Contextual Forms Research Articles

The study of Seloko Adat as safety-valve to prevent religious conflict in Jambi City, Indonesia

Jambi City has the potential for social conflict, especially religious conflict related to the establishment of houses of worship. The history of religious conflict in Indonesia notes that houses of worship have always been a source of conflict which often leads to destruction and burning. Related to this, there needs to be an effort made so that this conflict is not prolonged, one option is by revitalizing the wisdom of local culture that grows in each region.This study was conducted using a qualitative research approach. This research was conducted in Telanaipura, Alam Barajo, and Kotabaru in Jambi City. The results of this study found that as a pluralistic area, Jambi City was also not spared from the conflict of the establishment of places of worship that occurred in three regions. However, the conflict that occurred was not prolonged because the people of Jambi City still adhered to the wisdom of the local culture in the form of Seloko Adat which is internalized through family, education and social environment. This internalization forms an obedient, rule-abiding and inclusive character inherent in Jambi City society. Seloko Adat is another form of contextualization of the Coser’s concept of the Safety-Valve which proved to be able to prevent the community from anarchic conflict. Since it has a significant potential to help foster peace in communities, there needs to be an understanding of Seloko Adat through a variety of activities, such as socialization in various formats and holding social activities with the theme of increasing understanding of it.

A typology of Stonehenge online images : World Heritage Sites and their representations for tourism

As heritage and cultural tourism gain popularity, the number and variety of “tourist places” designated as World Heritage Sites have grown. Although the universality or national embodiment of World Heritage Sites is a significant topic to be examined, a potential and comprehensive study on it, especially in recent years, has remained incomplete. Combining this issue with the problematic issue of the reckless inscription of new sites to the World Heritage List every single year makes it even more prominent and leaves room for a re-examination of the status of the World Heritage program and the 1972 Convention today. Some scholars have raised this issue in both contextual form and semiotic analysis. Nevertheless, examining and evaluating World Heritage Sites’ status from the perspective of non-academics (tourists, media creators) and non-officials is still missing or under-researched. Thus, this study was conducted to review this issue via a typology of online images of Stonehenge using semiotics. The findings of this study based on analyzing visual data lend support to the previous propositions through a collection of Stonehenge’s images found from web-based sources.

Inclusion of Unicode Standard seamless characters to expand Arabic text steganography for secure individual uses

The need to protect confidential data stored on personal computers (PCs) or sent to other parties has increased significantly. Therefore, a secure, high-capacity strategy is needed to cover the data contained within media and make it difficult to detect. Due to the limited number of research studies that have achieved these ends through text steganography, we present an innovative approach for hiding secret bits in Arabic text with Unicode Standard seamless. Our method uses the contextual forms of Arabic characters to hide certain secret bits. Extra characters such as Zero-Width Joiners (ZWJ), Kashida, Medium Mathematical Spaces (MMSPs), and Zero-Width Non-Joiners (ZWNJ) are also used to further enhance the method’s capacity without diminishing the data’s security. Our experimental results show that this technique outperforms similar methods with an average improvement in capacity of more than 50%. This technique also has a higher security ratio than the other methods in this study, with the exception of Method 5, and is robust against electronic text modifications such as copying, pasting, and text formatting. Moreover, our algorithm can be widely adopted in related languages, such as Urdu and Farsi, due to its utilization of Unicode characters, which is the encoding standard used in most of the world’s writing systems.

We Don't Know We Have Hands and it's Fine

Based on the brain in a vat thought experiment, skeptics argue that we cannot have certain knowledge. At the same time, we do have the intuition that we know some things with certainty. A way to justify this intuition is given by semantic contextualists who argue that the word “knows” is context sensitive. However, many have objected to the intelligibility of this claim. In response, another approach called “moderate pragmatic contextualism” was invoked, which claims that “knows” itself is not context sensitive, but knowledge assertions are. I show, however, that to refute skepticism, moderate pragmatic contextualism rests on unjustified and implausible assumptions as well. Since no form of contextualism works as a response to skepticism, I argue that we should simply accept skepticism. However, I argue that skepticism is not a problem because skeptic pragmatic contextualism can offer a plausible explanation of why we have the intuition that our ordinary knowledge claims are true, even though they are not. I conclude that skeptic pragmatic contextualism offers the most plausible response to the brain in a vat thought experiment.

