Form Of Bales Research Articles

DESIGN OF THRIFT SHOP E-CATALOG INFORMATION SYSTEM USING PHP AND JAVASCRIPT (CASE STUDY: MEYTWINS THRIFTING)

Currently, there is a popular trend among the younger generation regarding the use of used clothes. What's interesting is the emergence of the online thrift shop, which is a type of business that is booming in the fashion sector by selling used clothes through online platforms. Generally, these business people get clothing supplies in the form of bales (sacks) imported from abroad. The Online Thrift Shop has received a positive response from many young people by offering clothing that has a unique style in a retro or vintage atmosphere from the 90s, as well as world-famous brands. However, one of the obstacles faced by the online thrift shop is the mismatch between the products received by consumers and what was initially displayed by the seller. There are situations where the goods delivered to consumers do not match the description given by the seller. This phenomenon is one of the shortcomings that need to be considered in online thrift shop operations. There are many online shops that sell goods to consumers that do not match what is offered. This makes consumers' shopping confidence and comfort less comfortable. The aim of the research is to build an information system in the form of an e-catalog that can simplify the buyer process without having to come to the store, as well as provide information related to fashion products that are suitable for consumers or customers. In this research, we used the prototype method, then for the system design tools, we used UML modeling, and for database modeling, we used ERD. Information system built using PHP and Javascript. Then, based on the test results using BlackBox Testing from several respondents, the success rate of the system built was 95%.
 Keywords: E-Catalog, Prototype, PHP, Javascript, Blackbox Testing

The valorisation of residual waste bales by urban mining.

In the last decade, the approach to waste management has undergone severe changes. The urgent need to face the sustainable demand for energy and materials while limiting the burdens associated to traditional waste handling practices have figured out the concept of waste as a resource. New strategies boosting the extensive recovery and diverting waste from disposal activities have been promoted and framed in the wider context of the urban mining, promoting the full exploitation of waste as resource for either new materials or energy production. Such approach has been recently proposed to handle over 5 million tons of pretreated municipal solid waste produced and stored in the form of bales in Campania Region, in southern Italy, between 2000 and 2009. However, since the feasibility of this approach is related to the waste composition as well as to the selection process, an experimental study was performed at an industrial mechanical treatment plant to assess the potential for valorisation of this waste. Results showed that the overall sustainability of the urban mining strategies for the management of Campania waste bales is tightly linked to the flexibility of the selection process scheme to be adopted, which should make the waste recovery fit the market demand of either material or energy.

Ресурсозберігаюча технологія кормоприготування із застосуванням лабораторії з визначення калорійності кормів

The transition of livestock production to a new industrial base requires new ways of controlling standardized feed preparation, which will provide more rational cooking at the lowest cost. One of the problems with the efficient use of feed is the design and establishment of a laboratory for the determination of the caloric content of feed at livestock complexes. The purpose of the work is the efficient use of feed through the development and creation of a laboratory for determining the calorific value of feed in livestock complexes with special technological equipment. Theoretical and experimental studies on the effective use of feed were carried out by designing and setting up a laboratory for determining the calorific value of feed in animal husbandry complexes, developing a calorimetric bomb, determining the calorific value of feed according to ISO 1928: 1995 IDT, DSTU ISO 128: 2006 „Solid mineral fuels. Determination of the highest combustion heat by the method of burning in a calorimetric bomb and calculating the lowest combustion heat. " According to the results of the research, the conditions for the creation of a laboratory with special equipment, bomb calorimeter of the Berthello-Molar-Cracker system were determined. On the example of calorimetric studies of the components of flax it is determined that their calorific value lies in the range of 8302 to 13501 kJ / kg, with the calorific value of the fire and flax straw on average 10.2% less than the calorific value of the grain of cereals and rapeseed straw. Cereal straw is used as coarse feed and livestock for livestock and as biofuel (in the form of bales, pellets, briquettes). On the basis of calorimetric experiments, it is possible to recommend the use of straw and flax, which will be an efficient use of resources. Key words: laboratory, feed calorie content, calorimetric bomb, resource saving, livestock complexes

