Form Of Currency Research Articles

Demonetization and its effects on Indian economy

Indian government has taken a bold decision on note ban on 08/11/2016. Central government was a judicious, well-thought out and well-implemented step, and whether it would really eradicate all the existing black money. Here I have utilized the opinions of great expert on economics, financial economist and intellectual politicians. This study will help us to know about the positive and negative impact of note ban decision taken by Indian government. This study is purely based on secondary data, which is collected from news papers, magazines, websites from internet, some useful books related to topic etc. This paper entails the problems related to pre and post demonetization period and thereby to find out solutions and to provide suggestions in order to overcome the problem. Demonetization is the process of withdrawal of a particular form of currency from circulation. The purpose of the study is to compare and analyse the impact of demonetization on Indian economy during pre and post period. The older denominations must be replaced with the new ones. The findings of the study reveal that India will achieve a significant growth by adopting the demonetization strategy and will create a huge positive impact on the entire economy in a long run. This paper also shows that it was quick step taken by the government of India without any measures which people had to face a lot of consequences in standing in the long queues to exchange their older denominations.

Chains of Currency: Manilla Money Bracelets, Early Modern Africa and the Ties That Bind

Manilla money bracelets emerged during the early modern period (ca. fifteenth century AD) as a form of currency between western Europe and West Africa, and continued to circulate until the early twentieth century. While there has been little formal scholarship on manillas, narratives abound: some histories cast the bracelets as the blood money of the transatlantic slave trade; others highlight them as the copper source used to make the Benin Bronzes; and still others uphold the manilla as a symbolically important West African cultural object in and of itself. This study begins with a history of the manilla, from its rapid proliferation to its eventual obsolescence. The term “metastasizing symbol” is proposed to describe objects like the manilla, whose propagation is underwritten by unsustainable systems of cultural difference, and thereby contains within itself the seeds for the object’s transition to disuse. The authors also describe a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analysis of nine manilla bracelets from the Yale University Art Gallery (YUAG). When compared to manilla composition data from previous studies and projected into PCA space, the nine YUAG manillas appear most similar to specimens produced in England during the mid-nineteenth century and traded extensively in British West Africa throughout the colonial period. KEYWORDS: Manilla Money Bracelets; pXRF; Transatlantic Slave Trade; Europe; West Africa; Early Modern Period; European Imperialism; Provenance

Waiting for a face reveal that never comes? How VTubers challenge our understanding of influencer authenticity

ABSTRACT Taking as examples the VTubers CodeMiko and Ami Yamato, this article attempts to offer insights into two alternative approaches to dealing with the prevalent imperative of authenticity for social media influencers: While the former thematises her hypermediated virtuality explicitly and only refers to her ‘human form’ as ‘The Technician’, the latter goes to comedic lengths to never acknowledge the artifice of her avatarial presence. Analysing the aforementioned multi-layered masquerades in the context of interaction and viewer reception allows me to observe the ways authenticity is used, not so much as an existentialist guiding-principal for self-actualisation, but as a form of currency that is context-specific and takes many forms. Authenticity, this article shows, is not necessarily grounded in anything ‘real’ that can be found behind masks or outside the virtual realm. Rather, authenticity must be negotiated continuously between the social media influencers and their audiences to achieve and maintain celebrity status. Ultimately, it seems that masquerades function to liberate individuals from established norms and constraints imposed on them by social, cultural, and, in this case, technological assemblages by subverting and thereby drawing attention to them. VTubers, therefore, might inform a new mode of presenting an authentic self on social media.