Disagreeing with a Skeptic from a Contextualist Point of View

The paper focuses on the problem of how to account for the phenomena of disagreement and retraction in disputes over skepticism in a contextualist framework. I will argue that nonindexical versions of contextualism are better suited to account for those phenomena than DeRose’s indexical form of contextualism. Furthermore, I will argue against DeRose’s “single scoreboard” semantics and against his solution of ruling that in a dispute over skepticism, both parties to the conversation are expressing something truth-valueless. At the end, I will briefly address the question of whether DeRose’s contextualism combined with his double-safety account and his rule of sensitivity provide an epistemically satisfying answer to the skeptical challenge. It will be argued that by merely explaining (away) the attractiveness of skeptical arguments, DeRose’s contextualism seems to lack the resources to explain some important epistemic issues, as, for example, the question of what knowledge is and when a true belief turns into knowledge.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR): Curators’ specific responses from Australian museums and art galleries

ABSTRACT Presented and analysed are interviews with a blend of museums and art galleries in Victoria, Australia, conducted within the wider context of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the global scene of curated collections as tourist attractions. A subsequent website content analysis of public communication by the organizations augments the CSR insights of the interviews. The findings suggest the interviewed organizations follow a contextual form of CSR and its expression depends on the underlying knowledge of the role of CSR as a tourism issue. Successively, a range of socio-cultural drivers and inhibitors enter the mix for the curators of the collections and tend currently to converge in the social and economic dimensions. The definition of CSR and the debate about the theoretical and practical economic pressures of tourism management for museums and art galleries are uncovered, along with directions for future research indicated within this significant sub-field of the tourism sector.

We Don’t Know We Have Hands and It’s Fine

Based on the brain in a vat thought experiment, skeptics argue that we cannot have certain knowledge. At the same time, we do have the intuition that we know some things with certainty. A way to justify this intuition is given by semantic contextualists who argue that the word “knows” is context sensitive. However, many have objected to the intelligibility of this claim. In response, another approach called “moderate pragmatic contextualism” was invoked, which claims that “knows” itself is not context sensitive, but knowledge assertions are. I show, however, that to refute skepticism, moderate pragmatic contextualism rests on unjustified and implausible assumptions as well. Since no form of contextualism works as a response to skepticism, I argue that we should simply accept skepticism. However, I argue that skepticism is not a problem because skeptic pragmatic contextualism can offer a plausible explanation of why we have the intuition that our ordinary knowledge claims are true, even though they are not. I conclude that skeptic pragmatic contextualism offers the most plausible response to the brain in a vat thought experiment.

The dual contingencies of ethnoraciality: Status-context disparities in health information sources among sexual minorities

Researchers often explore health (care) beliefs as a function of individual characteristics; yet, few consider the role of context in shaping both beliefs and the behaviors that are informed by them. As a sociopolitical construct, ethnoraciality provides a concerning source of bias in studies of health (care) beliefs because it inhabits both individual and contextual forms. This study examines whether the ethnoracial context of the residential area where sexual minorities live is associated with a particular health (care) belief – sources of trustworthy health information – and considers how ethnoracial group membership status differentiates these ecological associations drawing on mediation and moderation models. Using data from the 2010 Social Justice Sexuality Project, our analysis shows that sexual minorities who live with high concentrations of Latinos and Whites are less likely to rely exclusively on medical professionals for trustworthy health information than those who live with high concentrations of Blacks. Moreover, exclusive reliance on medical professionals for health information among Black and Latino sexual minorities is stronger in co-ethnic communities (predominately Black and Latino areas, respectively). The analysis also documents status and contextual differentials and status-context contingencies of reliance on the Internet, social networks, and multiple agents (“triangulation”) as sources of health information. Findings suggest that place-based co-ethnic networks may facilitate disease prevention among Black and Latino sexual minorities by improving the quality of their relationships with sick role gatekeepers and breaking down the silos of the medical complex. The study concludes by considering the value of a place-based approach to alleviating health disparities among sexual minorities vis-à-vis the health care system.

Cohomological framework for contextual quantum computations

We describe a cohomological framework for measurement-based quantum computation in which symmetry plays a central role. Therein, the essential information about the computation is contained in either of two topological invariants, namely two cohomology groups. One of them applies only to deterministic quantum computations, and the other to general probabilistic ones. Those invariants characterize the computational output, and at the same time witness quantumness in the form of contextuality. In result, they give rise to fundamental algebraic structures underlying quantum computation.

