Forms Of Business Cooperation Research Articles

The Application of Competition Law to the Pharmaceutical Sector in the European Union and United Kingdom

This survey article discusses European competition law developments in the pharmaceutical sector from January 2021 through December 2021. Section II reviews developments that continue in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Section III covers cases involving competition from generics and biosimilar suppliers. Section IV deals with recent judgments and cases on excessive pricing. Section V addresses developments on the ongoing issue of parallel trade and distribution. Section VI looks at investigations and recent national enforcement regarding cartels and information exchange. Finally, Section VII provides an overview of the scrutiny of mergers by competition authorities. In response to the COVID crisis, the European Commission (Commission) published a Temporary Framework in April 2020 indicating that certain forms of business cooperation among competitors might exceptionally be allowable in order to address the shortage of essential products and services triggered by the ‘rapid and exponential growth of demand’ engendered by the crisis.1 At the same time, the Commission issued its first comfort letter addressed to ‘Medicines for Europe’ (MfE), a trade association of generic and biosimilar suppliers, supporting MfE’s collective response to address medicine shortages caused by a surging demand for treatment of COVID-19 in hospitals.2

ACCOUNTING OF FRANCHISING ACTIVITIES OF TOURIST ENTERPRISES OF UKRAINE

The article is devoted to solving several problems in the methodology of accounting for travel franchising. The methodology is based on a system of binding relationships formed between the franchisor and the franchisee to account for the accrual of a one-time/lump sum and royalty/periodic service fee. Influence on the methodology of accounting for franchising operations in tourism is the understanding of the essence of franchising as an agreement, a special type of business, marketing system, forms of business cooperation, forms of organization and business, delivery of services to end-users. The result of the need to gradually attribute the lump sum to expenses or income of the reporting period during the term of the agreement is the use of the mechanism of redistribution through the accounts of expenses/income of future periods.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ОСНОВИ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО МАШИНОБУДУВАННЯ

The purpose of the article is to determine the theoretical principles of integration when solving the tasks of agricultural engineering enterprises of Ukraine. It has been proven that domestic science has formed a conceptual vision of a fundamentally new course of modernization transformations in Ukraine and specific mechanisms for their implementation in the conditions of the development of the industrial and agrarian economy of Ukraine. It is emphasized that the imperfection of enterprise management technologies has a negative impact on the development of domestic agricultural engineering enterprises. The local cooperation of producers of products similar in purpose is being updated, which should be aimed at solving the problems of ensuring production, improving the sale of products, and solving the national problem of import substitution. Using the method of induction and comparison, it is recommended to find and create new forms of interaction between manufacturers, taking into account positions and advantages. The expediency of implementing practical methods of convergence and cosolidation is substantiated. Methodological aspects of the organization of consolidated marketing, integration of participants in the "supply-production-sales" chain, theoretical and practical foundations of the formation of integrated structures aimed at reducing costs and increasing the efficiency of sales activities are proposed. The logical incompleteness of forming a holistic view of directions and forms of business cooperation in order to ensure convergence in the domestic market of agricultural machinery production dictates the need for further research in this direction.

Sistem Syarikah Abdan dalam Fikih Islam dan Contoh Penerapannya pada Era Kontemporer

Syarikah al-abdan is a form of muamalah that can be applied today in improving the welfare of the people. However, in practice today, it seems that there are problems among Muslims in seeing and sorting out the practice of syarikah al-abdan which is following the Shari'a. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to describe the syarikah al-abdan scheme and its current contemporary application forms. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive research approach with library research techniques and content analysis. The results of this study indicate that syarikah al-abdan is a form of business cooperation between two or more people preceded by mutual agreement in determining the results of the profits and/or wages between them. However, in its implementation, it is necessary to pay attention to the pillars and requirements of the syarikah al-abdan, and to consider the views of the majority of madhhab scholars and the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI). In practice, this study describes the form of syarikah al-abdan in the profession of fisherman and tailor.

Risk Analysis of Partnership Broiler Farm in Blitar District, East Java, Indonesia

Contract farming is a form of business cooperation between two or more parties in a certain period of time to help farmers provide production facilities. The superiority of the partnership is as a partner to share the risk burden of production between core companies and small farmers. The risk of production in broiler chicken farming includes DOC quality, feed, and disease. Therefore, production risk management must be able to manage these factors well so they cannot cause losses. The material in this research is thirty partnership farmers in Blitar, East Java, Indonesia. The method used is a survey by observation and interview. The sources of data used are primary and secondary data sources from the results of interviews and observations. The analysis used is production risk analysis to determine the level of production risk in Blitar, East Java, Indonesia and descriptive analysis to find out the production risk management used by partnership farmers in Blitar, East Java, Indonesia. The results of this study can be concluded that the risk of production in Blitar, East Java, Indonesia is categorized as high risk caused by death. Meanwhile, production risk management carried out by farmers in Blitar, to reduce mortality is spraying disinfectants.

KLJUČNA PITANJA PREVOĐENJA FINANSIJSKIH IZVEŠTAJA MULTINACIONALNIH KOMPANIJA

Circumstances, which include international trade intensification, development of various forms of business cooperation outside national borders - co-production, transfer of technology, joint ventures, strategic alliances, direct foreign investments, and dynamic changes in the business environment, require the management of a company to change its focus, from a local to a global approach. Multinational companies are business leaders in a global framework. The aim of this paper is to highlight the key challenges that multinational companies face when translating foreign currency transactions and the financial statements of foreign business operations for the purpose of compiling consolidated financial statements. In addition, the paper examines whether the chosen functional currency and the exchange rate can be viewed as instruments of their financial reporting policy?

Value creation in banking through strategic alliances and joint ventures

A large number of studies (DeYoung et al., 2009) analyze merger outcomes in the financial industry, while other forms of business cooperation are still poorly investigated. Our paper examines results of strategic alliances and joint ventures in European and US banking over the period 1999–2009. First, we estimate abnormal returns around the deal announcement date and then these are regressed on a large set of explanatory variables. We show that joint ventures create shareholder value when involving non-banking financial partners and allowing banks to expand abroad, while international strategic alliances tend to destroy shareholder value.

Joint Venture, an Alternative for Knowledge Learning

Joint venture as a form of business cooperation is a valid alternative for acquiring external knowledge and particularly so when it is unavailable on the market. Joint venture constitutes an interesting instrument for learning in firms that belong to high technology sectors; it not only enables access to learning but can also help its assimilation and even its subsequent application to new uses. To analyze this learning, we focus on the elements that make it up, the nature of transferred knowledge, communication between partners, the motivation of the partner to learn, and lastly, the context in which this occurs, such as the type of organizational structure of the partner firm. We obtained a sample composed of 74 firms that have been involved in at least one joint venture and that recognize the fact that they have obtained knowledge from their partner. We applied structural equations via the EQS 6.1 program to contrast our hypotheses. Among the more notable results is the fact that motivation on the part of the learning partner plays a relevant role in this process and that this motivation depends, to a large extent, on the complexity of the knowledge to be transferred. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Value Creation in Banking Through Strategic Alliances and Joint Ventures

A large number of studies (DeYoung et al., 2009) analyze merger outcomes in the financial industry, while other forms of business cooperation are still poorly investigated. Our paper examines results of strategic alliances and joint ventures in European and US banking over the period 1999 and 2009. First, we estimate abnormal returns around the deal announcement date and then these are regressed on a large set of explanatory variables. We show that joint ventures create shareholder value when involve non-banking financial partners and allow banks to expand abroad; domestic strategic alliances also lead banks to create shareholder value.