Experimental and numerical distribution of pressure on the abutment with backfill from tyre bales

This article describes the tests of the pressure distribution on bridge abutment generated by the backfill made of the recycled car tyres compressed in the form of bales with interfaces of medium sands and a buffer layer with tyre shreds. Backfill pressure distribution was measuring continuously over a period of three months using a pressure sensors. Static and dynamic load tests of abutment were conducted and cyclic horizontal displacements of the abutment wall, as a simulation of thermal elongation / shortening of the bridge span were also performed. The results of pressure field measurements were compared with results of numerical analysis performed using the GEO5 program basing on finite element method. Compatibility results of field measurements and numerical analysis was pretty good, and the maximum difference was about 25%. Based on field measurements and numerical analysis, a 2÷4 times reduction of pressure on bridge abutment was found, if the tyre bales had been used, compared to conventional backfilling of medium sand.

Harvesting and Baling of Pruned Biomass in Apple Orchards for Energy Production

Pruning residues belong to the agricultural wastes generated in the agro-food processing sector, whose energetic potential can have a significant influence on the local energy market. This study is focused on the assessment of the feasibility of using apple tree pruning residues in the form of bales for energetic purposes. The research was performed in a commercial apple orchard located in the central-western part of Poland, an area characterized by the largest concentration of apple orchard in Europe. The biomass yield, pruned bales quality, energy input and output flow, as well as the economic sustainability of the pruning-to-energy strategy were evaluated. The results indicated the available collected biomass potential in an amount of 0.69 tDM∙ha−1 per year. Pruned biomass analysis showed a moisture content of 45.1% in the fresh material, the ash content was 0.8% dry mass, and the lower heating value was 18.05 MJ∙kg−1 dry mass. Total production cost, including all steps and avoided cost of mulching, was 74.7 €∙t−1 dry mass. Moreover, the net energy balance of this value chain was very positive, giving a value of ca. 12,000 MJ∙ha−1 per year. As a result, the yearly harvested pruned biomass may be considered a good energy source for local heating systems.

A life cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions analysis of the corn stover feedstock supply system for cellulosic biorefineries

AbstractCorn stover is the primary feedstock choice for most of the near‐term first‐generation cellulosic biorefineries in the Midwest with rated capacities between 76 and 114 million liters per year (MLPY). These biorefineries will require an annual feedstock supply of around 250–375 metric ton (t) to meet their feedstock demand. However, there is a dearth of studies based on sustainable ways to supply a vast quantity of feedstock to the biorefinery gate, thus this study focuses on stochastically evaluating the life‐cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) of the different components of corn stover based feedstock supply system of a 114 MLPY cellulosic biorefinery in the Midwest by using production‐scale experimental field data collected in Iowa. Different components of the supply chain considered includes corn stover harvesting in a large rectangular bale form, field collection, storage, handling and transportation. This study also evaluates the energy use and GHGE of nutrients removed from the field with collected stover. Average energy use, energy‐use ratio (EUR) and GHGE for this feedstock supply system of a Midwest‐based 114 MLPY biorefinery plant are estimated to be 1,502 MJ std. t−1, 21%, and 95.2 kg‐CO2e std. t−1, respectively. Nutrients removed during stover harvest shares 38 to 47% of the overall life‐cycle energy use and GHGE for the supply chain, followed by harvesting (~24–28%) and transportation (~23–27%). Life‐cycle GHGE and energy use are identified to be the most sensitive to the quantity of nitrogen removed, bale density, bale length, harvest rate, baler field efficiency and dry matter loss. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