Chinese Folk Christianity and Its Possibly Missional Nature

AbstractDuring the last four decades, Christianity in China has grown quickly. There are about 50 million Protestant Christians in today's China. The majority of them, however, are in rural areas. This rural Christianity, or folk Christianity, is influenced by Chinese folk religion. This article explores the features and the missional nature of Chinese folk Christianity. It exposes several main features of folk Christianity, including its charismatic orientation, pragmatic concern, moral emphasis, and superstitious factors. Its main argument is that Chinese folk Christianity is missional in a situation where the absolute majority of the population is non‐Christian. Through describing and analyzing Chinese folk Christianity as biblical, historical, contextual, eschatological, and practicable, which are fundamental affirmations about the missional church, this article reaches the following conclusion: Although it is somewhat syncretic, Chinese folk Christianity, as God's people called in a particular context, has its missional nature. It is a contextualized form of Christianity. Given the particular Chinese context in participating in God's mission, it might be inevitable for Chinese folk Christianity to be syncretic to some degree. In the contexualization of Christianity, however, Chinese folk Christianity has raised some theological questions: How deeply and thoroughly contextualized can folk Christianity become? Are there limits to its contextualization? If yes, what are the limits?

Language, culture and society

Language, Culture and Society provides an international platform for cutting-edge research that advances thinking and understanding of the complex intersections of language, culture and society, with the aim of pushing traditional disciplinary boundaries through theoretical and methodological innovation. Contributors are encouraged to pay close attention to the contextualized forms of semiotic human activity upon which social conventions, categories and indexical meanings are constructed, actualized, negotiated and disputed vis-à-vis wider social, cultural, racial, economic and historical conditions. The journal is open to analysis focusing on different spatio-temporal scales; it also welcomes contributions addressing such issues through the lens of any of the analytical paradigms stemming from the sociolinguistic and anthropological study of language, discourse and communication. Exploration of new communicative contexts and practices is considered particularly valuable, and research that breaks new ground by making connections with other disciplines is highly encouraged. Thinking-aloud pieces, reactions and debates, and other alternative formats of contributions are also welcome. Language, Culture and Society publishes its articles Online First.

DAKWAH BERBASIS KEBUDAYAAN SEBAGAI UPAYA MEMBANGUN MASYARAKAT MADANI DALAM SURAT AL-NAHL: 125

Islam has been present in Indonesia to bring change to a better direction. Islam is not directly accepted by the people of Indonesia. As a step of the initiative of Islamic missionaries in Indonesia, it uses an approach that deals with matters that are inherent in the everyday life of Indonesian society. One of the most effective approaches to spreading Islam is through culture. Indeed, what has been done by Indonesian Islamic preachers reflects the spirit of dakwah, which is recommended by Allah in his word (Q.S. al-Nahl: 125). As a contextualized form of the Rasulullah dakwah method, Islamic preachers in Indonesia have presented Islam really in its context as a religion, not as an Arabic cultural product, as it has recently been misunderstood by some. Through socio-historical-contextual approaches with linguistic analysis based on the interpretation of the scholar's linguistic and social use theory and the use of gratification theory introduced by Herbert Blumer and Elihu Katz, this paper will reveal the values and messages of practice preaching the Prophet to Arab society in his time linked to the practice of dakwah Ulama Indonesia so as to make people aware of the importance of culture in building a civil life, which through culture.Keywords: Dakwah, al-Nahl: 125, Civic Society

Emic vs etic frame of reference personality assessment in the prediction of work-related outcomes

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of both work-related and emic contextualization of personality measurement in the prediction of work-related outcomes.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 224 employees completed work-contextualized and non-contextualized Big Five model measures, as well as contextualized emic personality measures, together with a number of measures for work-related outcomes.FindingsResults showed that, after controlling for demographic variables and non-contextualized etic factors, etic contextualized factors predicted occupational stress, work engagement, job satisfaction, work frustration, turnover intention, career satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior. After controlling for demographic variables, non-contextualized etic factors and contextualized etic factors, emic contextualized personality factors predicted work engagement, job satisfaction, absenteeism, counterproductive workplace behaviors and organizational citizenship behaviors.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has a number of limitations. First, the sample contained participants recruited from a low number of professional areas. Second, the sample consisted mostly of women, and relying on unbalanced samples may lead to construct irrelevant variance.Practical implicationsBy using a combination of etic personality measures and contextualized emic personality measures, organizations can better predict a number of organizational outcomes related to extra-role performance, such as those considered in the present study.Originality/valueThis research showed that, in the case of personality assessment, using a double form of contextualization – frame of reference and culture – an increment in the prediction of organizational behaviors can be obtained.

