Form Of Cakes Research Articles

Use of babassu products in animal nutrition

The objective was to perform a review of the derived products from babassu (in the form of cake and meal) that are used as substitutes for traditional foods in diets of livestock animals of interest, where it was possible to prove its effectiveness when used at appropriate levels in the diet, because most of the studies analyzed there was no compromising on performance, carcass yield and productivity of animals or being a good option as alternative food, since food is one of the factors that limit breeding because of the high cost.

THE EXPERIENCE IN THE APPLICATION OF ZONAL PATCHWORK MODELING IN THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE METHODS OF MANUFACTURING THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD'S LARGE VESSELS

The article presents the results of experimental works, namely the application of zonal patchwork modeling in the manufacturing of large vessels, the shape and dimensions of which are similar to the Neolithic pitcomb vessels of the Volga region. It is dealt with the problems of identifying methods of designing archaeological ceramics techniques and of the findings verification. The experiment was carried out on the basis of the Samara expedition on the study of ancient pottery. The moulding compound with animal manure and gruss was prepared. Two ways were used: 1) the manufacture of the vessel in the shape of the container in accordance with a bottomcapacitive program of filling designing, with zonal patchwork modeling. Flat squashed lumps of mass in the form of flat cake in size of 4x4 cm and 5x8 cm were used as construction elements; 2) the manufacture of the vessel on the basis-form, the bottom-capacitance filling, small pre-element. The scraps 2.5-3 cm long were applied as building elements; they broke away from the braid 2-2,5 cm in diameter. The building was continuously carried out uninterruptedly in a path similar to the spiral. The experiment demonstrated the possibility and the maximum convenience of manufacturing of round-bottom and sharp-bottom vessels of large sizes with zonal patchwork modeling with the use of different form-models.

Combination of pulsed electric fields, mild heat and essential oils as an alternative to the ultrapasteurization of liquid whole egg

The production of microbiologically safe liquid whole egg (LWE) by industrial ultrapasteurization is restricted by the high thermal sensitivity of LWE components. This research proposes an alternative treatment based on the application of pulsed electric fields (PEF) and mild heat, in the presence of natural essential oils (EOs) or their individual components (ICs). The obtained results indicate that the successive application of PEF (25kV/ and 100kJ/kg) followed by heat (60°C during 3.5') to LWE added with 200μL/L of lemon EO would reach 4log10cycles of inactivation of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W and Listeria monocytogenes, when any of these barriers acting alone inactivated less than 1.5log10cycles of either bacteria. Therefore, the synergism between lemon EO and the successive application of PEF and heat would provide a safety level similar to that of ultrapasteurization treatment for Salmonella Senftenberg 775W and L. monocytogenes, but at a lower temperature. To a lesser extent, synergism with the successive application of PEF and heat was also observed in the presence of 200μL/L of carvacrol, citral, (+)-limonene, or mandarin EO, reaching about 3.5log10cycles of inactivation in Salmonella Senftenberg and 3.0log10cycles in L. monocytogenes, respectively. A sensory test on LWE containing 200μL/L of each additive in the form of omelets and sponge cakes revealed that this concentration of mandarin EO, lemon EO, or (+)-limonene did not decrease the sensory acceptability of the LWE-containing products, and lemon EO and mandarin EO even increased the hedonic acceptability of sponge cakes. In conclusion, this process could be applied in the food industry to obtain microbiologically safe LWE, which could be used to produce egg-based products without decreasing (and even increasing) their sensory appeal.

English

A study was conducted at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore in June - July season of two different years to find out suitable organics for enhanced productivity of rice cv ADT 43 for organic seed production. The treatment comprises of soil application of neem cake, biogas slurry, vermicompost, green leaf manure + azolla and farmyard manure based on recommended N requirement and was compared with inorganic fertilization with recommended doses of NPK. At vegetative, flowering and seed maturation stages, parts of the treatments were sprayed with panchagavya 3%, where the unsprayed plots served as check except for plots applied with inorganic nutrients. The results revealed among the organic soil application of neem cake (1786 kg ha-1) along with 3% panchakavya foliar spray maximized the yield along with yield attributing characters (plant height, total number of tillers hill-1, productive tillers hill-1, chlorophyll content, panicle length). However, the yield was higher with basal nutrients applied as inorganic (3537 kg ha-1 in initial and 4352 kg ha-1 in confirmation), which was on par with neem cake + panchakavya (3500 kg ha-1 in initial and 4315 kg ha-1 in confirmation),GLM + azolla (3380 kg ha-1 in initial) and GLM + azolla + panchakavya (4213 kg ha-1 in confirmation) treatments and sprayed with panchakavya at vegetative, flowering and maturity, but both were on par with organic nutrients scored as the best in both years (initial and confirmation) of experimentation and was followed by nutrients applied in the form of neem cake and sprayed with 3% panchakavya spray and was on par. Evaluation of resultant organic seed quality characters including field emergence of organically produced seed as above also recorded higher filled seeds, seed recovery, seed hardness, 100 seed weight, seed germination, vigour, biochemical attributes, such as total sugars and protein content and the activity of ATPase, alpha – amylase and dehydrogenase enzymes ,which were even higher than seeds of inorganic nutrients.   Key words: Rice, organic seed production, organic techniques, organic manures, quality seeds.

