Blister Formation Research Articles

Impact of Soret effect on hydrogen and helium retention in PFC tungsten under ELM-like conditions

In our previous work, we have demonstrated using nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations that the fluxes of helium and self-interstitial atoms in the presence of a thermal gradient in tungsten are directed opposite to the heat flux, indicating that species transport is governed by a Soret effect, namely, thermal-gradient-driven diffusion, characterized by a negative heat of transport that drives species transport uphill, i.e. from the cooler to the hot regions of the tungsten sample. In this work, the findings of our thermal and species transport analysis have been implemented in our cluster-dynamics code, Xolotl, which has been used to compute temperature and species profiles over spatiotemporal scales representative of plasma-facing component (PFC) tungsten under typical reactor operating conditions, including extreme heat loads at the plasma-facing surface characteristic of plasma instabilities that induce edge localized modes (ELMs). We demonstrate that the steady-state species profiles, when properly accounting for the Soret effect, vary significantly from those where temperature-gradient-driven transport is not accounted for and discuss the implications of such a Soret effect on the response to plasma exposure of plasma-facing tungsten. Although our cluster-dynamics simulations do not yet include self-clustering of helium or hydrogen blister formation, our simulation results show that the Soret effect substantially reduces helium and hydrogenic species retention inside PFC tungsten.

In vitro activity, ultrastructural analysis and in silico pharmacokinetic properties (ADMET) of thiazole compounds against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni

The present work aimed to carry out in vitro biological assays of thiazole compounds against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni, as well as the in silico determination of pharmacokinetic parameters to predict the oral bioavailability of these compounds. In addition to presenting moderate to low cytotoxicity against mammalian cells, thiazole compounds are not considered hemolytic. All compounds were initially tested at concentrations ranging from 200 to 6.25 μM against adult worms of S. mansoni parasites. The results showed the best activity of PBT2 and PBT5 at a concentration of 200 μM, which caused 100% mortality after 3 h of incubation. While at 6 h of exposure, 100% mortality was observed at the concentration of 100 µM. Subsequent studies with these same compounds allowed classifying PBT5, PBT2, PBT6 and PBT3 compounds, which were considered active and PBT1 and PBT4 compounds, which were considered inactive. In the ultrastructural analysis the compounds PBT2 and PBT5 (200 µM) promoted integumentary changes with exposure of the muscles, formation of integumentary blisters, integuments with abnormal morphology and destruction of tubercles and spicules. Therefore, the compounds PBT2 and PBT5 are promising antiparasitics against S. mansoni.

Early mobilization of dorsiflexion from 3 days after cemented total ankle arthroplasty with modified antero-lateral approach

BackgroundAccording to the conventional postoperative procedure after total ankle arthroplasty (TAA), mobilization is currently started after completion of wound healing. To investigate the possibility of expediting rehabilitation, this study evaluated the feasibility and safety of early mobilization of dorsiflexion after cemented TAA utilizing a modified antero-lateral approach. Materials and methodsThis retrospective, observational study investigated 14 consecutive ankles that had received cemented TAA. Mobilization of dorsiflexion was started from 3 days after surgery. Postoperative wound complications including blister formation, eschar formation, wound dehiscence, peri-incisional decreased sensation were observed and recorded. Range of motion (ROM) of dorsiflexion/plantar flexion was measured. Patients also completed a self-administered foot evaluation questionnaire (SAFE-Q) and the scale of Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) ankle/hindfoot score preoperatively and at final follow-up. ResultsNo postoperative complications related to wound healing were observed. ROM for dorsiflexion, SAFE-Q score, and JSSF score improved significantly after TAA. ConclusionWithin this small number of cases, early mobilization of dorsiflexion from 3 days after cemented TAA was feasible and safe with the modified antero-lateral approach. Innovations in postoperative procedures for rehabilitation after TAA can be expected.