Quantum contextuality in the Copenhagen approach.

The origin and basis of the notion of quantum contextuality is identified in the Copenhagen approach to quantum mechanics, where context is automatically invoked by its requirement that the experimental arrangement involved in any measurements or set of measurements be taken into account while, in general, the outcome of a measurement may depend on other measurements immediately preceding or jointly performed on the same system. For Bohr, the specification of the experimental situation of any measurement is essential to its significance in light of complementarity and the omnipresence of the quantum of action in physics; for Heisenberg, the incompatibility of pairs of sharp measurements belonging to different situations coheres with both the completeness of the quantum state as an objective physical description and the principle of indeterminacy. Here, context in the Copenhagen approach is taken to be the equivalence class of experimental arrangements corresponding to a set of compatible measurements of quantum observables in standard quantum mechanics; the associated form of contextuality in quantum mechanics arises via the non-commutativity in general of sharp observables, proven by von Neumann, that can appear, providing different contexts. This notion is related to theoretical situations explored later by Bell, by Kochen and Specker, and by others in relation to the classification of hidden-variables theories and elsewhere in physics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Contextuality and probability in quantum mechanics and beyond'.

Contextualização e experimentação na revista química nova na escola: uma análise de 2009-2016

Neste trabalho, avaliamos as concepções de contextualização e de experimentação presentes nos artigos da Revista Química Nova na Escola (QNEsc), da seção “Experimentação no Ensino de Química” entre 2009-2016. Constatou-se que do total de vinte e sete artigos, 70,4% dos experimentos propostos neste período apresentaram alguma indicação de contextualização. Além disso, observou-se que dos dezenove artigos analisados, a experimentação apresentou-se como investigativa, demonstrativa e de reelaboração conceitual. Já quanto à contextualização, esta se relacionou ao desenvolvimento de atitudes e valores para a formação de um cidadão crítico, exemplificação de fatos do cotidiano e como estratégia de ensino para facilitar a aprendizagem. Finalizando, a partir dos resultados desta pesquisa, concluiu-se que as formas de experimentação e contextualização mais presentes nos artigos da QNEsc foram a investigativa e a relacionada ao desenvolvimento de atitudes e valores para a formação de um cidadão crítico, respectivamente.

Understanding Pregnancy and Postpartum Health Using Ecological Momentary Assessment and Mobile Technology: Protocol for the Postpartum Mothers Mobile Study.

BackgroundThere are significant racial disparities in pregnancy and postpartum health outcomes, including postpartum weight retention and cardiometabolic risk. These racial disparities are a result of a complex interplay between contextual, environmental, behavioral, and psychosocial factors.ObjectiveThis protocol provides a description of the development and infrastructure for the Postpartum Mothers Mobile Study (PMOMS), designed to better capture women’s daily experiences and exposures from late pregnancy through 1 year postpartum. The primary aims of PMOMS are to understand the contextual, psychosocial, and behavioral factors contributing to racial disparities in postpartum weight and cardiometabolic health, with a focus on the daily experiences of stress and racism, as well as contextual forms of stress (eg, neighborhood stress and structural racism).MethodsPMOMS is a longitudinal observation study that is ancillary to an existing randomized control trial, GDM2 (Comparison of Two Screening Strategies for Gestational Diabetes). PMOMS uses an efficient and cost-effective approach for recruitment by leveraging the infrastructure of GDM2, facilitating enrollment of participants while consolidating staff support from both studies. The primary data collection method is ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and through smart technology (ie, smartphones and scales). The development of the study includes: (1) the pilot phase and development of the smartphone app; (2) feedback and further development of the app including selection of key measures; and (3) implementation, recruitment, and retention.ResultsPMOMS aims to recruit 350 participants during pregnancy, to be followed through the first year after delivery. Recruitment and data collection started in December 2017 and are expected to continue through September 2020. Initial results are expected in December 2020. As of early May 2019, PMOMS recruited a total of 305 participants. Key strengths and features of PMOMS have included data collection via smartphone technology to reduce the burden of multiple on-site visits, low attrition rate because of participation in an ongoing trial in which women are already motivated and enrolled, high EMA survey completion and the use of EMA as a unique data collection method to understand daily experiences, and shorter than expected timeframe for enrollment because of the infrastructure of the GDM2 trial.ConclusionsThis protocol outlines the development of the PMOMS, one of the first published studies to use an ongoing EMA and mobile technology protocol during pregnancy and throughout 1 year postpartum to understand the health of childbearing populations and enduring racial disparities in postpartum weight and cardiometabolic health. Our findings will contribute to the improvement of data collection methods, particularly the role of EMA in capturing multiple exposures and knowledge in real time. Furthermore, the results of the study will inform future studies investigating weight and cardiometabolic health during pregnancy and the postpartum period, including how social determinants produce population disparities in these outcomes.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/13569

