Conjunctive Normal Form Research Articles

Code Mix Analysis on Buying and Selling Interactions at Bintang Kejora Jaya Restaurant

This study aims to describe the form of code-mixing in the interaction of buying and selling at the Bintang Kejora Jaya Restaurant, as well as the factors causing the mixing of code codes in the exchange of buying and selling at the Bintang Kejora Jaya Restaurant. This type of research is qualitative research through a case study approach. Data collection techniques use listening, tapping, note-taking, and recording techniques. Data analysis techniques use descriptive methods. From the results of these findings, it was identified that there were findings of code mixing in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and word loops. Factors causing code-mixing include linguistic elements such as low word frequency, Pernicious humanity, Oversight, and End (purpose and goal).

LEGAL PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS IN DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS

Digital transactions or also known as e-commerce transactions are already a demand and necessity. It has brought several advantages for consumers in conducting transactions because it makes it easier and has penetrated the boundaries of space and time. Even though it must be recognized that there are negative impacts in the form of legal problems that are often detrimental to the rights and interests of consumers, such as goods that are sent late or not sent at all, hidden defects in the goods sent, and errors in the delivery of goods, for which several legal institutions are needed to protect the rights and interests of consumers who are harmed. From the perspective of civil law, it is necessary to question the validity of electronic contracts made in the form of standard clauses which form the basis of the legal relationship between consumers and business actors in digital transactions. Through secondary data in the form of primary and secondary legal materials, it can be seen that Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, and the Civil Code can be used as legal institutions to protect consumers from legal problems they experience. From the perspective of civil law, electronic contracts as the basis for legal relations between consumers and business actors made in the form of standard clauses, are valid according to the law following Article 1338 of the Civil Code in conjunction with Article 1320 of the Civil Code. Its enforcement is of course limited by Article 1337 of the Civil Code and Article 18 of Law No. 8 of 1999.

Pengembangan Kurikulum Muatan Lokal Berbasis Budaya Ungkapan Prolog Bahasa Melayu Jambi sebagai Mata Kuliah Ciri Kedaerahan pada Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia FKIP Universitas Jambi

Jambi Malay is rich in expressions that can be used as teaching materials in the development of local content curriculum in the field of culture. Things related to this expression include; (1) the form of expression in Jambi Malay can be in the form of phrases, clauses, and sentences. (2) the meaning contained in Jambi Malay expressions can be in the form of grammatical, connotative and implied meanings, and (3) the use of Jambi Malay expressions is as satire, suggestion, advice, and as a rule norm that must be obeyed and implemented. This expression is always used as a prologue when speaking in the realm of family, custom, government and state ceremonies. All of these expressions were developed into teaching materials in the development of local content curricula in formal schools in Jambi province. In determining local content subjects, there are several steps that can be taken, including; (1) identify regional conditions and needs; (2) determine the function and composition or composition of local content; (3) determining local content study materials; (4) determining local content materials; and (5) develop competency standards and basic competencies and learning syllabus. These five steps will of course be based on the form, meaning, and function of the various prologue expressions of Jambi Malay.

Tomorrow I’ll go (a) shopping: on the history of the Expeditionary Go construction and its relation to the absentive

Abstract Work on Construction Grammar and Diachronic Construction Grammar has foregrounded the idea that constructions are organized as a network of interconnected form-meaning pairs. This article explores the history of the construction exemplified in the title, henceforth referred to as the Expeditionary Go construction, and its relation both to other members of the small family of English go-constructions and to the prepositional be-progressive (e.g., 1700, They were a hunting). The analysis traces the development of expeditionary go since Old English times and argues that it was a device conveying the Subject’s remoteness from the speaker-oriented deictic centre. This function has remained basically unchanged over the course of the history of English, but the form of expeditionary clauses has been adjusted as a result of profound language-internal and language-external developments; these developments have brought expeditionary clauses and other members of the network of go-constructions, most especially admonitive clauses (Don’t go peeping like that!), closer together.