Maintenance of chronicity signatures in fibroblasts isolated from recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa chronic wound dressings under culture conditions

BackgroundRecessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (RDEB) is a rare inherited skin disease caused by variants in the COL7A1 gene, coding for type VII collagen (C7), an important component of anchoring fibrils in the basement membrane of the epidermis. RDEB patients suffer from skin fragility starting with blister formation and evolving into chronic wounds, inflammation and skin fibrosis, with a high risk of developing aggressive skin carcinomas. Restricted therapeutic options are limited by the lack of in vitro models of defective wound healing in RDEB patients.ResultsIn order to explore a more efficient, non-invasive in vitro model for RDEB studies, we obtained patient fibroblasts derived from discarded dressings) and examined their phenotypic features compared with fibroblasts derived from non-injured skin of RDEB and healthy-donor skin biopsies. Our results demonstrate that fibroblasts derived from RDEB chronic wounds (RDEB-CW) displayed characteristics of senescent cells, increased myofibroblast differentiation, and augmented levels of TGF-β1 signaling components compared to fibroblasts derived from RDEB acute wounds and unaffected RDEB skin as well as skin from healthy-donors. Furthermore, RDEB-CW fibroblasts exhibited an increased pattern of inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-1β and IL-6) when compared with RDEB and control fibroblasts. Interestingly, these aberrant patterns were found specifically in RDEB-CW fibroblasts independent of the culturing method, since fibroblasts obtained from dressing of acute wounds displayed a phenotype more similar to fibroblasts obtained from RDEB normal skin biopsies.ConclusionsOur results show that in vitro cultured RDEB-CW fibroblasts maintain distinctive cellular and molecular characteristics resembling the inflammatory and fibrotic microenvironment observed in RDEB patients’ chronic wounds. This work describes a novel, non-invasive and painless strategy to obtain human fibroblasts chronically subjected to an inflammatory and fibrotic environment, supporting their use as an accessible model for in vitro studies of RDEB wound healing pathogenesis. As such, this approach is well suited to testing new therapeutic strategies under controlled laboratory conditions.

Single use Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) system in the management of knee arthroplasty

BackgroundWound complication, skin blister formation in particular, causes devastating consequences after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) tries to improve wound management leading to decrease length of hospital stay and better clinical outcomes. Low body mass index (BMI) could play a part in wound recovery management although lacking evidence. This study compared length of hospital stay and clinical outcomes between NPWT and Conventional groups, and factors affected and how BMI affected.MethodsThis was a retrospective clinical record review of 255 (160 NPWT and 95 Conventional) patients between 2018 and 2022. Patient demographics including body mass index (BMI), surgical details (unilateral or bilateral), length of hospital stay, clinical outcomes including skin blisters occurrence, and major wound complications were investigated.ResultsMean age of patients at surgery was 69.95 (66.3% were female). Patients treated with NPWT stayed significantly longer in the hospital after joint replacement (5.18 days vs. 4.55 days; p = 0.01). Significantly fewer patients treated with NPWT found to have blisters (No blisters: 95.0% vs. 87.4%; p = 0.05). In patients with BMI < 30, percentage of patients requiring dressing change was significantly lower when treated with NPWT than conventional (0.8% vs. 33.3%).ConclusionPercentage of blisters occurrence in patients who underwent joint replacement surgery is significantly lower using NPWT. Patients using NPWT stayed significantly longer in the hospital after surgery because significant proportion received bilateral surgery. NPWT patients with BMI < 30 were significantly less likely to change wound dressing.

The efficacy and safety of dupilumab combined with methylprednisolone in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid in China.

We access the safety and efficacy of methylprednisolone combined with dupilumab in treating the bullous pemphigoid. 27 patients were enrolled, of which 9 received dupilumab in addition to methylprednisolone (dupilumab group, D group), while the other 18 patients were administered methylprednisolone alone (traditional group, T group). The median time to stop the formation of the new blister was 5.5days (3.5-11.75days) and 10days (9-15days) in the D group and the T group, respectively (p=0.032). Additionally, the median time of complete healing reached was 21days (16.25-31days) and 29days (25-50days) in the D group and the T group, separately (p=0.042). The median amount of cumulative methylprednisolone at the time of disease control was 240mg (140-580mg) and 460mg (400-840mg) in the D group and the T group, respectively (p=0.031). The total amount of the methylprednisolone used at the time of complete healing reached was 792mg (597-1,488.5mg) in the D group while that was 1,370mg (1,000-2,570mg) in the T group (p=0.028). No adverse event associated with dupilumab was recorded. Methylprednisolone in combination with dupilumab appeared superior to methylprednisolone alone in control of disease progression and the methylprednisolone-sparing effect.

