development. The social dimension includes measures of social policy focused on improving the social position of citizens according to the economic development of society. The political dimension includes various aspects of security policy, with various protective measures in the community, which depends on the type of treatment for security of citizens.

THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF BITCOIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND MARKET STABILITY IN INDIA

Bitcoin, as the leading cryptocurrency, has reshaped the global financial landscape, introducing a decentralized form of currency that bypasses traditional banking systems. This paper examines the economic impact of Bitcoin on India's financial ecosystem, exploring its potential to promote financial inclusion and its implications for market stability. The analysis addresses the dual nature of Bitcoin: as an asset fostering economic participation for the unbanked and underbanked, and as a source of volatility with potential risks to financial systems. Through a detailed examination of regulatory frameworks, economic data, and case studies, this paper highlights both the opportunities and challenges posed by Bitcoin. Recommendations for policy adaptations that balance innovation with financial security are also provided to ensure that India can leverage Bitcoin for economic growth without compromising market stability.

Creek Internationalism in an Age of Revolution, 1763–1818 by James L. Hill

Reviewed by: Creek Internationalism in an Age of Revolution, 1763–1818 by James L. Hill Daniel J. Burge (bio) Creek Internationalism in an Age of Revolution, 1763–1818. By James L. Hill. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2022. Pp. 324. $65.00 cloth; $65.00 ebook) Historians of foreign relations often struggle to define the amount of control that ordinary people have over the crafting of foreign policy. In the United States, diplomatic historians tend to focus on the exploits of towering figures such as William Henry Seward and Henry Kissinger. On the rare occasions when the voting public is discussed, they are often depicted as an irrational body that fails to understand the nuances of international relations. Fortunately for us, James L. Hill rejects this notion in his excellent Creek Internationalism in an Age of Revolution, 1763–1818. Instead of merely focusing on the leader of each Creek town (known as the mēkko), Hill illustrates how each mēkko relied upon the advice and council of talwas (a community) and talofas (a smaller community that splintered from a talwa). Together, these communities helped forge what Hill refers to as "Creek internationalism," a foreign policy aimed at securing "recognition that their communities possessed sovereign rights equivalent to those of Euro-American nation-states" (pp. 15–16). Hill deftly uses chronological chapters to illustrate how Creek internationalism evolved over time. Chapter one demonstrates how various "Creek travelers… sought to forge new Euro-American [End Page 69] contacts or restore old ones by traveling to Havana and the Florida Gulf Coast" (p. 46). Chapter two moves into the era after the Revolutionary War, when Creek communities had to deal with increasing U.S. encroachment (p. 48). The two subsequent chapters investigate Creek attempts to establish alliances, or rebuild fractured ones, with the United States, Britain, Spain, and Indigenous nations (p. 135). Chapters five and six trace the gradual decline of Creek internationalism, as the United States launched its invasion (p. 199). "As for what remained outside of American control," Hill notes in his concluding chapter, "the American invasions had severed the land and its people into two blocs" (p. 205). Despite this gloomy conclusion, Hill offers a largely positive assessment of the role that Creek internationalism played in enabling Creek communities to successfully navigate an evolving North America. A decentralized structure allowed talwas and talofas to maintain needed flexibility and respond to a variety of crises. "Rather than view the disputes of the 1790s and early 1800s as a setback on the road to a Creek Nation," Hill observes, "it would be more accurate to frame talwas', talofas', and mēkkos' diverging responses as a return to the norm of asserting talwa autonomy through a community's diplomatic and political orientation" (p. 113). In making this argument, Hill frankly rejects the idea that a centralized authority was needed for the survival of Creek communities (p. 113). Over nearly six decades, Creek communities proved adept at keeping territory that was coveted by Spain, Great Britain, and the United States. Publishing a book that adequately covers fifty-five years is an impressive feat. With that being stated, it would be useful to see how Creek internationalism functioned in the decades leading up to 1763. Because so much of this book analyzes the years after the United States declared its independence, it is difficult to determine how well Creek internationalism functioned in less stressful times. Was the division between talwas, talofas, and mēkkos successful when Creek communities were dealing with other Indigenous powers or when checking early Spanish and British encroachment? Hill captures the [End Page 70] usefulness of a decentralized form of diplomacy, so future historians will need to illuminate how it functioned in other times and places. When the only criticism that a reviewer can find is that the author could have covered a longer period, it is a sure sign that the book is a worthwhile read. Creek Internationalism in an Age of Revolution will be useful to all those interested in Indigenous history, the Revolutionary Era, and early U.S. empire. Scholars have too often ignored how Indigenous communities conducted their foreign policy and have downplayed how they repeatedly...