Some aspects of legal regulation of cryptocurrency circulation in Ukraine

The impact of modern information technology has led to the emergence of a new form of currency – cryptocurrency, based on blockchain technology. This study aims to analyze the existing legal framework and delve into potential ways of legal regulation of activities related to the circulation of cryptocurrencies, in particular bitcoin. To achieve this goal, the study used a comprehensive set of both general scientific and specialized cognitive methods, including the comparative legal method, the systemic and structural method, methods of generalization, analysis and synthesis.
 The study clarifies the essence of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies as an alternative to traditional fiat currencies based on the fundamental principle of decentralization. It is noteworthy that among the many cryptocurrencies, bitcoin stands out with a distinctive feature called “hardness,” which gives it the properties of “digital gold.” This quality makes bitcoin a powerful means of preserving value, like precious metals, strengthening its status in global finance.
 In addition, the study outlines the current state of legal regulation of relations related to the circulation of virtual assets. A thorough analysis of the existing legal framework and its effectiveness in addressing the unique challenges posed by decentralized currencies has also been conducted.
 The study pays considerable attention to the prospects for the development of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies, which will consider the dynamic nature of virtual assets.
 To summarize, this study contributes to the understanding of the economic intricacies inherent in blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, with a special emphasis on the “hardness” of bitcoin as a distinguishing factor. In addition, the study sheds light on the current state of legal regulation of virtual assets, paving the way for insightful predictions of the future regulatory landscape. This work not only adds to the academic discourse around cryptocurrencies, but also serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, practitioners and academics grappling with the challenges and opportunities presented by this new financial paradigm.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВНЕДРЕНИЯ ЦИФРОВОЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ВАЛЮТЫ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ РОССИИ

The article considers the peculiarities of the introduction of the national currency in Russia. The key aspects of the transition to a digital financial instrument are analyzed. The article also examines the readiness of citizens to the new form of currency, noting that one third of the population expresses readiness, but there is resistance and lack of awareness.

Study of Literature on Business Ethics for Entrepreneurs

Bank Indonesia as the monetary authority is responsible for the smooth running of the payment system. In general, the payment system in Indonesia is divided into two, namely the cash payment system and the non-cash payment system. In the cash payment system, the tools used are in the form of currency or commonly called banknotes and coins as a means of payment. Then in the non-cash payment system, the tools used are Card-Based Payment Instruments, bilyet giro, checks, debit notes, and the latest instruments, namely electronic money. The range of cashless payment systems is divided into two types of transactions, namely transactions with large transaction values (wholesale) and retail transactions. While the number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia is still recorded at 0.43% of the total productive age population, this figure is very far behind neighboring countries, such as Singapore where the number of entrepreneurs has reached 7%, Malaysia 5%, and Thailand 3%. Meanwhile, according to the chairman of KPPU said that in 2017 the number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia ranged from 1.6% - 1.8% of the total population in Indonesia. This number is still very far from the standards of developed countries with a minimum number of entrepreneurs of 2% of the total productive age, to overcome this the government seeks to create 20,000 new entrepreneurs and the development of 1,200 Small and medium industry centers or can be called SMIs. In this article, we provide an idea from Bank Indonesia for business ethics for entrepreneurs. The method used in this article is to study the literature and review some of the references obtained. So it is hoped that this idea will have a good impact on readers and provide changes for Indonesian entrepreneurs in the future.

“We’re Dirtbags and Proud of It”: Discursively Constructing Identity as an Adventure Worker

ABSTRACT How we talk about things familiar to us shapes who we are, and discourses influence how we present ourselves to the world. Through sensemaking, individuals draw on discourses to construct their preferred identities. As an increasing number of American workers seek nontraditional employment, it is integral to examine how individuals interpret and frame dominant and longstanding societal discourses. Adventure workers are a prime example of individuals who align with or push against normative discourses that either reflect or conflict with how they envision their identities. Through 14 in-depth, semi-structured interviews, we discovered tensions adventure workers experience between normative discourses and the adventure worker identity. Adventure workers communicatively reframed ideal worker norms and the real/fake-self dichotomy surrounding consistent availability, conventional measures of success, and sacrificing time and freedom to unsatisfactory work experiences. In doing so, our participants generated a new form of currency – experience – which they used to legitimize the ways they both resisted and perpetuated normative discourses. This work contributes to communication scholarship by illuminating the far-reaching influence of macro discourses in sensemaking and identity construction by extending the notion of the crystallized self and the traditional “work now, life later” ideology.

