Form Of Cup Research Articles

A new record of vibrisseaceous fungus from Hakkari (Türkiye)

This study involved specimens of the genus Vibrissea Fr. growing on submerged wood, rubbish or other submerged organic matter in freshwater habitats collected in Şemdinli (Hakkâri) on 01.05.2015. The Vibrissea specimens, characterised by small and delicate fructification organs in the form of cups or bowls, were identified based on morphological data. In this text, Vibrissea decolorans (Saut.) A. Sánchez & Korf is described and illustrated to be a new record for the Ascomycota of Türkiye. The text provides a brief description of the newly recorded genus including collection date, geographical coordinates, macro- and micromorphological characteristics.

Sensitivity Analysis of the Square Cup Forming Process Using PAWN and Sobol Indices

This study investigates the sensitivity of the square cup forming process. It analyses how the uncertainties in the material properties, friction and process conditions affect the results of the square cup, such as equivalent plastic strain, geometry change, thickness reduction, punch force and springback. The cup flange and the die curvature region are identified as highly affected areas, while the cup bottom is least affected by the uncertainties. Two sensitivity analysis techniques, PAWN and Sobol indices, are compared. In particular, the study shows that PAWN indices require a significantly smaller number of simulations than Sobol indices, making them a more efficient choice for sensitivity analysis. While both PAWN and Sobol indices generally give comparable results, discrepancies arise in the analysis of springback, where PAWN indices show superior accuracy, particularly when dealing with multimodal distributions. This observation highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate sensitivity analysis method based on the nature of the data being analysed. These results provide insights for optimizing stamping processes to reduce production time and costs.

Temporospatial dynamics of the morphogenesis of the rabbit retina from prenatal to postnatal life: Light and electron microscopic study.

The retina consists of various cell types arranged in eight cell layers and two membranes that originate from the neuroectodermal cells. In this study, the timing of differentiation and distribution of the cellular components and the layers of the rabbit retina are investigated using light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemical techniques. There were 32 rabbit embryos and 12 rabbits used. The rabbit retina begins its prenatal development on the 10th day of gestation in the form of optic cup. The process of neuro- and gliogenesis occurs in several stages: In the first stage, the ganglionic cells are differentiated at the 15th day. The second stage includes the differentiation of Muller, amacrine, and cone cells on the 23rd day. The differentiation of bipolar, horizontal, and rod cells and formation of the inner segments of the photoreceptors consider the late stage that occurs by the 27th and 30th day of gestation. On the first week of age postnatally, the outer segments of the photoreceptors are developed. S100 protein is expressed by the Muller cells and its processes that traverse the retina from the outer to the inner limiting membranes. Calretinin is intensely labeled within the amacrine and displaced amacrine cells. Ganglionic cells exhibited moderate immunoreactivity for calretinin confined to their cytoplasm and dendrites. In conclusion, all stages of neuro- and gliogenesis of the rabbit retina occur during the embryonic period. Then, the retina continues its development postnatally by formation of the photoreceptor outer segments and all layers of the retina become established. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The aim of this study is to investigate the morphogenesis of the rabbit retina during pre- and postnatal life. The primordia of the retina could be observed in the form of the optic cup. The ganglionic cells are the first cells to differentiate, while the photoreceptor cells are the last. S100 protein is expressed by the Muller cells and its processes. Calretinin is intensely labeled in the amacrine and displaced amacrine cells and moderately expressed in the cytoplasm and dendrites of ganglionic cells.

Simulations suggest a scaffolding mechanism of membrane deformation by the caveolin 8S complex

Caveolins form complexes of various sizes that deform membranes into polyhedral shapes. However, the recent structure of the 8S complex was disk-like with a flat membrane-binding surface. How can a flat complex deform membranes into nonplanar structures? Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the 8S complex rapidly takes the form of a suction cup. Simulations on implicit membrane vesicles determined that binding is stronger when E140 gets protonated. In that case, the complex binds much more strongly to 5- and 10-nm-radius vesicles. A concave membrane-binding surface readily explains the membrane-deforming ability of caveolins by direct scaffolding. We propose that the 8S complex sits at the vertices of the caveolar polyhedra, rather than at the center of the polyhedral faces.