Air flow resistance across nonwoven filter fabric covered with microfiber layer used in wood dust separation

Modern nonwoven filter fabrics covered with a microfiber layer make it possible to carry out surface filtration. A dust cake forms only on their upstream side and influences the air flow resistance across the filter. The mode of formation of the flow resistance caused by such a fabric during the separation of very fine wood dust particles was the subject of a comparative investigation using a homogeneous, standard nonwoven filtering fabric. The experiments carried out in a pilot-scale pulse-jet bag filter enabled a detailed description of the increase in pressure drop across the dust cake formed during filtering cycles repeated hundreds of times. Based of the results obtained the difference in this filtration parameter between polyester-based nonwoven filter fabrics with a standard and a layered structure with microfiber was also shown.

Batch Simulation of Multistage Countercurrent Extraction of Uranium in Yellow Cake from Monazite Processing with 5% TBP/Kerosene

In the processing of monazite ore to separate uranium, thorium and rare earth elements composed in the ore, uranium is first extracted and precipitated in the form of sodium diuranate (Na2U2O7) or yellow cake. This yellow cake requires further purification to remove thorium and traces of rare earth impurities from the cake. The extraction of uranium in 4N HNO3 with 5% TBP/kerosene extractant has been studied with a series batchwise extraction to simulate multistage countercurrent solvent extraction. Feed solutions were prepared from yellow cake obtained from the processing of monazite ore which has about 60% purity of uranium. Simulated continuous countercurrent extraction with 4, 5 and 6 extraction stages were carried out. Equilibrium distribution coefficients (D) of both uranium and thorium were found to decrease with increasing feed concentration and distribution coefficient of uranium is about 8.8 to 10.8 times higher than that of thorium. The highest distribution coefficient of uranium is 3.107 at uranium concentration of 3,182mg/L. Uranium recovery was found to increase from 83.76 to 90.91% with the increasing number of extraction stage from 4 to 5. Increasing of solvent to feed ratio from 1:1 to 2:1 also increases uranium recovery from 83.76 to 93.30%. However, purity of uranium obtained from most extraction seems to be limited at 93-94%. This suggests that a scrubbing process will be required to improve the purity of uranium in this extraction system.

Recycling of kerf loss silicon derived from diamond-wire saw cutting process by chemical approach

Treatment processes of the kerf loss silicon using a chemical approach, hydrobromination reaction, have been investigated. Since the kerf loss silicon is generated in the cutting process of silicon ingot using a diamond wire saw, the sample in a form of wet cake was composed of fine particles of silicon kerf, cutting lubricant, and metallic impurities. The removal efficiency of lubricant and metal impurities using acetone and acid solutions, respectively, were examined by thermal and elemental analyses. The heat treatment was necessary, rather than the washing with acetone, for complete removal of the lubricant from the sample. After being treated successively with organic solvent (acetone) and acid (HNO3 and HCl), the dry sample obtained at each step was exposed to HBr gas in a flow reactor heated at 400°C. The reactivity was evaluated with respect to the conversion of HBr. The HBr conversion was much higher with the use of kerf silicon that did not experience acid treatment. Furthermore, the metal impurity concentration without acid treatment after the reaction was much lower than that with acid treatment. Further, to examine the impact of abrasive grain on the purity of the obtained products, diamond particles were intentionally added to the silicon sample. The presence of diamond gave little influence on the metal impurities in products, indicating that the operation of hydrobromination can eliminate the important steps adopted in the traditional purification process for kerf loss silicon with the acid treatment of metallurgical approach.