Translation Methods And Techniques Applied In English Exposition Texts Into Indonesia

The aims of this study are (1) to describe the translation method adopted by the translator in translating the exposition text, (2) to formulate the translation techniques applied in translating the expository text in the order of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences into Indonesian from English by applying translation procedures according to Molina and Albir (2002). This research uses a descriptive – qualitative approach with a case study design that is oriented towards the translation product. The data sources in this study are the document and exposition text “When Being Overweight Is a Health Problem” which was reviewed by Mary L. Gavin, MD and reviewed in 2018 as the object of the study, and the results of the translation from English which are summarized in this research data are in the form of words, phrases, clauses and sentences of expository texts and their translations. Research data was collected by document analysis and analyzed by interactive analysis method. The research findings are as follows, first, seven translation methods are applied in translating expository texts, namely the word-for-word method, the faithful method, the semantic method, the adaptation method, the independent method, the idiomatic method, and the communicative method. Second, eight translation techniques are applied in translating expository texts, namely literal techniques, pure borrowing, natural borrowing, calque, transposition, modulation, omission and addition. Based on the frequency of use, the literal technique ranks first, followed by natural borrowing, pure borrowing, transposition, calque, modulation, omission, and addition techniques. Theoretically, literal, pure borrowing, natural borrowing, and calque techniques are oriented to the source language while transposition, modulation, omission, and addition techniques are oriented to the target language.
 Keywords: translation technique, translation method, exposition text

REVITALIZATION OF MINAHASAN CULTURE THROUGH VOCABULARY OF TRADITIONAL FOOD NAMES IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPING CULINARY TOURISM IN NORTH SULAWESI PROVINCE

The research on Revitalization of Minahasan Culture Through Vocabulary of Traditional Food Names in The Context of Developing Culinary Tourism in North Sulawesi Province intends to improve previous research that has been conducted. This research is proposed for one year. The problem formulated in this research is the naming system of Minahasan traditional food and its meaning. This research aims to (1) identify and classify the naming system of traditional Minahasan food, (2) analyze and describe the meaning of traditional Minahasan food names. The specific targets to be achieved in this research are (1) the identification and classification of the naming system of traditional Minahasan food , (2) the identification and classification of linguistic units in the form of words, phrases, and clauses of traditional Minahasan food names, and (3) the results of explanation and description in the form of cultural meaning in linguistic units in the form of words, phrases, and clauses of traditional Minahasan food names. The vocabulary of traditional Minahasan food names as a naming system that has meaning and cultural value based on the cognition of the Minahasan community was found in this study. The origin of food names and the concept of Minahasan culture are also reflected in traditional Minahasan food names. The method used is descriptive qualitative method with an approach through ethnography, synchronic linguistics and gastronomic linguistics methods. Techniques and data collection were observation and interview. The research location is in North Sulawesi Province, especially Minahasan Regency by selecting several cities in the area of North Sulawesi Province by purposive sampling, namely data collection according to research needs. The results of the research are food labeled linulut (food that is inserted in bamboo and burned) and non-linulut (food not in bamboo). The naming system of traditional Minahasann food consists of ingredients, cooking utensils, food makers, places where food is made, the arrival of Minahasann people, and people's names. The form of traditional Minahasann food names consists of words, phrases, and clauses. Pangi, gohu and woku are words. Woku blanga, rica rodo, and Sayor pa'it are phrases. Clauses consist of Ayang woku isi di bulu, Babi woku isi di bulu, and ikang mas bungkus deng daong woka. The meaning of food names is denotative meaning and connotative meaning. The denotative meaning corresponds to the food ingredient, namely pangi. The connotative meaning is the name of the food sende'en, pongkor, fried brot cookies, and Bobengka.