The Impact of Relying Solely On the Central Bank to Print New Money

Taxation is a compulsory contribution to state fiscal revenue. Money-printing, technically known as monetization or "money-financed fiscal programs," occurs when the government finances itself by issuing non-interest-bearing liabilities in the forms of currencies or reserves held at the central bank. These two concepts align with the government's two approaches to influencing economic activity: monetary policy, which pertains to money supply and interest rates level, and fiscal policy, primarily centered around taxation. Therefore, the purpose of this topic is to discuss why governments should be regulated by legal prohibitions against monetary financing and why countries have instituted the independence of the central bank. This study will analyze the advantages and disadvantages in question and provide insights into the ideal role of the government and the appropriate approaches to fulfilling its responsibility in economic regulation.

Cryptocurrencies on the Tech Wave The Rise of Another Official Currency or Just a Dystopian Investment

Cryptocurrencies are a new form of currency that have gained widespread attention in today's age of rapid technological advancement. The underlying blockchain technology provides many advantages for cryptocurrency transactions, including decentralization, anonymity, and security. But there are always two sides to a story, and despite the fact that cryptocurrencies have solid technical backing, their development has been severely hampered by issues like the high stability of individual coins and the potential dangers of the technology itself, which have led many nations to pass laws restricting cryptocurrency use. Taking a literature review method, this paper explores the features of cryptocurrencies, their potential for institutionalization as legal tender, and their primary effect on the economy. This paper concludes that the widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies as a viable alternative to fiat currencies is highly improbable in the foreseeable future.

Gold Links: Teaching Culture through Commodity Chains

ABSTRACT This co-authored article offers reflections on the pedagogical potential of focusing on commodity chains as an approach to teaching culture. By way of example, it foregrounds gold, drawing on the two authors’ experiences teaching material related to this valuable mineral in very distinct fields: European art history (in courses on the ancient and medieval eras) and Latin American literature and culture (in courses about the Amazon taught in Spanish and Portuguese). The authors also discuss their collaborative work in creating an Open Educational Resources (OER) module on gold, and the possibility of a co-taught course. Gold is a particularly interesting commodity given the many myths that surround it, its history as a form of currency and standard of value, and the aesthetic qualities attributed to it. More generally, however, focusing on specific commodities from the point of extraction to their use in an array of products encourages students to think about the materiality of culture and its implication in an array of political, economic, and ethical issues. It also offers a way of charting connections and differences across long arcs of time, across geographical space and cultural differences, and across different academic disciplines.

Literary Debts in Tang China

This article describes three concepts of debt that were prominent in the literary world of Tang China – money, merit, and meter – and makes a case for their fungibility in certain contexts. The relationship between the three was more than just metaphoric – all were forms of currency with exchange value within their own spheres. In some cases, debts of money, merit, and meter could be repaid not just in kind, but also with one of the other forms of currency. An understanding of these interconnected systems leads to a deeper understanding of one aspect of Chinese literary history – namely, the importance of Buddhism in the Tang literary world – and prompts questions that shed new light on its dynamics.

Central bank digital currency and the effectiveness of negative interest rate policy: A DSGE analysis

Implementing a negative interest rate policy (NIRP) in the traditional fiat system is less effective than desired because of the zero lower bound (ZLB) constraint on interest rates and the cash barrier. Would this problem be solved if a new form of currency was introduced, i.e., central bank digital currency (CBDC), in the economy? To answer this question, we construct a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model to analyze the effectiveness of NIRP upon the introduction of CBDC. The results suggest that: (i) The CBDC can eliminate the ZLB constraint and stabilize the economic fluctuations caused by NIRP. (ii) The central bank can implement NIRP by directly adjusting the interest rate of digital currency to stimulate consumption, investment, and output and to accelerate macroeconomic recovery. (iii) Welfare analysis shows that the central bank can effectively choose different NIRP rules according to the economic objectives.