Synergism of Mud Cake Modifier with Forming Agent of Agglomerated Cake at Cement-Formation Interface with MTA Method

Based on the method of mud cake to agglomerated cake (MTA), the synergism of mud cake modifier (MCM) with forming agent of agglomerated cake (FAAC) in oil and gas well is studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results show that the mud cake with MCM at cement-formation interface (CFI) is corroded by FAAC. And the corrosion spots and cracks are formed. The glassy substance in mud cake is depolymerized by hydrated ions from oilwell cement slurry through these spots and cracks. The soluble ionic groups in mud cake form. The diagenesis in mud cake at CFI occurs. The calcium silicate hydrates (CSH), ettringite, film zeolite, rod zeolite and natrolite gels in mud cake generate. Ultimately, it achieves the integrated solidification and cementation (ISC) among cement paste, agglomerated cake and formation at CFI. This paper explains why the isolation quality of CFI is improved by the MTA method.

Precipitation and purification of uranium from rock phosphate

This study was carried-out to leach uranium from rock phosphate using sulphuric acid in the presence of potassium chlorate as an oxidant and to investigate the relative purity of different forms of yellow cakes produced with ammonia, magnesia and sodium hydroxide as precipitants, as well as purification of the products with TBP and matching its impurity levels with specifications of the commercial products. Alpha-particle spectrometry was used for determination of activity concentration of uranium isotopes in rock phosphate, resulting phosphoric acid, and in different forms of the yellow cake. Likewise, atomic absorption spectroscopy was used for determination of impurities. On the average, the equivalent mass concentration of uranium was 119.38 ± 79.66 ppm (rock phosphate) and 57.85 ± 20.46 ppm (phosphoric acid) with corresponding low percent of dissolution (48 %) which is considered low. The isotopic ratio (234U:238U) in all stages of hydrometallurgical process was not much different from unity indicating lack of fractionation. Upon comparing the levels of impurities in different form of crude yellow cakes, it was found that the lowest levels were measured in hydrated trioxide (UO3·xH2O). This implies that saturated magnesia is least aggressive relative to other precipitants and gives relatively pure crude cake. Therefore, it was used as an index to judge the relative purity of other forms of yellow cakes by taking the respective elemental ratios. The levels of impurities (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb) in the purified yellow cake were found comparable with those specified for commercial products.

Process development for uranium and vanadium recovery from Korean Okcheon black shale ore leach liquor

The main goal of the proposed chemical methodology is to extract uranium and vanadium without other associated metals such as iron and aluminum. It also deals with the development of recovery processes for uranium and vanadium by preparation of yellow cake and vanadium pentoxide. Korean Okcheon black shale ore leach liquor contains 570 mg/dm3 uranium and 890 mg/dm3 vanadium with high iron (12,560 mg/dm3) and aluminum (13,460 mg/dm3) metal concentrations, at lower pH conditions were developed for uranium recovery and then modify the extraction of raffinate pH for vanadium recovery studies. By invoking a scrubbing process, unwanted impurities were separated from loaded organic phases, and the regenerated extractant was utilized for further cycles. The metal contents in aqueous solution were determined by using the advanced analytical technique inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Finally in the present developed methodology, ~95 % of uranium was recovered in the form of yellow cake and ~50 % of vanadium was recovered as vanadium pentoxide.

Digestibilidade intestinal in vitro da proteína de coprodutos da indústria do biodiesel

Determinou-se a digestibilidade intestinal (DI) da proteína de vários coprodutos do biodiesel nas formas de farelo e torta. Foram avaliados oito coprodutos: tortas e farelos de pinhão manso, nabo forrageiro, tremoço, algodão. Os coprodutos foram incubados no rúmen por 16 horas, e os resíduos não degradados no rúmen submetidos à digestão enzimática com solução de pepsina e pancreatina para a determinação da DI. Ainda, nos resíduos da incubação ruminal, foram determinadas: degradabilidade da matéria seca (DR), proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR) e proteína não degradável no rúmen (PNDR). A digestibilidade intestinal da proteína para os coprodutos do biodiesel variou de 2,4 a 48,6%. Todos os coprodutos avaliados caracterizaram-se como alimentos de alto teor proteico, sendo considerados de alta PDR, e apresentaram baixa digestibilidade intestinal da proteína. A DI da proteína dos coprodutos do biodiesel na forma de torta foi maior em comparação com a dos farelos. A torta e o farelo de algodão apresentaram os maiores coeficientes de DI.

Effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen on growth, yield and quality of Sapota ‘Kalipatti’

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic and inorganic nitrogen in the form of urea and castor cake on the growth, yielding and fruit quality of sapota trees. Nitrogen in the form of urea significantly influenced the vegetative growth of the trees. The greatest tree height (7.26 m), tree spread (8.11 m in N-S and 8.13 m in E-W directions), fruit weight (63.65 g), the number of fruit per tree (2627.56) and fruit yield per tree (163.30 kg) were obtained with the application of 900 g N/tree in the form of urea. However, that was found on a par with the application of 900 g N/tree in which 50% N was from urea and 50% from castor cake. Total sugars and reducing sugars content in fruit was found the highest in the 900 g N/tree treatment in which 25% N was from urea and 75% N from castor cake.

Alteration in yield and chemical composition of essential oil of Mentha piperita L. plant: Effect of fly ash amendments and organic wastes

Fly ash (FA), containing considerable amounts of K, Ca, Mg and S can be potentially used as a soil amendment. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of various concentrations of FA (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) along with Garden soil (GS) and organic wastes in the form of oil cakes (Jatropha and mustard) on growth responses, element accumulation, yield and composition of volatile oil of Mentha piperita plant (essential oil bearing crop). Application of FA at >50% reduced plant growth, oil yield and its composition, whereas addition of FA at level of ≤50% exhibited positive results. Supplementation of Jatropha oil cake (OC1) along with FA had better response compared to other treatments. Treatment of FA (50% FA+50% GS) along with OC1 was the best ameliorant to support growth and essential oil yield of M. piperita. It is recommended that M. piperita may be grown in a region where fly ash is used for amendment of agricultural soil.

Potential of powdered activated mustard cake for decolorising raw sugar

Carbon decolorisation has become customary in the food processing industries; however, it is not economical. Extensive research has therefore been directed towards investigating potential substitutes for commercial activated carbons which might have the advantage of offering an effective, lower-cost replacement for existing bone char or coal-based granular activated carbon (GAC). The physical (bulk density and hardness), chemical (pH and mineral content) and adsorption characteristics (iodine test, molasses test and raw sugar decolorisation efficiency) of powdered activated mustard cake (PAMC) made from de-oiled mustard cake were determined and compared to commercial adsorbents. Although the colour removal efficiency of the PAMC is lower than that of commercial materials, it is cost effective and eco-friendly compared to the existing decolorisation/refining processes. To reduce the load on GAC/activated carbon/charcoal, PAMC could be used on an industrial scale. A decolorisation mechanism has been postulated on the basis of oxygen surface functionalities and surface charge of the PAMC and, accordingly, charge transfer interaction seems to be responsible for the decolorisation mechanism. In addition, a complex interplay of electrostatics and dispersive interaction seem to be involved during the decolorisation process. A low-cost agricultural waste product in the form of de-oiled mustard cake was converted to an efficient adsorbent, PAMC, for use in decolorising raw as well as coloured sugar solutions. The physical, chemical, adsorption characteristics and raw sugar decolorisation efficiency of PAMC were determined and compared to those of commercial adsorbents. The colour removal efficiency of the PAMC is lower than that of commercial materials but it is cost effective and eco-friendly as compared to existing decolorisation/refining processes. The availability of the raw material for the production of PAMC further demands its use on an industrial scale.

Potential role of organic matters and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on growth of mungbean (Vigna radiata) and their response to management of phytonematodes

An experiment was conducted during 2007–09 to eplore addition of organic matters and phosphate-salubilizing bacteria (PSB) to soil as an alternative means of organic management of nematodes under field condition at Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. Organic matters in the form of oilseed cakes of neem (Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.), castor (Ricinus communis L.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), linseed (Linum usitatissimum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were found to be highly efficacious in reducing the multiplication of plant-parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne incognita (Kofold & White) Chitwood, Rotylenchulus reniformis Limnford & Oliveira, Tylenchorhynchus brassicae, etc. The plant growth parameters such as plant weight, pollen fertility (%), pods/plant, root-nodulation and chlorophyll content of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] increased significantly. The multiplication rate of phyto-nematodes and number of root- galls caused by M. incognita greatly affected in the presence of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Trevisan) Migula as compared to its absence. Damage caused by the nematodes was further reduced when Pseudomonas fluorescens was added along with the oilseed cakes. Neem-cake was found most effective in combination with Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Cake forming and filtering time in the spiral discharging fine coal filtering centrifuge

Based on the realization of moving-bed cake filtering, the concepts of static-bed filtering time and moving-bed filtering time in the helical-conveyor fine coal filtering centrifuge were proposed, and the mathematic relations between the time defined and the main factors related were studied in detail. The results show that the static-bed filtering time is the function of the spiral heads and the rotation rate deference between the spiral and the porous drum, while the moving-bed filtering time is the function of the cone angle of the porous drum, the radius of the porous drum, the spiral angle, and the rotation rate deference. The functions deduced are of great significance for fine coal filtering centrifuge’s parameters determining and optimizing. It is shown that the filtering centrifuge with smaller spiral angle, smaller rotation rate deference, and smaller cone angle may do a better job for fine coal dewatering.