Laboratories of Democratic Backsliding

The Trump presidency generated concern about democratic backsliding and renewed interest in measuring the national democratic performance of the United States. However, the US has a decentralized form of federalism that administers democratic institutions at the state level. Using 51 indicators of electoral democracy from 2000 to 2018, I develop a measure of subnational democratic performance, the State Democracy Index. I then test theories of democratic expansion and backsliding based in party competition, polarization, demographic change, and the group interests of national party coalitions. Difference-in-differences results suggest a minimal role for all factors except Republican control of state government, which dramatically reduces states’ democratic performance during this period. This result calls into question theories focused on changes within states. The racial, geographic, and economic incentives of groups innationalparty coalitions may instead determine the health of democracy in the states.

Decentralization in Iraq: Addressing The State – Society Gap

The implementation of decentralization in Iraq was asymmetrical, leading to different forms and paces of implementation. Comparing four cases of Basra, Kirkuk, Nineveh, and Sulaymaniyah indicate that these cases differ in their political stability and autonomy in a way that led to a different forms of decentralization. This paper argues that the higher the level of political autonomy from the federal government, the more efficient the governance model, and the more efficient the governance model, the more legitimate the system (trust), and the more legitimate a system, the more accountable elected officials. Therefore, it recommends reforming the institutional setup of decentralization by having districts, instead of provinces, as the building block of decentralization.

Panchayati Raj: A Legacy of Indian Political System

Panchayati Raj Institutions have been playing a pivotal role for rural development in general and socio-economic upliftment of downtrodden section of the rural society in particular. The Panchayati Raj system is not a new concept and therefore is considered as one of the best ways of governance of the rural India. This work will be the narrative of a Panchayati Raj system. It will be the narrative of the inception and evolution of Panchayati Raj from the formative years of the Indian State and the consolidating years of the Indian Nation to the troublesome times in which the 72nd Amendment Bill became the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992. The study portrays how the present Panchayati Raj Institutions have the ancestral root in the historic past. It appears that the Panchayati raj with effective local autonomy continued to exist even during the period of Maurya’s and Gupta’s, to which we call as the period of centralized sovereignty. Panchayati raj institutions existed all the way in one form or the other. Britishers gave these local bodies a new political touch. This philosophy later acted and reacted on the minds of the wise founding fathers of constitution. Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj as the foundation of India's political system, it would have been a decentralized form of government where each village would be responsible for its own affairs. The term for such a vision was Gram Swaraj (village with self-governance). Panchayati Raj was thought to be adopted as a measure to concretion the dream of decentralization. 73rd Constitution Amendment Act 1992 are the ambitious efforts made in the post-independence era to accomplish the goal of decentralization. Panchayati Raj Institutions – the grass-roots units of self-government – have been proclaimed as the vehicles of socio-economic transformation in rural India.

BLOCKCHAIN FOR STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM: NEED OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADOPTION

Decentralized and well maintained data transaction with new aspect of block reduces centralized administration burden in many aspects with automated security measures. Block chain involves series of tasks and transaction performed in decentralized form with high security, trust and reliability of transaction that creates meaningful information. Evolution of technology and life style demands more reliable and sharable framework for education system. Students’ information system creates information at different points of interaction leading in some useful transaction needs super centerlines of administration. Block Chain immutable solution provides more protected, trusted fully functional block of records which benefits to educational organizations or higher management institutes and creates value relationship with its stakeholders. An immutable block chain record with distributed ledgers, proof of Work and encryption crop thought run-through and impacts domain information. This raises a thirst for carrying out the study on mechanism, functions and elements of Blockchain framework for Student Information System.