Forming of a cylindrical cup in 7075-T6 under warm temperature conditions

The high mechanical properties of aluminum alloys are very interesting for reducing the weight of parts in the automotive sector. However, a formability issue prevents the use of these alloys at room temperature especially for complex shapes where part failure occurs before full drawing. The use of a warm forming process, which consists of heating the part between 150°C and 250°C for aluminium alloys, allows to increase formability and therefore to perform complex shapes. In this study, the forming of a cylindrical cup in 7075-T6 is carried out at 200° C in two steps by two successive reductions in the diameter of the blank. Numerical simulations of these two forming steps are performed with Abaqus. The influence of friction coefficient is analysed in these two forming steps by comparing the evolutions of punch force.

Square Cup Forming of Locally Solution-Treated Aluminum Alloy Sheets by Hydromechanical Forming Method

Square Cup Forming of Locally Solution-Treated Aluminum Alloy Sheets by Hydromechanical Forming Method

Forming of conical cup using independent blank holders

Forming of conical cup using independent blank holders

Simulation and Experimental Study on Roll-Forming Limit of Cup

Roll forming can improve the material utilization rate and production efficiency of cups with a curved rotary profile, but there is no basis for the determination of forming limit. The DEFORM-3D software was used to simulate the roll forming of cups. The influence of the billet wall thickness and bottom thickness, coefficient of friction, radius of roller, and the fillet radius of the punch on the forming limit was studied, and the damage value and velocity vector were analyzed. The results showed that the forming limit of the billet’s wall thickness in roll forming for a cup is about 62%. With the increase of the ratio of the formed cup’s wall thickness to the billet’s bottom thickness, the forming limit of wall thickness will be slightly reduced. A larger radius of roller, fillet radius of punch, and friction coefficient between punch and billet and a smaller friction coefficient between roller and billet are good for decreasing the damage value and improving the roll-forming limit. According to the numerical simulation results, the roll-forming limit diagram of cups is established, and the accuracy of the forming limit diagram is verified by experiments.

Mineral-filled biopolyester coatings for paperboard packaging materials: barrier, sealability, convertability and biodegradability properties

Abstract Changing trends in packaging materials has been driven by increasing environmental awareness as well as legislation. In this context, paperboard-based packaging have become increasingly popular due to its bio-based origin, potential biodegradability and physical properties. However, conventional systems lack behind in barrier performance and heat sealability. Hence, the addition of functional layers have been considered as alternative solutions to this challenge. Here we propose a biodegradable PLA-based polymer coating filled with minerals (0–10 wt% loading), namely, talc, kaolin and calcium carbonate, all of which were used in surface application on uncoated folding box board. For this purpose, we used a pilot-scale extrusion unit that produced materials that were tested for key properties. We found that the presence of filler in the PLA layer improved both water vapor (up to 16 %) and oxygen (up to 56 %) barrier properties. Moreover, the main effect of the fillers was observed in heat sealability, which was improved via adhesion at low temperatures, resulting in full fiber tear. Cup forming was less effected by filler loading in the PLA coating while repulping tests indicated the presence of large flakes of the polymer coating in 1 %-consistency slurries. Finally, biodegradability was slightly delayed in filler-containing samples (biodegradation within 10–60 days), most likely due to the nucleating effect of the fillers. Nevertheless, all the samples can be classified as biodegradable. Overall, our results represent a step forward in scale-up adoption of PLA-based coatings most useful in the development of packaging materials.