NEW PROCESS DEPROTENISED NATURAL RUBBER (PUREPRENAÔ): RAW RUBBER, PROCESSABILITY AND BASIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Malaysian Rubber Board has developed a new process deprotenised natural rubber (Pureprena™) by treating fresh natural latex with an industrial enzyme which hydrolyses all naturally-occuring proteins in the latex into water-soluble forms. Further research is carried out to determine the processability performance of Pureprena™ by Mooney viscometer, rubber process analyser and capillary rheometer. The Pureprena™ in bale form has low nitrogen, low ash and volatile matter contents as well as being lighter in color compared to commercial Standard Malaysian Rubber. The rheological results indicate that the Pureprena™ has a comparable rheological behavior with synthetic polyisoprene at low shear rate as determined by RPA and capillary rheometer curves. The measurement by viscometer confirms the rheological behavior at low shear rate. However, Pureprena™ has a faster mill breakdown rate compared to synthetic polyisoprene and SMR at 60 C. All rubbers were compounded using the soluble efficient vulcanisation system especially for manufacturing engineering rubber products. It was found that Pureprena™ vulcanisate has comparable tensile strength, modulus, resilience and volume swelling in water compared to synthetic polyisoprene vulcanisate.

Processes of heat and mass transfer in straw bales using flue gasses as a drying medium

Moisture content is a main problem of using straw in form of bales for energy production. The paper presents possibility of straw drying in dedicated, innovative and patented in Poland straw dryers which using flue gasses as a drying medium. Paper presents an improved way of drying which proved to be very sufficient. Temperature and humidity of straw during the process of drying were measured. The measurements helped understand and perform numerical model of heat and mass transfer inside the straw bale. By using CFD codes it was possible to perform analysis of phenomenon occurring inside the dried straw bale. Based on the CFD model, proposals of the optimization and improvement process of drying have been discussed. Experimental and computational data have been compared in terms of convergence. A satisfying degree of agreement has been achieved. Applying improved drying method, homogenous field of moisture content and temperature in the straw bale is achieved in a very cost effective way.

Settlement of Crushed Straw

This article is focused on an experimental measurement of settlement of blown insulation from crushed straw. Straw has appeared like building material in recent years. It is ecological and cheap building material which is required for sustainable construction. Straw is usually used in form of bales. These are generally used like thermal insulation filling the supporting structure. An alternative to straw bales can be crushed straw. Crushed straw is not used in building industry currently. Its thermal insulating properties and structure are appropriate to use it like blown or loose thermal insulation. The experimental measurement was necessary to verify application of crushed straw by blowing or bulk and to find out values of settlement. Results of this measurement are described in this article.

Measurement of Mechanical Compressive Properties and Densification Energy Requirement of Miscanthus × giganteus and Switchgrass

Lignocellulosic biomass in bale form has a low bulk density. Current in-field balers can achieve a bulk density of merely 120 to 180 kg dry matter (DM) m−3, whereas modern high-compression cutting balers produce up to 230 kg m−3. Mechanical compression is a straightforward technique to increase the material density, which significantly improves the efficiency of transportation and storage, and simplifies handling. Traditional compression technology mainly produces pellets, but conceivably bales could be compressed to a higher density as well. To design compression machinery in general, it is essential to determine the mechanical properties of biomass under compression and compression energy consumption. In addition, the material rebound percentage after compression is needed to design low-cost containerization methods for highly compressed bales. In this research, we established pressure–bulk density relationships and calculated Poisson’s ratio for Miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus, Poaceae/Gramineae) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L. Poacea/Gramineae). We also calculated rebound percentages for Miscanthus in two particle sizes. The results showed that the energy consumption for compression of Miscanthus and switchgrass is low, ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 % of the inherent heating value of the materials. Poisson’s ratios of Miscanthus and switchgrass ranged from 0.2 to 0.3 for various particle sizes. The rebound percentage was found as 28 % for unground Miscanthus and 23 % for Miscanthus ground to 6.35-mm particles. A common opinion is that high-level compression of biomass may reduce its energy content. Although in this research some of the biomass was exposed to an extreme pressure of 750 MPa, microscopic imagery revealed no fractions in the cell walls, leading to the conjecture that compression does not negatively impact the conversion potential of the biomass.

