Form Of Catechin Research Articles

Review of Chemical, Biological, and Epistemological Elements: Mamaq Tradition

Mamaq by the ancestors of the Sasak people was an activity of chewing betel nut, lime, betel leaf, and tobacco, and ending with shrinkage. Betel leaves contain glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and anthraquinones. These compounds contain antimicrobial activity that can fight Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans fungi. Meanwhile, whiting is a strong base because it has a pH of 11-12.5. This is because in the mouth there is saliva which can maintain a pH of around 6.8. Saliva contains phosphate buffer solutions H2PO4- and HPO42-. And gambir contains a component in the form of catechins which function as antioxidants and antibacterials. The purpose of this research is to study philosophical values, especially epistemology, which investigates the origin, and composition of methods and knowledge related to mamaq philosophy and natural science concepts, especially chemistry, and compounds, and what reactions occur in the mamaq process that has not been revealed. The study uses the library method. From the results of thestudy, it was concluded that in addition to the philosophy in the ingredients for mamaq it can also be described the chemical compounds contained in the ingredients for mamaq, starting from whiting, green betel leaf, gambier, and areca nut.

Comparison Between Antibacterial Extract of Gambier (UncariagambirRoxb) and Chlorhexidine 2% to Enterococcus Faecalis

Background: In the case of reinfection after endodontic treatment, Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterium that is commonly found in root canals. Irrigation was carried out to eliminate Enterococcus faecalis from the root canal. Chlorhexidine 2% irrigating agent was effective in reducing the growth of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria and fungi, but it could not dissolve tissue. Gambir extract (UncariagambirRoxb) has antioxidant and antibacterial with phenolic content in the form of catechins. Purpose: Describe the antibacterial comparison of gambier extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb) and 2% chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria. Material and Methods: This research is a laboratory experimental research. Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 is a microbiological sample. Extract of gambier (UncariagambirRoxb) with concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%. 2% chlorhexidine solution and a paper disc to measure the inhibition zone were placed on a petri dish containing Mueller-Hinton agar medium, and incubated 1x24 hours. Gambier extract was made by maceration and rotavapor methods. Results: Gambier extract (UncariagambirRoxb) and 2% chlorhexidine affected the growth inhibition of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria by forming a clear zone around the paper disc in each petri dish. Concentration of 3% is the largest value of the inhibition zone formed in the extract of gambeir (UncariagambirRoxb), while chlorhexidine 2% shows the largest inhibition zone, this can be seen from the average inhibition zone formed of 17.20 mm.Conclussion: There are differences in the antibacterial of gambier extract (UncariagambirRoxb) and 2% chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria.

Biological effects and molecular docking studies of Catechin 5-O-gallate: antioxidant, anticholinergics, antiepileptic and antidiabetic potentials

Gallocatechin gallate is a form of catechin and an ester of gallocatechin and gallic acid. This is an epimer of the gallate epigallocatechin. In this study, the effect of this molecule, containing a biologically active group, was investigated in terms of important metabolic enzymes (carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II (hCA I and II), achethylcholinesterase (AChE) and α-glycosidase (α-Gly) enzymes). The molecular docking method used to compare the biological activities of the Catechin 5-O-gallate molecule against enzymes was used. Afterwards, the ADME/T analysis was performed to investigate the drug availability of the Catechin 5-O-gallate molecule and the parameters obtained from ADME/T analysis were examined. Continuation of this study, for evaluating antioxidant and radical scavenging capacity Catechin 5-O-gallate, cupric ion (Cu2+) reduction capacity by CUPRAC method, Fe3+-Fe2+ reducing capacity, DPPH free radical clarifying (DPPH·), ABTS radical clarifying (ABTS•+) were performed separately and during the study, trolox, α-tocopherol BHT and BHA were used as the reference antioxidant compound. Comparisons were applied with the four standard substances. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

The activity of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) seed extract containing catechin as a skin lightening agent

Context: Indonesia is a tropical country with high UV rays. UV rays can increase melanin synthesis in the skin and cause the skin to become darker and hyperpigmented. One way to overcome this problem is the use of skin lightening agents through the mechanism of tyrosinase inhibition. Flavonoids have antioxidant activity and inhibit the process of melanogenesis. Also, avocado seeds contain secondary metabolites of flavonoids in the form of catechin. Aims: To determine the potential and activity of catechin as skin lightening agent against the target protein, tyrosinase, by in silico test using molecular docking method and in vitro test compared to kojic acid. Methods: In silico assay was carry out using a computational method with autodock 4.2 program to demonstrate the affinity of active compound (catechin) with tyrosinase as the target protein by evaluating the binding energy value. Inhibition of tyrosinase is one way to inhibit the formation of melanin, so the skin becomes brighter. Spectrophotometry method was conducted to measure the absorbance of dopachrome and calculate the percentage of tyrosinase inhibition to be altered as IC50. Results: The energy values ​​of catechin and kojic acid in tyrosinase enzymes were -7.64 kcal/mol and -5.03 kcal/mol, respectively. The energy value of the catechin bond was smaller than kojic acid in the tyrosinase. The bond energy value showed that catechin had greater potential than kojic acid as a skin lightening agent by inhibiting tyrosinase in silico using the molecular docking method. The IC50 value from ethyl acetate extract of avocado seeds disrupt the tyrosinase using the in vitro test was 93.02 ± 1.98 mg/mL, while IC50 kojic acid was 48.67 ± 0.1 mg/mL. Conclusions: Avocado seeds extract containing catechin has a potential activity as a lightening agent by inhibiting the tyrosinase. Further research must be done to fractionation the extract to get a significant effect.

IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO STUDIES OF THE POSSIBLE CHEMOPREVENTIVE FUNCTIONS OF SOYBEAN ISOFLAVONE AND FLAVONOIDS ON BREAST CANCER

Objectives: In this study, we assess the possible influence of soybean isoflavone (genistein) and other flavonoids (quercetin and catechin) on breast cancer chemoprevention. We design in-vitro and in-vivo experiments to analyze the effect of genistein, quercetin and catechin on cell proliferation, cell migration, and angiogenesis of breast cancer cells. Methods: In cell proliferation experiment, MCF-7 cells, SKBR-3 cells, and HUVEC cells were treated with genistein and other flavonoids (catechin and/or quercetin) for 48[Formula: see text]h to assess the influence on cell growth of normal and breast cancer cells. In cell motility test, we analyze the effect of isoflavone and flavonoids on migration ability of MCF-7 cells by 16[Formula: see text]h and SKBR-3 cells by 24[Formula: see text]h in two different concentrations (1.25[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/ml and 2.5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/ml). In the in-vivo experiment, SKBR-3 cells mixed with PBS and catechin, respectively, were injected subcutaneously into nude mice, then we investigated the effect of catechin on cell growth by observing subcutaneous tumor size changes after 15 days. Results: The results suggest that genistein and quercetin can significantly inhibit proliferation of breast cancer cells, and their inhibitory effects are independent of estrogen receptor. In cell motility tests, all of the three phytochemicals were effective in the inhibition of cell migration on two breast cancer cell lines, except for quercetin on cell migration of SKBR-3 cell line. In the in-vitro experiment, catechin showed stimulatory effect on cell proliferation of HUVEC cell line, which may consider positive effect on angiogenesis, rather than inhibitory effect. However, in the in-vivo experiment, it showed no significant change in tumor size between the groups of with and without catechin treatment. Conclusions: According to our study, the results suggest that isoflavone and flavonoids tend to inhibit cell growth and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Our in-vivo experiment does not reach a significant result, and it may be due to lower catechin concentration. Under in-vivo environment, we should also consider the possible metabolic forms of catechin that cause different result from the in-vitro study.

Assessment of the waste lubricating oils management with antioxidants vegetables extracts based resources using EPR and FTIR spectroscopy techniques

Despite the advantages of bio-sourced lubricants, they are still far from replacing petroleum energy because of their poor cold flow properties and oxidation stability, so the recycling of waste lubricating oil with antioxidant vegetables extracts based energy resources remains a key management to avoid environmental pollution by millions of tons of degraded lubricating oils, and to contribute a good economic management of oil consumption which is being depleted.The regeneration of lubricating oils using vegetable oils is a method of trapping free radicals produced during lubricant degradation due to their tribological and physico-chemical property, including renewable character and biodegradability.This study aims to evaluate the effect of Chamaerops Humilis L. (EEG) and Amposta red onion (EET) antioxidants extracts on the regeneration of waste lubricating oils, using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. These oily extracts have chosen because of their important composition of total Phenols in the form of Catechins and Gallic acid which offer them a very effective oxidation inhibition.The obtained results show that the oily naturel extract based on Chamaerops Humilis L has an oxidation inhibitor up to 82% and 60% for Amposta Red Onion extract.

Green Tea Catechins: Role in Oral Health and Disease. An Overview

Tea is being consumed since ages mainly by Asian population. The ongoing research in recent years have well established the role of tea as an important agent providing various systemic and oral health benefits besides being consumed as popular beverage. It exists mainly in three forms namely green, oolong and black, which differ from each other in their method of processing. Green tea is considered the most effective in this regard because of large amount of polyphenols present in it mainly in the form of catechins. The systemic health benefits include prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-bacterial, antiangiogenic, anti-oxidative, anti-viral, neuroprotective and cholesterol lowering effects. Green tea polyphenols do have a significant role in pathogenesis of several oral diseases like tooth decay, oral cancer, periodontal diseases and so on. This article will emphasise the beneficial effects of green tea particularly in oral health with a word of caution against its excessive use.