Профілактика захворювань порожнини рота в дітей з бульозним епідермолізом: опис клінічного випадку та огляд стану проблеми

Today, more than 300 million people worldwide suffer from one or more rare diseases. Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases characterized by a genetic predisposition to a hypersensitive body reaction to minor skin damage, characterized by the formation of blisters and erosions on the skin and mucous membranes, followed by scarring. It is one of the most severe hereditary dermatoses. In EB, pathological conditions also occur in the oral cavity. Thus, patients with EB require a special “atraumatic” approach to medical procedures, hygienic care, professional oral hygiene, etc. Purpose - to systematize clinical recommendations for oral care for patients with BE on the basis of a clinical case. Clinical case. We present a clinical case of a patient with a dystrophic EB and a diagnosis of acute chronic granulating periodontitis. Examination of the oral cavity revealed microstomia, multiple caries, erosions and ulcers on the oral mucosa, signs of chronic catarrhal gingivitis, as well as dentoalveolar anomalies. After achieving a satisfactory degree of mouth opening using a set of exercises for the maxillofacial muscles, treatment of the acute chronic granulating periodontitis of the tooth 23 was performed. As a result of the clinical observation and analysis of the literature, we systematized practical recommendations aimed at facilitating the treatment of oral diseases in patients with EB. Conclusions. Treatment of oral diseases in patients with EB is primarily aimed at preventing pain and preventing secondary infection of affected areas. Treatment of dental caries contributes to the correct position of the tongue, improved swallowing and phonetics, as well as to improvement in nutritional status and aesthetic appearance. Oral hygiene reduces the risk of injury to the oral and pharyngeal mucosa. In the treatment of patients with EB, it is important to use a multidisciplinary approach with the involvement of specialists of different specialties. Implementation of simple but effective recommendations made by pediatric dentists will increase the effectiveness of prevention of oral diseases in these children. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent of parents and child was obtained for the study. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Application of Sonographic Assessments of the Rate of Proximal Progression to Monitor Protobothrops mucrosquamatus Bite-Related Local Envenomation: A Prospective Observational Study.

Patients bitten by Protobothrops mucrosquamatus typically experience significant pain, substantial swelling, and potentially blister formation. The appropriate dosage and efficacy of FHAV for alleviating local tissue injury remain uncertain. Between 2017 and 2022, 29 snakebite patients were identified as being bitten by P. mucrosquamatus. These patients underwent point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) assessments at hourly intervals to measure the extent of edema and evaluate the rate of proximal progression (RPP, cm/hour). Based on Blaylock's classification, seven patients (24%) were classified as Group I (minimal), while 22 (76%) were classified as Group II (mild to severe). In comparison to Group I patients, Group II patients received more FHAV (median of 9.5 vials vs. two vials, p-value < 0.0001) and experienced longer median complete remission times (10 days vs. 2 days, p-value < 0.001). We divided the Group II patients into two subgroups based on their clinical management. Clinicians opted not to administer antivenom treatment to patients in Group IIA if their RPP decelerated. In contrast, for patients in Group IIB, clinicians increased the volume of antivenom in the hope of reducing the severity of swelling or blister formation. Patients in Group IIB received a significantly higher median volume of antivenom (12 vials vs. six vials; p-value < 0.001) than those in Group IIA. However, there was no significant difference in outcomes (disposition, wound necrosis, and complete remission times) between subgroups IIA and IIB. Our study found that FHAV does not appear to prevent local tissue injuries, such as swelling progression and blister formation, immediately after administration. When administering FHAV to patients bitten by P. mucrosquamatus, the deceleration of RPP may serve as an objective parameter to help clinicians decide whether to withhold FHAV administration.

091 Gene expression profiling points to complement activation as important for blister formation in bullous pemphigoid

091 Gene expression profiling points to complement activation as important for blister formation in bullous pemphigoid

Pharyngeal Haemorrhage Immediately After Intake of Fried Foods: Angina Bullosa Haemorrhagica.

The key to the diagnosis of angina bullosa haemorrhagica (ABH) is a history of acute haemorrhagic vesicles caused by an external stimulus such as food or intubation, which resolve without scarring within a week or so.ABH can occur at any oropharyngeal site, but its occurrence in the pharyngeal region raises the risk of airway obstruction due to haematemesis.