Logical meaning analysis in probe into the death of Medan Judge

This study focused on logico-semantic relation.Logico-semantic divided into two types; Expansion and Projection. Expansion is the relation that includes Elaboration, Extending and Enhancing in the content of language. Projection is the relation of statement in language use, namely Locution and Idea. The research design is qualitative due to the descriptive data which is in the form of words or clauses. The aim of this research is to find out the types of logical meaning and the context of the situation used in the written texts text on The Jakarta Post Newspaper.The data of the research is the clause complexes texts of The Death of Medan Judge.In analyzing the data, the technique used is Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) Analysis. There are sixteen (16) clauses of Extention types were found in this research as the dominant logical function. It shows that sixteen (16) from ten types of logico-semantic relations in are used in the newspaper.
 Keywords: Logico-semantic; SFL; systemic functional linguistic

Bentuk Kebahasaan Ungkapan Makian Dalam Drama Great Teacher Onizuka

Language is created to maintain good relations between people, also to avoid misunderstandings. However, the environment can trigger a change in emotion which is then making someone expressed their feelings in the form of swear words. Swearing aims to express displeasure, hatred, dissatisfaction, exclamation, or even intimacy. Japanese people who are known as people with good values and ethics, are sometimes forced to say such as harsh words to vent their feelings through swear words, named nonoshiri hyougen. The Japanese movie drama Great Teacher Onizuka by Kazuhisa Imai is the object of this research. The research is conducted in a qualitative descriptive approach, which focused on analyzing the use of swearing expressions based on the classification of language forms. The result is that swear words in the form of clauses are not found. Otherwise, swear words in the form of words and phrases are found in the Japanese movie drama Great Teacher Onizuka.
 Keywords: Language, Swear word, Language forms

An Analysis of Code-Mixing in Bunga Citra Lestari’s Love Story #1 – BCL Sebelum & Sesudah Ashraf

This research is aimed at finding out types and forms of code-mixing in the video from Bunga Citra Lestari’s YouTube channel entitled Love Story #1 – BCL Sebelum & Sesudah Ashraf. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The data in this study is a video from the Bunga Citra Lestari’s YouTube channel entitled Love Story #1 – BCL Sebelum & Sesudah Ashraf. In collecting the data, this research used Heed Method. The method is then followed by an independent see-engage-talk technique. Data analysis used in the research is the agih method with an indirect element technique. After conducting the analysis, it was found that there are code-mixing 33 data in the video. There are 24 data for types of code-mixing and 37 data for forms of code-mixing. In the types of code-mixing, there are 15 insertion data, 6 substitution data, and 10 congruent lexicalization data, while for the forms of code-mixing, there are 18 data in the form of word, 3 data in the form phrase, 1 data in hybrid form, and 15 data in the form of clause.

The Topical Theme Depicted in the Talks of Education in Indonesian’s TEDx

The education-related TEDx presentations delivered by Indonesian speakers are a distinct linguistic phenomenon. It is a language in use where the message is communicated entirely through spoken speech as opposed to speaking itself. In light of systemic functional linguistics (SFL), this study examines the management of topical theme in relation to the message organisation of TE in TEDx. The aim of this study was to pinpoint and define the message's current theme in the TEDx format. Using the documentation method, the information was gleaned from an official TEDx broadcaster online. Two methods of analysis have been used: detailed text fragmentation and transcription. Following the analysis, the findings were presented and their theoretical SFL-based interpretation was given. This study shows that the phrasal and clausal forms of language, which are the constructional units of language, have taken on the topical theme in TE of TEDx. Phrasal constructs can be categorised into four different categories: noun phrase (NP), verb phrase (VP), adjective phrase (AP), and prepositional phrase (PP). The topical theme has also been functionalized as a component of other themes and the chain for coherence. This study recommended more examination of the organisation of the other component of the message. To ensure that the entire description of the thematic structure of TE in TEDx is respected, the combinatory analysis of theme and rheme will be essential.

Proving the infeasibility of Horn formulas through read-once resolution

In this paper, we study Horn formulas from the perspective of read-once resolution refutations (RORs). A Horn formula is a Boolean formula in conjunctive normal form (CNF), in which each clause contains at most one positive literal. Horn formulas are used in a number of domains, including program verification, logic programming, and econometrics. In particular, deduction in ProLog is based on unification. Unification is based on resolution and instantiation. Resolution is a system used to prove the infeasibility of Boolean formulas. It is important to note that resolution is both sound and complete. However, resolution is inefficient in the following sense: There exist CNF formulas with resolution refutations whose lengths are bounded below by an exponential function of the input size. At the same time, these formulas admit shorter (polynomially bounded) proofs of infeasibility in other proof systems, such as Frege Systems. Despite this inefficiency, resolution is simple and easy to implement and hence used in a wide variety of theorem provers. In this paper, we study two variants of resolution. These are read-once resolution (ROR) and read-once unit resolution (UROR). Both ROR and UROR are sound. However, they are incomplete since there exist infeasible Boolean formulas which do not have either an ROR or a UROR. In this paper, we look at the problems of determining if a Horn formula has an ROR or a UROR. We also examine the problem of finding the optimal length ROR of a Horn formula from both the computational complexity and the approximation perspectives. Finally, we analyze the copy complexity of Horn formulas with respect to URORs.