Evaluation of Ecological Service Function of Liquidambar formosana Plantations.

A Liquidambar formosana plantation is a kind of fast-grown forest in the subtropical region, providing a variety of ecosystem services such as superior wood, carbon fixation and oxygen release, and biodiversity maintenance. However, the ecological service function value of Liquidambar formosana plantations is not clear. To gain insights into the characteristics and importance of its ecological and economic benefits, the Liquidambar formosana plantation in the Tianjiling Forest Farm of Changsha City was taken as the specific research object in this paper. The ecological service function evaluation index system for Liquidambar formosana plantations was established based on the relevant research worldwide and the actual situation. The market value method, shadow engineering method, carbon tax method, and other environmental economics methods were used to estimate the value of seven ecological service functions (including organic matter production, carbon fixation and oxygen release, water conservation, soil conservation, soil improvement, air purification, and biodiversity maintenance) of the forest of Liquidambar formosana. The results indicated that the total economic value of ecological service function provided by the Liquidambar formosana plantation of Changsha was 103,277.82 RMB/(hm2·a), and the indirect economic value was 8.47 times that of the direct economic value. Among the seven ecological service functions, the value of carbon fixation and oxygen release was the highest (36,703.33 RMB·hm-2·a-1), thus suggesting that the Liquidambar formosana plantation had strong photosynthesis and significant carbon fixation. This study directly reflects the value of forest ecological service function in the form of currency, which is beneficial to provide more insights into forest ecological service function so as to provide basic data and a scientific basis for the protection, construction, and promotion of the sustainable utilization and development of urban forest resources.

REGULATING INITIAL COIN OFFERING AMIDST THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRYPTO ASSETS IN INDONESIA

In the era of digital economic development, blockchain and crypto asset innovations have gained wide acceptance and skyrocketing worldwide demand. Behind the emergence of popular crypto assets, the mechanism of an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is used to issue this new form of currency. An ICO is highly favoured because of its efficiency, minimum underwriting requirements, high profits, and liquidity. Without exception, the hype accompanying ICOs has also influenced the Indonesian public. There remains, however, very minimal protection for investors who participate in ICOs that are being held in Indonesia. There are many disadvantages to an ICO, including high risks for investors, its vulnerability to fraud or crime, and the lack of regulation regarding the mechanism of ICOs. Furthermore, ICOs are very much intertwined with the development of decentralised finance (DeFi), one of the latest crypto-related financial innovations. DeFi likewise poses various risks and threats to the traditional financial system that needs to be monitored from the beginning of the ICO process. Therefore, by using normative research methods based on literature studies, this study aims to comprehensively explain the problems of ICO investor protection in Indonesia and the solutions for overcoming these problems.

Risk Prediction of Digital Currency Investment Based on The Quantitative Economic Model

With the rapid development of science and technology, the global political, economic and financial system are constantly impacted. As a new form of currency, the function of digital currency is highly sought after by investors around the world and wide attention from all walks of society. Economic and social problems are becoming increasingly complex, and people begin to study them with the help of mathematical models. Mathematical models can help people to understand social and economic problems very well. This paper requires the problems in the model construction, discusses the conditions for the correlation of the independent variables, and constructs the statistics to test the goodness of fit. However, at the same time, how to deal with the regulatory challenges and security threats posed by digital currency to the government, maintain and realize the healthy and sustainable development of their own economy and financial markets, and strengthen the coordination and cooperation between international regulatory agencies need to be the focus of regulatory authorities.

Pengaruh Hutang Jangka Pendek dan Hutang Jangka Panjang Terhadap Profitabilitas pada PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk

Payables are obligations that must be made to other parties in the form of currency, goods or services in the future, the impact of payments that have occured in the future, and the impact of transaction that arise in the destiny. Based on the repayment period, debt can be divided into two, namely brief-time period debt and lengthy-time period. This observe tergets to decide the impact of brief-time period and long-time period on profitability at PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk. This studies is a quantitative studies. The analvtical method used is a couple of linear regression. The end result of this observe suggest that short-term and long-term has a negative and significant imfact on profitability.