A novel approach to producing architectured ultra-high strength dual phase steels

An ultrafine-grained dual phase (DP) microstructure has been produced in a steel that contains a combination of composition and deformation gradients. A carbon gradient was created by controlled decarburization of the steel. The compositionally graded steel was cold rolled to produce a large number of shear bands prior to recrystallization annealing at 650 °C for 5 h followed by intercritical annealing at 740 °C for 10 min. Microstructural characterization reveals a very fine heterogeneous dual phase microstructure with submicron grains appearing along the traces of the prior shear bands that had developed during rolling. Martensite volume fraction changes from the surface to the center and also within these shear band traces. Tensile tests of the new dual phase structure reveal that the work hardening rate changes spatially with martensite volume fraction. Detailed fractography using ex-situ X-ray computed tomography (XCT) reveals a unique form of multiple cup and cone fracture features that can be related to the evolution of damage along the shear band traces with a gradient of void density from the surface to the center. This strategy for fabricating dual phase steels enables the development of architectured ultra-high strength DP steels with different properties that can be tailored by controlling the composition and deformation gradients and subsequent annealing treatments.

Investigation of consecutive two-stage hydrodynamic deep drawing of aluminum cylindrical cups

In the deep drawing process, achieving a higher drawing ratio has always been considered by researchers. In this study, a new concept of hydrodynamic deep drawing with two consecutive stages without additional operations such as annealing is proposed to increase the limit drawing ratio of the cups. The effective parameters were investigated numerically and experimentally in the forming of Al1200 cylindrical cups. At first, the desired value of punch diameter ratio was determined based on finite element simulation results and was utilized to increase the cup formability. Next, the effects of pressure paths on the cup thickness, separation, and rupture were studied in each forming stage. The cup formability was investigated based on a new proposed framework to obtain the maximum possible limiting drawing ratio, and the desired conditions were determined. Finally, a cup was formed with a high drawing ratio of 3.4 which was a good achievement in comparison with the literature.

Do fans’ emotions influence charitable donations? Evidence from monetary and returnable cup donations in German soccer stadiums

I study the influence of league match results of two German soccer clubs on their fans’ prosocial behavior in the stadium. For this purpose, a unique donation scheme is analyzed that collects charitable donations in the form of returnable cups with volunteers’ help (in addition to monetary donations). Using time-series analyses for matches from 2010 to 2020, the results suggest that home fans are willing to donate more to charity due to their club’s positive match results (victories). The results also indicate that reference-dependent preferences play a role in home fans’ willingness to donate. First, victories following a halftime draw lead to increased returnable cup donations. Second, the positive effects of wins are more likely to be explained by expected wins taking into account the team’s quality or the betting odds as reference points.

Forming of thin-walled cylindrical cup by impact backward extrusion of Al-Si alloys processed by semi-solid cast and ECAP

Although impact backward extrusion has advantages in manufacturing of thin-walled cup at high productivity, applications are limited to materials with low strength. In order to manufacture thin-walled cup with high strength, the authors prepared JIS AC4CH cast alloys (Al-7.14%Si-0.41%Mg) having various eutectic microstructures by combination of two refinement methods: semi-solid casting and ECAP process. Thin-walled aluminum cylindrical cups were successfully formed by impact backward extrusion from the modified cast alloy. Improvement of workability for the extrusion was achieved by grain refinement. However, an unavoidable eccentricity of cup occurred without depending on workpiece materials. It is found that workability of the workpiece can be evaluated by maximum eccentricity without causing cracks. It is concluded that the ECAPed semi-solid cast alloy has workability next to annealed AA3003 alloys; a product of the ECAPed semi-solid cast alloy has high strength and ductility compared with that of annealed AA3003.

A Generalized Stress State and Temperature Dependent Damage Indicator Framework for Ductile Failure Prediction in Heat-Assisted Forming Operations.