Directing Exfoliation, Slipping, and Corrugation in WS2 through Bubbling with 15 keV He2+ Ion Irradiation

Herein, effects of normal and 55° oblique angle incidence of 15 keV He2+ ion irradiation on polycrystalline WS2 are reported. Bright‐field high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals exfoliated rectangular sheets, slipped to varying extents while edge angle maintains 90° for oblique angle irradiation (5 × 1015 ions cm−2). At similar fluence, normal ion irradiation gives polyhedral inorganic‐fullerene‐like morphologies occasionally. Moreover, uniformly distributed globular surface construct is quite evident at a critical fluence of 1 × 1016 ions cm−2, captured in semi‐contact mode of atomic force microscopy. Attributed to the formation of blisters and leading to microcracks through nucleation and evolution of bubbles by way of coprecipitation of He2+ ions in the target, these cracks result in corrugated surfaces. To determine the oxidation states of the elements and to examine the purity of phase upon irradiation, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy is employed that offers the core‐level spectra of W and S elements of WS2. In addition, vibrational modes are probed through Raman spectroscopy studies. The scope of exfoliated and slipped‐off sheets by ion beams can offer new insights and serve as a complementary window to process and visualize 2D materials for further use.

Physical Modeling of Steel Resistance to Hydrogen Embrittlement

Hydrogen can be used in the same energy processes as natural gas and become a tool for implementing the transition to a sustainable low-carbon economy. The level of contamination resulting from controlled combustion of hydrogen or methane-hydrogen mixture is relatively low, which will significantly reduce CO2 emissions. However, the use of hydrogen can involve considerable difficulties associated with the hydrogen compatibility of materials. With the increase in the production, storage and transportation of hydrogen gas, including through gas pipelines, hydrogen-resistant materials are needed. The main problem with hydrogen is its embrittling effect. Under the influence of hydrogen, pipelines materials can probably have the following: hydrogen charging of the surface layer under pressure, loss of plasticity at tensile loads, formation of cracks and blisters (by decogesia mechanism), diffusion to the stress concentrator according to adsorption theory, accumulation of hydrogen at the top of the crack (which can lead to cracking) and so on. To assess the possibility of using a pipeline system for transportation of hydrogen gas in large volumes, it is necessary to know hydrogen compatibility of pipe steel. Physical modeling of steel resistance to hydrogen embrittlement can be carried out using electrochemical and gas charging methods.

Effects of die-casting defects on the blister formation in high-pressure die-casting aluminum structural components

The following work aims to present the casting defects effect in AlSi10MnMg alloy structural components on the blister’s possibility. Structural components must exhibit high mechanical properties, specifically high ductility. That requires the heat treatment process. However, the component’s exposure to high temperatures can cause blistering on the surface, which is unacceptable in the final product.For microstructure studies, the samples were cut from regions close to the gating system (hot areas) and those away from it (cold areas). For comparison, the paper studied castings in the as-cast state and after T7 heat treatment. The results suggest that the blistering process begins at casting defects, which create microstructural discontinuities. If gases are present in a discontinuity, they expand during solution treatment, forming surface blisters. The largest blisters form on cold flakes, mainly in casting areas near the gating system.However, smaller blisters form on porosity - both gas and shrinkage. The last casting defects that act as blistering sites are cold drops, cold shots, and thin oxide films occurring mainly in areas away from the gating system.

Clinical predictors of early surgical intervention in patients with venomous snakebites

BackgroundVenomous snakebites induce tissue destruction and secondary infection; however, the optimal timing of surgical intervention for these complications remains unknown. This study assessed the clinical predictors of early surgical intervention in patients with snakebites.MethodsThis retrospective study included 63 patients (45 men and 18 women) with venomous snakebites. In addition to the snake species, the demographics, affected body parts, clinical characteristics, and ultrasound findings of the patients in the surgical (32 patients) and nonsurgical (31 patients) groups were analyzed and compared.ResultsA higher incidence of acute compartment syndrome, local ecchymosis, skin necrosis, bullae, blisters, and fever was found in the surgical group than in the nonsurgical group, and ultrasound findings of the absence of Doppler flow were more frequently noted in the surgical group than in the nonsurgical group. After adjustment using a multivariate logistic regression model, only advanced age, Naja atra bite, local ecchymosis, and bulla or blister formation remained significant factors for surgical intervention. Furthermore, comparison of the outcomes of patients who received early (≤ 24 h) and late (> 24 h) surgical intervention revealed that the duration of continuous negative pressure wound therapy (6 vs. 15 days; P = 0.006), duration of hospital stay (13 vs. 26 days; P = 0.002), and duration of outpatient follow-up (15 vs. 36 days; P < 0.001) were significantly lower in patients who received early surgical intervention. The final reconstructive surgery was simple among the patients who received surgical intervention within 24 h of being bitten (P = 0.028).ConclusionIn patients with snakebites, advanced age, high-risk clinical manifestations (e.g., local ecchymosis and bulla or blister formation), and Naja atra envenomation are predictors of surgical intervention within 24 h.