Effects of different forms of olive cake on the performance and carcass quality of Awassi lambs

Effects of form of olive cake (OC) on growth performances and carcass quality were studied on forty-eight Awassi lambs. All lambs were male with an average body weight of 29.5kg (S.D.=2.3kg) at the beginning of the experiment. Animals were randomly divided into four groups of 12 lambs each. Lambs in each group received individually corn–soybean meal (SBM) total mixed rations (TMRs). Rations were incorporated with a fixed amount (149g/kg DM) of OC of different forms: crude OC, a product of the three centrifugation extraction procedure (control group), alkali treated, ensiled and pelleted. All rations were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The growth experiment lasted 10weeks. In the following week, all lambs were slaughtered. At termination of the experiment, lambs fed crude, alkali treated or ensiled OC rations consumed more feed and gained more weight (P<0.05) than those fed the pelleted OC. This same trend was found for the feed conversion (FC), carcass and empty body weights (EBWs). However, external (hide, head and feet, HHF) and thoracic organs (heart and lungs, HL), gut and liver weights proportional to EBW (g/kg) were not affected by the form of OC. The form of OC had no effects on muscle (P=0.4) and bone (P=0.21) tissues. Carcass, pelvic, kidney fats and total carcass fats weights when expressed as g/kg EBW and the percent of carcass fat of total body fat (TBF) were lower in lambs fed the pelleted OC compared to those offered the other forms of OC. However, the subcutaneous, inter muscular and TBF fats weights (g/kg) were comparable among lambs in different OC form rations. Results from this work suggest that the treated OC had no advantages compared to crude in regard to parameters investigated in this research.

Permeability Impairment Study Due to Asphaltene Deposition: Experimental and Modeling Approach

This fact is well known that during any scenario of production, asphaltene deposition in porous media has a substantial effect on oil flow. But a clear understanding of asphaltene deposition mechanisms can help to minimize asphaltenic problem in oil-bearing formations. In this study, the experimental results of three dynamic CO2 miscible injection tests were investigated. Regarding the effects of adsorption, mechanical entrapment, and sweeping mechanisms on permeability behavior, a mathematical mass and permeability variation model were developed. According to the experimental results asphaltene deposition causes a 70% loss of sand stone initial permeability while the loss is significantly low in carbonate cores, about 30%. The model validation shows that the main particulate processes of Asphaltene deposition in sandstone cores are the cake forming and adsorption while in the case of carbonate cores, are the gradual pore blocking and pore sweeping. Obtained results from mass model provide that entrainment and deposition coefficients in square mass model lead to a more flexible trend than the linear variation of general model.

Bread for Gods and Kings: On Baked Products in Profane and Cultic Consumption of Ancient Assyria

This study sheds light on the Assyrian bread-making based on the evidence provided by cuneiform sources of the first millennium BC. Baked products, in form of bread and cakes, characterize the food consumption of both profane and cultic contexts of the Assyrian imperial society. But bread and cakes are much more than foods, since they also witness cultural processes of integration of local culinary identities within the palace cookery of the imperial ruling elite. The final part examines the association of bread and meat in cultic and profane consumption and the relationship between cereal-based dishes and diseases.

Laboratory Evaluation and Application of New Materials Based on Mud Cake to Agglomerated Cake (MTA) Method

In order to solve the interlayer channeling in the process of oil and gas production, the forming agent of agglomerated cake and mud cake modifier based on Mud Cake to Agglomerated Cake (MTA) method are developed. The evaluation results in laboratory show that the bond strength of cement-formation interface (BSCFI) with the new materials increases significantly with curing time by comparison with those without new materials. The analysis shows that the mechanism of new materials includes three steps. Firstly, the forming agent of agglomerated cake modifies and treats the surface of mud cake and it reacts primarily with the mud cake modifier. Secondly, the cement generates in agglomerated cake. Lastly, the compact agglomerated cake forms. Field applications show that the high quality rate and qualified rate of well cementing with the new materials increased by 13.01 percent points and 1.15 percent points respectively, and the proportion of isolation section length whose Bond Index is greater or equal to 0.8 with the new materials increased by 15.92 percent points compared with other wells in the same block.