The Perception of Manadonese Society to the Fuzz Food

Fuzz food is desperately needed in food defense during the post-COVID-19 pandemic. The problem that arises is: how do the people of Manado perceive fuzz food? The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method through a gastronomic linguistic approach. The naming theory (Palmer, 1976), the basic linguistic theory (1994), and the theory of meaning are used to answer this problem. The results of the study are the lingual form of fuzz food according to the perceptions of the people of Manado in the form of words, phrases, and clauses. The word consists of several names, namely Batman, Eveready, Tinutuan, and Bobengka. The phrase consists of several names, namely Kukis Harijadi Rina, Tinutuan dregs ba', Tinutuan dregs ba', Pangi Ikang, and Rica Rodo. The clause consists of stuffed pork in feathers and sweet potato gravy with bamboo shoots. Kluasa is known by several names, including Woku belanga, Asang sauce with bamboo shoots and sweet potato, and Pangi Ikang in Bulu.The meaning of "fuzzy food" and its denotative and connotative meanings The connotative meaning is Evelyn and Batman.

Penderitaan Dalam Novel Tiba Sebelum Berangkat Karya Faisal Oddang

This study aims to describe: (1) the forms of suffering in Faisal Oddang's Tiba Sebelum Berangkat novel, (2) the causes of suffering in Faisal Oddang's Tiba Sebelum Berangkat novel, (3) how to overcome suffering in Faisal Oddang's Tiba Sebelum Berangkat novel. The object of this research is the novel Tiba Sebelum Berangkat by Faisal Oddang which was published in 2018. This research uses a descriptive method. The data of this research are in the form of words, phrases, clauses and sentences related to forms, causes, and ways of overcoming suffering and in the form of narrator exposure, character speech, character actions contained in the novel Arriving Before Leaving by Faisal Oddang. The research instrument in this study was the researcher himself as the main instrument using a number of formats, both for data collection and for analyzing data. The data collection techniques used in this study were reading and understanding the novel, marking the narratives of the characters and narrators in the novel that match the data sought or needed, identifying data related to the research problems contained in the novel Tiba Sebelum Berangkat by Faisal Oddang . The data analysis technique used in this study is to identify data about Mapata's suffering contained in the novel, analyze the data obtained, draw conclusions about the problems contained in the novel and write it in the form of a research proposal. The results of this study are: (1) forms of suffering, consisting of 3 forms, namely: (a) suffering as pain, (b) suffering as a change, (c) suffering as a condition. (2) causes of suffering, consisting of 3 causes, namely: (a) sensory/sensual desire, (b) desire for existence, (c) desire for non-existence. and (3) how to overcome suffering, consisting of 3 ways, namely: (a) right speech, (b) right effort, (c) right thought.

Potret Perilaku Menyimpang Masyarakat Urban Dalam Novel 24 Jam Bersama Gaspar Karya Sabda Armandio