Resepsi Al-Quran Di Pondok Pesantren Al-Hidayah Karangsuci Purwokerto

The Qur'an is truly a holy book containing moral teachings to guide people to the straight path. It's just that, when the Qur'an is consumed by the public, the book experiences a paradigm shift so that it is treated, received, and expressed differently according to their respective knowledge and beliefs. That expression, of course, is a concrete indicator that the Qur'an is a holy book which is always in harmony with all situations and conditions (ṣālih li kulli zamān wa makān). The model and style of the reception even now continue to be expressed and preserved by the family of Ponpes Al-Hidayah Karangsuci, Purwokerto. This study aims to determine the variety of Al-Qur'an receptions in Ponpes and try to understand the meaning inherent in it. This research was designed with qualitative methods and included in field research. In obtaining data, the instruments that researchers use are in-depth interviews, observations, and studies of related documents. The analysis used by researchers is as presented by Mohd. Soehadha, namely by reducing data, displaying data, and drawing conclusions. In clarifying the validity of the data, the researcher extends the participation and triangulation of sources and methods. From the research conducted, the results obtained include: (1) a variety of Al-Qur'an receptions in the Al-Hidayah Islamic Boarding School Karangsuci Purwokerto, (2) The meanings inherent in the reception variety, among others: objective meaning, expressive meaning, and documentary meaning. The objective meaning is to conclude that the variety of reception behavior at the Islamic boarding school is a symbol of compliance and injustice to the regulations of the boarding school. The expressive meaning is a form of self-internalization with positive things through the continuous learning process of the Qur'an, and the meaning of the documentary is a form of local contextualization of the whole cultural system.

Against Contextualism about Prudential Discourse

Abstract In recent times, there has been a surge of interest in, and enthusiasm for, contextualist views about prudential discourse—thought and talk about what has prudential value or contributes to someone's well-being. In this paper, I examine and reject two cases for radical forms of prudential contextualism, proposed by Anna Alexandrova and Steve Campbell. Alexandrova holds that the semantic content of terms like ‘well-being’ and ‘doing well’ varies across contexts. Campbell proposes that there are plural prudential concepts at play in prudential discourse (and in philosophical reflection upon such discourse) and that we find evidence of this in the conflicting commitments of prudential discourse. The negative aim of the paper is to show that Alexandrova and Campbell have not given us a good case for ambitious forms of contextualism about prudential discourse. The positive aim of the paper is to provide alternative, aspectualist, explanations of the features of prudential discourse that their discussions highlight.

False stories from the history of Mostar

ABSTRACTThis visual essay presents a set of stories written for a performative walk in public space, complemented with a short reflection and documentary graphic material. The art intervention, titled ‘False stories from the history of Mostar’, was conceived and performed by Abart – an art production platform started in the city of Mostar in 2008 to work on contextual forms of socially engaged art practices. The intervention addressed eight problematic sites in the city, through fictional stories which aimed to expose the underlying processes shaping the transitional management of space in Mostar.

Quantum current in dissipative systems

Describing current in open quantum systems can be problematic due to the subtle interplay of quantum coherence and environmental noise. Probing the noise-induced current can be detrimental to the tunneling-induced current and vice versa. We derive a general theory for the probability current in quantum systems arbitrarily interacting with their environment that overcomes this difficulty. We show that the current can be experimentally measured by performing a sequence of weak and standard quantum measurements. We exemplify our theory by analyzing a simple Smoluchowski–Feynman-type ratchet consisting of two particles, operating deep in the quantum regime. Fully incorporating both thermal and quantum effects, the current generated in the model can be used to detect the onset of ‘genuine quantumness’ in the form of quantum contextuality. The model can also be used to generate steady-state entanglement in the presence of arbitrarily hot environment.