The Global Incidence Rate of Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Pemphigus vulgaris is a life-threatening autoimmune bullous disease characterized by flaccid blister formation. As there has been no macroscopic assessment of epidemiological characteristics, its disease burden in the general population remains unknown. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the global incidence rate of pemphigus vulgaris in the general population. Methods: The search was conducted in databases including Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from inception to May 1, 2022. We included original studies that either reported the incidence of pemphigus vulgaris or provided raw data for calculating. Studies based on a specific population instead of the general population were excluded. Individual studies were summarized using random-effects mode. The pooled incidence rate of pemphigus vulgaris among the general population and subgroups was obtained. Heterogeneity (I² statistic) was assessed with the χ² test on Cochrane’s Q statistic. Results: Twenty-nine studies were eligible for final analysis, and the pooled incidence rate of pemphigus vulgaris was 2.83 per million person-years (95% CI, 2.14–3.61). The incidence rate was similar between men and women and remained stable in the past half-century. Southern Asia showed the highest rate among subcontinents that had more than one study conducted as 4.94 per million person-years (95% CI, 2.55–8.10). Economic levels do not seem to have any bearing on incidence. Conclusions: Despite the substantial heterogeneity among studies, this meta-analysis revealed the worldwide incidence rate of pemphigus vulgaris for the first time and may assist in assessing global disease burden and promoting health policy.

Enhanced surface blistering efficiency of H+ implanted lithium tantalate by chemical reduction modification

The crystal ion slicing (CIS) fabricated heterogeneously integrated lithium tantalate (LiTaO3, LT) thin film is prospective in optical modulators, infrared sensors, and acoustic filters, therefore improving the transferring efficiency of the LT thin film will definitely promote its development and application. In the present work, the chemical reduction method was found effective to enhance the forming ability of H+ implantation-induced defects and surface blistering efficiency of lithium tantalate crystal during the CIS process. According to the investigations by XPS, XRD, RBS, Micro-Raman, and TEM on the reduction-induced defects, H+ implantation-induced defects, and the surface blistering behavior, the treated black lithium tantalate (BLT) present a higher blistering efficiency, confirming the contribution of reduction-induced defects in implantation and blister formation process than the referenced congruent lithium tantalate (CLT). In detail, the improvement is in ascribing to the existing intrinsic oxygen vacancy defects in BLT. These defects increase the forming efficiency of Ta defects in the implantation process and enhance the diffusion of H+ in the blistering formation process, thus decreasing the activation energy for the blistering process and increasing the film exfoliation area. These results highlight an avenue for enhancing ion slicing efficiency of piezoelectric and pyroelectric single crystal oxide.

Epidermolysis Bullosa in Pediatric Palliative Care: A Case Series.

Background: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) comprises a group of rare genetic conditions that are characterized by fragility of the skin and mucous membranes and formation of blisters with minor trauma. Severe forms can be life limiting. The palliative care needs of children with severe EB are poorly described. Aim: The aim of this case series was to examine the contribution of a pediatric palliative care service to the complex health care needs of children with severe EB. Methods: We present a case series of five children with severe forms of EB who were known to the state-wide Victorian Paediatric Palliative Care Service, with a discussion of our learnings in caring for these children and their families. Results: Medical treatment decision making in EB provokes complex ethical, psychological, personal, and professional dilemmas. This case series highlights the diversity of management approaches that may be considered, each tailored to the unique context of the child and family.

Molecular genetic basis of epidermolysis bullosa.