Biosynthesis of catechin components is differentially regulated in dark-treated tea (Camellia sinensis L.)

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a crop with both commercial and medicinal value with remarkably high polyphenol content in the form of catechins. To understand the molecular regulation of catechin biosynthesis in tea, we treated the tea plants with darkness. We used qRT-PCR to validate the expression of genes involved in catechin biosynthesis. It indicated that dark treatment displayed different effects on the genes participating in tea flavonoid (FL) pathway. The early genes of FL biosynthesis pathway, CHSI, F3H and DFR, remained at steady expression levels when treated by darkness. It is noteworthy that the expression level of LAR increased and the level of ANS decreased under dark conditions. The vanillin assay showed that the dark-treated plants contained lower levels of total catechins than those grown under normal conditions. The HPLC analysis further demonstrated the changes in biosynthesis of catechins under these conditions. In accordance with the gene expression pattern, the content of epicatechins (ECs) declined and that of catechins (Cs) was elevated in response to the darkness. Our study uncovered the molecular mechanisms and biochemical changes of shading in tea cultivation.

Diversity among various forms of catechins and its synthesizing enzyme (phenylalanine ammonia lyase) in relation to quality of black tea (Camellia spp.)

Quality of tea depends on the cultivar and climatic conditions. Biochemical pathways within the plant and climatic factors can result in noticeable changes in chemical composition, which determine the quality of tea. Black tea quality attributes are influenced by various forms of catechins, namely gallated, non-gallated, dihydroxylated and trihydroxylated catechins and their ratios. Hence the variations in grouped catechins and their synthesizing enzyme in relation to quality of south Indian black tea grown in different seasons and different cultivars were studied. Gallated, non-gallated, dihydroxylated, trihydroxylated catechins and catechin index were significantly higher in crop shoots harvested during summer. A significant and wide diversity in various forms of catechins was noticed among the cultivars tested. Among the cultivars, UPASI-3 registered the higher amount of various forms of catechins and activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), followed by UPASI-9 and UPASI-17 respectively, while the lowest amount was exhibited by 'Assam' seedlings and TRI-2043. Overall quality as evaluated by tea tasters was positively correlated to the cultivars and seasons tested. This positive correlation can be attributed to higher levels of grouped catechins and PAL activity. Thus the contents of various forms of catechins could be the most important quality parameter of the south Indian black teas.

Glycero- and Sphingo-glycolipids from Green Tea

Tea is one of the most broadly distributed beverages in the world, which is prepared from the dried leaves of Camellia sinensis. Polyphenols in the form of catechins, the abundant metabolites of tea are considered to be responsible for a number of biological activities including cancer therapy and anti-inflammatory effect [1–4]. Fifteen glycolipids including two glycerosulfoquinovolipids, nine glycerogalactoolipids and four sphingoglucolipids were isolated and identified for the first time from green tea. The reported anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-HIV activities of these types of agents open a debate on their role in the activities associated with green tea.

Catechins Induce Oxidative Damage to Cellular and Isolated DNA through the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species

Green tea catechins have antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activities. On the other hand, several epidemiological studies have indicated significant positive relationship between green tea consumption and cancer. Catechins enhance colon carcinogenesis in rats initiated with chemical carcinogen. To clarify the mechanism underlying the potential carcinogenicity, we investigated the DNA-damaging ability of catechins in human cultured cells. Catechin increased the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), a characteristic oxidative DNA lesion, in human leukemia cell line HL-60 but not in HP100, a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-resistant cell line derived from HL-60. The catechin-induced formation of 8-oxodG in HL-60 cells significantly decreased by bathocuproine. Furthermore, we investigated DNA damage and its site-specificity induced by catechins, using 32P-labeled DNA fragments. Catechin and epicatechin induced extensive DNA damage in the presence of Cu(II). Catechin caused piperidine-labile sites at thymine and cytosine residues in the presence of Cu(II). Catalase and bathocuproine inhibited the DNA damage, indicating the involvement of H2O2 and Cu(I). NADH enhanced catechins plus Cu(II)-induced 8-oxodG formation in calf thymus DNA, suggesting the redox cycle between catechins and their corresponding quinones, the oxidized forms of catechins. The DNA-damaging ability of epicatechin is stronger than that of catechin, possibly due to the greater turnover frequency of the redox cycle. The difference in their redox properties could be explained by their redox potentials estimated form an ab initio molecular orbital calculation. The present study demonstrated that catechins could induce metal-dependent H2O2 generation during the redox reactions and subsequently damage to cellular and isolated DNA. Therefore, it is reasonably considered that green tea catechins may have the dual function of anticarcinogenic and carcinogenic potentials.