This study aims to describe: (1) the forms of urban deviant behavior in Sabda Armandio's novel 24 Jam Bersama Gaspar; (2) the causes of deviant behavior in Sabda Armandio's novel 24 Hours with Gaspar; and (3) the impact of deviant behavior deviating urban society in the novel 24 Hours with Gaspar by Sabda Armandio. The research data is in the form of words, phrases, clauses and sentences that indicate the forms, causes, and impacts of deviant behavior in the novel 24 Hours with Gaspar by Sabda Armandio. The research instrument was the author himself, with the help of another instrument in the form of a recording sheet. Data collection techniques include reading and understanding novels, conducting literature studies, determining the main characters, and finding and recording data related to research problems contained in the novel. data analysis techniques, namely, identifying and classifying data. Then interpret the data and conclude the data analysis. The results of the study stated that in the novel 24 Hours with Gaspar by Sabda Armandio, forms of deviant behavior were found, which included (1) robbing or stealing, (2) extramarital sex, and (3) skipping school. (4) fanaticism, (5) followers of false religious teachings, (6) disobedience to parents, and (7) pedophilia. in the novel 24 Hours with Gaspar Karya Sabda Armandio, four factors are found that cause deviant behavior, which include: (1) family disharmony; (2) the expression of disappointment; (3) economic necessity; (4) the influence of the environment and the mass media. In the novel 24 Hours with Gaspar by Sabda Armandio, two impacts of deviant behavior are found: (1) criminality and (2) the fading of values and norms.

Idiomatic expressions used by the Acehnese novelist Arafat Nur in the novel Tanah Surga Merah

Writers as language users are fully aware that idioms are powerful tools to get messages across. This research is to examine idiomatic expressions in Arafat Nur’s novel Tanah Surga Merah (2017). It is intended to find out the types of idiomatic expressions and the contextual meaning used in the novel. The research design of this study was qualitative research. This study was aimed at finding out the seven types of idioms based on O’Dell and McCarty’s (2017) theory and Baker’s (2018) translation strategies for contextual meaning. The techniques of data analysis were data reduction, data display, and data verification suggested by Miles et al. (2018). After collecting and analysing the data from the novel, three types of idioms were found, with 30 idioms in total. There are eight idioms in the form of verb+object/complement/adverb or 27% of the share, 19 idioms in the form of compound, which is the most frequent type of idiom used with a percentage of 63%. Lastly, there were only three idioms in the form of simile, or 10% of the share. Idioms in the form of prepositional verbs, binomial (word+word), trinomial (word+word+word), and whole clauses or sentences were not found in this novel. In a nutshell, the contextual meaning of those idioms in the novel varied based on the situations and the contexts which function to describe feelings, emotions, and conditions in conversations. Paraphrasing is the most suitable translating strategy for equal meaning in English as it provides meaning in the context of the idioms found in the novel, and compound idioms are mostly used by the author to describe the characters in the novel.

CODE SWITCHING DAN CODE MIXING PADA NOVEL CRYING WINTER KARYA MELL SHALIHA

The purpose of this study describes the types of code switching and code mixing in Mell Shaliha Crying Winter novel and the factors that cause code switching and code mixing. The method used in this research is qualitative method. This study uses a qualitative method. Data collection is done by observation and note-taking. The results of this study explain that code switching and code mixing events in the novel Crying Winter are found, namely internal and external code switching in the form of English into Indonesian and vice versa, Korean into Indonesian and the phenomenon of code mixing in the form of words, phrases, baster and clauses. The factors that influence the existence of code switching and code mixing are the participants, the situation, and the influence of the previous speech, and the aims of the conversation.

Modulation in the Idiom Translation from English to Indonesian in the Novel Rich People Problems

Modulation ​​is seen as two different points of view in a similar situation. This research describes the modulation in the translation of idioms in the novel Rich People Problems. The material objects of the research were the English novel Rich People Problems and its Indonesian translation. The idioms were in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences found in the novels. The data-collecting process included reading and then underlining them. After the idioms were identified, their meanings were checked and verified using the idiom dictionaries. The idioms were analyzed by using the theory of Makkai (1972) and the modulation theory by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995). Phrasal verb idioms were not dominantly shifted though they are mostly found in the translation of idioms. In addition, modulation can have both narrowing and widening meanings in the target language. On the other hand, modulation mainly occurs in sentences or idioms that take the form of sentences or clauses.