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is an inherited disorder of skin fragility, caused by mutations in a large number of genes associated with skin integrity and dermal-epidermal adhesion. Skin fragility is manifested by a decrease in resistance to external mechanical influences, the clinical signs of which are the formation of blisters, erosions and wounds on the skin and mucous membranes. EB is a multisystemic disease and characterized by a wide phenotypic spectrum with extracutaneous complications in severe types, besides the skin and mucous membranes, with high mortality. More than 30 clinical subtypes have been identified, which are grouped into four main types: simplex EB, junctional EB, dystrophic EB and Kindler syndrome. To date, pathogenic variants in 16 different genes are associated with EB and encode proteins that are part of the skin anchoring structures or are signaling proteins. Genetic mutations cause dysfunction of cellular structures, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of cells, leading to mechanical instability of the skin. The formation of reduced proteins or decrease in their level leads mainly to functional disorders, forming mild or intermediate severe phenotypes. Absent protein expression is a result of null genetic variants and leads to structural abnormalities, causing a severe clinical phenotype. For most of the genes involved in the pathogenesis of EB, certain relationships have been established between the type and position of genetic variant and the severity of the clinical manifestations of the disease. Establishing an accurate diagnosis depends on the correlation of clinical, genealogical and immunohistological data in combination with molecular genetic testing. In general, the study of clinical, genetic and ultrastructural changes in EB has significantly expanded the understanding of the natural history of the disease and supplemented the data on genotype-phenotype correlations, promotes the search and study of epigenetic and non-genetic disease modifier factors, and also allows developing approaches to radical treatment of the disease. New advances of sequencing technologies have made it possible to describe new phenotypes and study their genetic and molecular mechanisms. This article describes the pathogenetic aspects and genes that cause main and rare syndromic subtypes of EB.

Exploring the Profile of Cell Populations and Soluble Immunological Mediators in Bothrops atrox Envenomations.

Bothrops atrox envenomations are common in the Brazilian Amazon. The venom of B. atrox is highly inflammatory, which results in severe local complications, including the formation of blisters. Moreover, there is little information on the immune mechanisms associated with this condition. Thus, a longitudinal study was carried out to characterize the profile of the cell populations and soluble immunological mediators in the peripheral blood and blisters in B. atrox patients s according to their clinical manifestations (mild and severe). A similar response in both B. atrox patient groups (MILD and SEV) was observed, with an increase in inflammatory monocytes, NKT, and T and B cells, as well as CCL2, CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, IL-1β and IL-10, when compared with the group of healthy blood donors. After the administration of antivenom, the participation of patrolling monocytes and IL-10 in the MILD group was observed. In the SEV group, the participation of B cells was observed, with high levels of CCL2 and IL-6. In the blister exudate, a hyperinflammatory profile was observed. In conclusion, we revealed the involvement of cell populations and soluble mediators in the immune response to B. atrox envenomation at the local and peripheral level, which is related to the onset and extent of the inflammation/clinical manifestation.

Cleaning of thick viscoplastic soil layers by impinging water jets

The removal of thick (approximately 1–10 mm) layers of three viscoplastic soft-solid food-related materials (a moisturising cream, Biscoff spread and smooth peanut butter) from polymethylmethacrylate plates by turbulent, coherent, 2 mm diameter water jets was studied for jet velocities of 10.6–25.4 m s −1 (10 500 < Re < 25 400). When the layer thickness was smaller than the nozzle diameter, soil removal involved the growth of a circular crater. With thicker layers, the removed soil initially formed a blister which subsequently ruptured, and removal by cratering followed. Blister formation and dynamics were studied for the moisturising cream using 2 mm and 3 mm nozzles, which indicated that this process could be described by simple geometric models. Tests with the moisturising cream on glass and stainless steel substrates indicated little effect of substrate on the removal behaviour. The rate of removal in the cratering regime was quantified by the kinetic model of Glover et al. (2016) and the effect of layer thickness on the kinetic parameters compared with the trend predicted by the model of Fernandes and Wilson (2020): qualitative agreement was evident. The results were used to revisit the study of blister formation by water jets impinging on Carbopol® layers reported by Tuck et al. (2019, 2020) and extract kinetic parameters from their data. • Cleaning of thick soil layers investigated using dual camera arrangement. • Removal mode depends on the ratio of film thickness/nozzle diameter. • Removal of thick layers involves blister formation, rupture and cratering. • Cratering regime exhibits momentum-driven removal, similar to thin layers. • Results from literature were analysed: these follow the expected cratering trends.