Heat-assisted forming processes are becoming increasingly important in the manufacturing of sheet metal parts for body-in-white applications. However, the non-isothermal nature of these processes leads to challenges in evaluating the forming limits, since established methods such as Forming Limit Curves (FLCs) only allow the assessment of critical forming strains for steady temperatures. For this reason, a temperature-dependent extension of the well-established GISSMO (Generalized Incremental Stress State Dependent Damage Model) fracture indicator framework is developed by the authors to predict forming failures under non-isothermal conditions. In this paper, a general approach to combine several isothermal FLCs within the temperature-extended GISSMO model into a temperature-dependent forming limit surface is investigated. The general capabilities of the model are tested in a coupled thermo-mechanical FEA using the example of warm forming of an AA5182-O sheet metal cross-die cup. The obtained results are then compared with state of the art of evaluation methods. By taking the strain and temperature path into account, GISSMO predicts greater drawing depths by up to than established methods. In this way the forming and so the lightweight potential of sheet metal parts can by fully exploited. Moreover, the risk and locus of failure can be evaluated directly on the part geometry by a contour plot. An additional advantage of the GISSMO model is the applicability for low triaxialities as well as the possibility to predict the materials behavior beyond necking up to ductile fracture.

Perancangan Visual Identity Babsatu Coffee & Bakery di Payakumbuh

Babsatu Coffee & Bakery is a coffee shop located in Payakumbuh City owned by Ikhsan Marza. This cafe does not yet have a logo, so the logo is designed in the form of a colored logo and typography to represent the previous concept so that consumers and potential customers can easily remember it. The logo was formed based on the concept of Gestalt similarity logo theory or similarity in shape by using the shape of an owl as a topping, a cup as an owl's body and coasters as legs, followed by the letters of the name "chapter" itself, and using the word "Coffee & Bakery". “Like the title below, the shape fits well with a nice and modern shape. The design of Babsatu Coffee & Bakery's visual identity analysis is a SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Treatment) analysis to find solutions and problems. The design process begins by observing and interviewing the owner of Babsatu Coffee & Bakery to obtain the data needed to design this visual identity. The main media are in the form of brochures and supporting media in the form of posters, roll banners, business cards, T-shirts, stickers, paper bags, and cups. Keywords: Visual Identity, logo, babsatu coffee & bakery

Numerical and experimental verification of an iterative coupling method for analyzing the Lorentz-force-driven sheet metal stamping process

The Lorentz-force-driven stamping process is a newly developed forming process, which combines the advantages of the quasi-static stamping and electromagnetic forming to a certain extent. It involves complex physical problems such as strong electro-magneto-mechanical interactions and considerable deformation. Therefore, it is still a challenge to accurately predict the electromagnetic parameters (coil current and Lorentz force, etc.) and workpiece deformation (forming height and material flow) during the stamping process for different forming conditions. To solve this problem, taking the cylindrical cup forming of 5052-O aluminum alloy sheet metal as an example, a numerical method based on the iterative calculation of a circuit-electromagnetic model and an electromagnetic-mechanical model is developed and systematically validated. Numerical tests show that, compared with the non-iterative model, the proposed iterative mode can significantly improve the simulation accuracy for different forming conditions (such as varied discharge voltages and initial gaps between the coil and the punch). It has been confirmed that the iterative procedure can well consider the effect of the increased distance between the coil and the punch on the calculations of electromagnetic and mechanical parameters. Furthermore, numerical and experimental investigations for a Lorentz-force-driven stamping system using a discharge circuit with an additional crowbar branch are carried out, showing the simulation data of discharge current and workpiece deformation agree well with that of experiment measurement. This confirms the applicability of the proposed method to different discharge circuits.