The Confusing World of Cryptocurrency and Tax Compliance Issues

Subtitle A, of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), contains regulatory provisions regarding the federal taxes imposed on the income of both individuals and corporations. The IRC guidance is intended to provide a determination of all income that must be reported on tax returns and potentially could become subject to an income tax. A new form of currency, known as cryptocurrency appeared on mainstream trading platforms beginning in 2009. Bitcoin initially was the most widely recognized digital currency but other virtual currency versions soon followed. Initially, taxpayers mistakenly believed that cryptocurrency transactions were not subject to Subtitle A of the IRC. Therefore, crypto transactions were assumed to be non-taxable and non-reportable for tax purposes. However, within a few years of the introduction of Bitcoin into the US economic system, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) introduced tax guidance pertaining to cryptocurrency transactions. In 2014, the IRS responded with Notice 2014-21 as the popularity of Bitcoin grew exponentially. The IRC guidance stated that cryptocurrency must be treated as property for federal tax purposes. The tax implication of the IRS guidance was that cryptocurrency transactions would result in either a gain or loss for tax purposes on Schedule D. This guidance resulted in a recognition that all cryptocurrency transactions would be subject to federal income tax.

Infrastructural capital in the Israeli vaccination campaign against COVID-19

This article examines the Israeli vaccination campaign against COVID-19, focusing on the state's acquisition of the vaccines from the pharmaceutical company Pfizer. In December 2020, Israel signed an agreement with Pfizer to purchase enough doses to vaccinate its entire population. In the months that followed, the country became a world leader in vaccination rates. But how was Israel able to purchase large quantities of then-scarce vaccines in the first place? To answer this question, I examine reports and publications by government and civil society bodies as well as news coverage about the campaign. Drawing on insights from the sociology of the state and from science and technology studies, I argue that Israel was able to secure vaccines by using its state-power as a form of currency. Theoretically, I suggest the term “infrastructural capital” – which I define as the resources a state can provide to an external capitalist actor by virtue of its power – to explain how Israel traded with Pfizer. In the conclusion, I discuss the potential implications of this case for other cases.

Duplicate networks: the Berlin botanical institutions as a 'clearing house' for colonial plant material, 1891-1920.

For centuries, herbarium specimens were the focus of exchange in global botanical networks. The aim was the 'complete' registration of the flora, for which 'complete' collections in botanical institutions worldwide were considered to be a necessary basis, although this ardently sought-after ideal was never achieved. The study of colonial plants became a special priority of botanical research in the metropolises. With knowledge of the many treasures of the plant world considered the key to securing wealth and power, political and economic interests influenced both the organization and the subject matter of scientific research. After the German Reich began annexing colonies in the 1880s, legal regulations established Berlin's botanical institutions as the research centre on colonial flora. They also became a clearing house for plant material from overseas. Berlin-based curators selected duplicates of herbarium specimens from the German colonies, distributing them to other botanical institutions throughout Germany. More importantly, duplicates became a form of currency in trans-imperial networks, which relied on reciprocity. In exchange for duplicate German colonial herbarium specimens, the Berlin institutions received vast quantities of botanical samples from their British, Dutch, French and American counterparts.

The master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house: decolonising intercultural communication

ABSTRACT The issue of representation has polarised public discourse and in recent years the decolonisation of research methodologies has entered the field of interculturality. However, universalistic discourses of dialogue and tolerance can be harnessed to silence certain voices by construing them as ‘other'. With this paper I confront this conceptual knot of representation and I recognise the role of epistemic violence in speaking for ‘the other’. I employ the idea of minor literature to counteract non-perfomative and tokenistic displays of diversity that appropriate the word intercultural and use it as a form of currency in neo-liberal academia.