Development of the boiler for combustion of agricultural biomass by products

Republic of Serbia consumes about 15 million tons of equivalent oil per year (Mtoe). At the same time potential of the renewable energy sources is about 3,5 Mtoe/year. Main renewable source is biomass, with its potential of about 2,6 Mtoe/year, and 60% of the total biomass source is of agricultural origin. Mainly, that type of biomass is collected, transported and stored in form of bales. At the same time in one of the largest agricultural companies in Serbia (PKB) there are over 2000 ha of soya plantations, and also 4000 t/year of baled soya straw available, none of which being used for energy purposes. Therefore, efforts have been made in the Laboratory for Thermal Engineering and Energy of the "Vinca" Institute to develop a technology for utilizing bales of various sizes and shapes for energy production. Satisfactory test results of the 1 MW experimental facility - low CO levels and stable thermal output - led to the building-up of a 1.5 MW soya straw bales-fired hot water boiler, with cigarette type of combustion, for the purposes of greenhouse and office heating in the PKB. Further more, achieving good results in exploitation of that hot water boiler, the next step is building up the first combined heat and power (electricity) production facility (CHP), which will use agricultural biomass as a fuel, in Serbia.

Conservation of miscanthus in bale form

Because of the increased interest in miscanthus as a new source of biomass for energy production and fibre, in 2007 a field experiment was established to determine the optimum storage conditions for miscanthus in round bale form (1.2 m diameter × 1.2 m long).

Cotton Quality and Fiber Properties

Several years ago Hall and Elting pointed out that certain raw cottons which had been subjected to the action of fungi in the field or immediately after harvesting suffered a deteriora tion in cotton quality characteristics upon storage in bale form. Such cotton was termed by them to be "cavitomic." This deterioration was most manifest in a reduction of processing efficiency and a lowering of yarn quality. Certain chemical tests (pH and reducible sugars) were established as methods to detect cavitomic cotton. Because there seemed to be consider able lack of information regarding the nature and primary causes of quality deterioration at tributable to cavitomic cotton, the study presented in this paper was undertaken to determine what changes in fiber properties resulting from the "cavitoma" might be responsible for the effects noted previously. The opportunity for this study was presented when it was found that 3 of 12 bales of a homogeneous lot of Deltapine 15 cotton obtained for another investigation gave positive evidence of being cavitomic. These 3 bales were set aside, stored for a year, and then made into fabric. A similar fabric was simultaneously made from a blend of the remaining 9 bales in a processing comparison. Samples at all stages of processing were taken from both cottons and carefully compared in an extensive laboratory testing program. It was found that the cavitomic cotton did, in fact, produce more processing waste; less even slivers, rovings, and yarns; 45 % more end breakage in spinning; and yarns as much as 10% weaker than the normal cotton. In the laboratory study it was found that the cavitomic sample exhibited lower flat-bundle strength at a 5-mm. clamp spacing, a lower fiber crimp, and a shorter fiber length than the normal sample. Although the length difference was barely detectable by conventional methods it was clearly established from number-length distributions based on single-fiber length measurements. It is concluded from this study that some of the fibers are subjected to a localized weakening as a result of the microbial action, either directly or as a result of enzymatic action during storage. These fibers break more easily in processing than fibers in the normal cotton, giving rise to a length distribution biased in the direction of short fibers. This difference in fiber- length distribution is believed to be responsible for the reduction in cotton quality characteristics observed in this and the previous work by Hall and Elting. These results emphasize the importance of fiber-length uniformity as a factor in raw-cotton quality and the need for more sensitive methods of evaluating this factor than are presently available.

Effect of Storage on Milled Crude Rubber

Abstract Smoked sheets which have been milled to different degrees of plasticity and stored in bale form for periods up to 9 months show a decided increase in modulus, plasticity, and recovery values. The increase in recovery value is the most noticeable, the change being 180 per cent of the original, if the rubber is baled at 40–50° C. and stored at 10–20° C. for 9 months. When the aged, milled rubber is mixed in a tube stock and processed on a tubing machine, the stock is rougher and the speed of extrusion is slower than a similar stock containing freshly milled crude rubber. The plasticity of stocks which are subjected to tubing operations is shown best on an extrusion type plastometer in preference to the compression type. Milled crude rubber “freezes” at temperatures below 0° C. and thaws at room temperature of 15–25° C. It may be permanently frozen by being placed under slight pressure for several months, freezing temperature being unnecessary. In either sheet or milled form this type of frozen rubber requires a temperature of about 50° C. to thaw, whereas temporarily frozen rubber will thaw at room temperature.