Speech Errors Performed by Former American Presidents in “60 Minutes” Interview: A Comparative Analysis

This study has the purpose of depicting the kinds of speech errors, the comparison of speech errors’ frequency, and the causes of speech errors made by former American Presidents Barack Obama (BO) and Donald Trump (DT) as the interviewee in an interview program entitled "60 Minutes". This study used a qualitative approach. The data source was BO and DT’s video in “60 Minutes” Interview. The data in this study were in the form of words, phrases, and clauses transcribed from the speech made by BO and DT. Based on the analysis, it was found that BO made 111 speech errors and six (6) types of speech errors, while DT made 90 speech errors and nine (9) types of speech errors. The causes of speech errors made by former American Presidents in “60 Minutes” 2020 interview are caused by social factors, both situational anxiety, and social circumstances.

Sustainable Development Clauses in the International Law of the Sea

INTRODUCTION. The international legal content of the concept of sustainable development, so common in international treaties and sometimes expressed in different terms, undoubtedly requires modern clarification, as well as its place in the system of international law. Firstly, it is interesting to answer the question of how ideas of sustainable development have resulted in their crystallization as a concept of international law. Secondly, using treaty sources of the international law of the sea, where this notion is particularly common, it is meaningful to identify the intentions of States parties to such treaties to consider sustainable development clauses as legal obligations. Thirdly, it is important to determine whether these clauses now constitute a principle of the international law of the sea or whether they retain the status of separate treaty obligations that are not interrelated. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article is based on the analysis primarily of the norms of the international law of the sea, in which the term «sustainable development» is applied, with reference to the scientific and legal literature and judicial decisions relevant to the topic. The research involves methods of legal construction, legal modeling, analysis and synthesis, systematic, struc­tural-functional, formal-logical, formal-legal, histori­cal and chronological methods. RESEARCH RESULTS. The analysis of international treaties and other international legal instruments applicable to the issue has shown that the long-standing ideas of «sustainable development» are now normatively well-established; that the provisions of international treaties on sustainable development have already developed as an inter-branch (cross-cutting) principle of international law at the intersection, primarily, of the international law of the sea and international environmental law; that States undertake in practice explicit obligations and exercise relevant rights in the framework of upholding this cross-cutting principle. The authors’ vision of the content of this principle is offered and its various manifestations in the international law of the sea are shown. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The study critically evaluates the prevailing view in the Western international legal literature that the idea of sustainable development was suggested by the 1987 Report «Our Common Future» (the Brundtland Report). It has been shown that the idea predates this report, and that the initial mechanisms for sustainable development had already been reflected in existing interna­tional treaties by 1987. The suggestion is made that the international legal concept of sustainable development has several cumulative components that together define its content. Among these there are elements that are part of this concept primarily because they are means of achieving sustainable development goals, having a much narrower scope if interpreted in isolation. The international legal principle of sustainable development seeks to resolve the tensions primarily between the States’ right to development and their duty to protect the environment, serving as a nexus that ensures that neither the one nor the other is neglected. Its social dimension is undoubtedly significant, although it has been interpreted very differently in the interna­tional legal literature. In the context of contemporary international law, it is expedient to assert an inter-branch (cross-cutting) nature of the sustainable development principle: its legal content extends beyond the scope of specific branches of international law, including international law of the sea, international environmental and economic law. However, most international treaties of a universal and especially regional character that contain some form of sustainable development clauses currently refer to sources of the international law of the sea, which may certainly change in the future.

Sajak Ladang Jagung Karya Taufiq Ismail: Kajian Semiotika Riffaterre

Literary works in Indonesia is developing quite rapidly. However, with this development the author can give a new touch in his work. One of the developing literary works is poetry, both in terms of its structure and meaning. Research objectives: (1) describe semantic indirection, (2) describe heuristic and hermeneutic readings (3) describe matriks, models, and variant, (4) and show the hypogram from the poems of Januari, 1949 by Taufiq Ismail. This research is included in the type of literary research using descriptive methods because the sources are books and journals. The data are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences from the Januari, 1949 poem by Taufiq Ismail. The sources of the data in this study were the poems in the book Sajak Ladang Jagung by Tufiq Ismail which was published by Pustaka Jaya. The data collection technique used is recording. The findings of this study are (1) semantic indirection, (2) heuristic and hermeneutic reading, (3) matriks, models, variant and, (4) hypogram from Taufiq Ismail’s Januari, 1949 poem.