On the effect of the ratio between the yield stresses in shear and in uniaxial tension on forming of isotropic materials

It is generally believed that the choice of the yield criterion used to describe the plastic behaviour of isotropic metallic materials does not affect much the accuracy of the predictions of forming operations. For this reason, the von Mises yield criterion is used for modelling the plastic behaviour. However, according to the von Mises yield criterion, irrespective of the material, the ratio between the yield stresses in simple shear and in uniaxial tension is the same. In this paper, it is presented a numerical study which reveals that even for one of the simplest deep drawing processes, namely the forming of a cylindrical cup, the yielding description influences the predictions of the plastic strains and the final profile of the part. For the description of yielding, an isotropic yield criterion which allows to differentiate between isotropic materials was used. Specifically, this yield criterion involves a parameter α which is expressible solely in terms of the ratio between the yield stresses in shear and in uniaxial tension; for α = 0 it reduces to the von Mises yield criterion. The results of the numerical study are revealing and are believed to provide a new point of view when considering material requirements for drawing performance and models to be used for prediction of the plastic behaviour in deep-drawing processes. From the analysis of the loading paths that the materials experience during the forming of the cup, it appears that the prevalent belief that the yielding properties in the tension-tension quadrant of the yield surface dictate the final profile should be reconsidered. Indeed, the simulations results indicate that for isotropic materials characterized by α > 0 (σT/τY>3), the cup height is greater than for a von Mises material (α = 0), which is higher than the one obtained for materials with α < 0 (σT/τY<3), i.e. lower values of the ratio between the yield stresses in shear and in uniaxial tension lead to greater cup heights. It is shown that this is mainly related to the plastic deformation of the material initially located in the flange region, which is dictated by the shape of the yield surface in the compression-tension quadrant (i.e. normal to the yield surface in the region between uniaxial compression and pure shear stress states).

Friction stir processing combined with incremental forming effect on AA2014-T6

ABSTRACT The present-study accustomed aluminum 2014-T6 alloy of 3 mm sheet as the work material for conducting the friction stir processing. The entire studies have been completed in two phases of work. In the first phase, the work material is subjected to single-pass and multi-pass friction stir processing for its structural embattlement. A multi-faceted tool called hexagonal tool pin profile was preferred to carry out the stir processing for both the single and multi-pass cases. An optimized stir processing parameters essentially tool-speed 1000 rpm, table-feed 60 mm/min and 2° pivot angle were selected to carry out the stir processing. In the second phase, the single-pass FSPed and multi-pass FSPed work samples along with an unprocessed base metal are subjected to single point incremental forming process for its performance assessment on formability. The effect of forming parameters on average thickness, wall angle, forming limit strains and surface roughness have been analyzed on the profile forming of a cylindrical cup. To characterize the nature of profile formed structures, metallurgical, grain analysis and micro-hardness studies have been carried out at different locations of the formed segments. Conforming to the results, multi-pass FSPed samples exhibit superior formability followed by single-pass and least in the unprocessed sample.

The Influence of the Number of Semi-Cycindrical Cups on the Behavior of an Experimental Model of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine at Low Wind Speed and no Load

The work is based on experiments made in the wind tunnel on experimental models of Savonius type wind turbines with blades in the shape of a semicylindrical cup. The number of blades changes: 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The experimental model allows the addition / removal of blades in the form of a semi-cylindrical cup followed by static balancing. The wind tunnel used has the measuring area 0.5 mx0.5 m and the length of 1.25 m and the experimental models have the interception surface at a maximum value of 10% of the cross-sectional area of the wind tunnel (diameter 158 mm and height 158 mm). The experiments were performed at wind speeds between 0...9.7 m/s between peaks and no (mechanical and / or electrical) loads. The results confirm the influence of the number of semi-cylindrical cups on the rotational speed and other factors over experimental model of Savonius type turbines in no load conditions.

Study on the forward slip of cup with variable wall thickness during roll forming

Based on the principle of plastic forming, the metal flow of cup with variable wall thickness during roll forming is analyzed, and the formula of its coefficient of forward slip is derived. By comparing with the numerical simulation results, the correction formula of the coefficient of forward slip at the rim of roller is obtained. The correction formula is verified by experiment. The results show that the error between the theoretical and experimental value is 4.5%, and the agreement between them is good. This research provides a basis for the design of the roller groove for the roll forming of cup with variable wall thickness.