Narrative Form Research Articles

Use of dipyrone during pregnancy and risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review.

This study aimed to summarize the evidence on the teratogenic effects of dipyrone used during pregnancy. Databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, Lilacs, SciELO, SCOPUS, OasisBR, and OpenGray) were reviewed until September 2023. We included studies that compared pregnant women who used dipyrone during any gestational period with those who used other analgesics or did not use any analgesics during the same gestational period. The outcome assessed was the presence of any congenital anomaly. Two reviewers independently conducted the review process, and a third reviewer resolved any disagreements. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for observational studies. The reviewed data synthesis is presented in narrative form. The search retrieved 2045 results, of which seven studies were included in the review, four were case‒control studies, and three were cohort studies involving 153,562 participants. The congenital anomalies evaluated varied across studies, with unspecified congenital anomalies predominating. Five of seven studies found no association between dipyrone and congenital anomalies. In a case‒control study, a positive association was found between dipyrone use and isolated congenital cataracts compared to two control groups; in another study, a positive association for unspecified congenital anomalies was observed in only one of the two control groups analyzed. In all studies, a high risk of bias was identified, especially regarding measuring the exposure, outcome, and assessment of confounding factors. There is not enough evidence to define the risk of congenital anomalies associated with dipyrone use during pregnancy. CRD 42022333041.

Systematic review of variables that moderate and/or mediate the relationship between child maltreatment and adverse outcomes: a study protocol

IntroductionChild maltreatment (CM) is associated with adverse cognitive, behavioural, physical and social outcomes that often continue until adulthood. Systematic reviews on mediators and moderators of this relationship mostly investigate childhood...

Uncovering Holistic Contemporary Paradigms and Hamemayu Hayuning Bawana to Realise Sustainable Development Goals

Objective: This research aims to: (1) understand the historical development of Holistic Contemporary Worldview (CHW) and Kejawen Philosophy (Hamemayu Hayuning Bawana/HHB); (2) explore the correlation between CHW and HHB; (3) compare the axiology of HHB and CHW to better understand the path to achieving sustainable development goals; and (4) identify opportunities for maintaining sustainability through the perspectives of CHW and HHB. Theoretical Framework: The Earth is currently facing unsustainable changes, which are evident in climate change and the increasing frequency of disasters. These problems are believed to stem from reductionist-mechanist thinking, which fosters an anthropocentric attitude. In contrast, holistic thinking offers a new perspective on nature, seeing it as an interconnected whole where each component supports the others to maintain prosperity and balance. This idea is in line with the Javanese philosophy of life, HHB, which emphasizes harmony between humans and nature to enhance the beauty of life. Both concepts highlight the need for fundamental changes in the way humans interact with each other and nature to support the achievement of Sustainability especially the implementation of the Sustainable Development Golas (SDGs). Method: This descriptive qualitative research uses a literature study technique that is conducted in three stages. First, a literature study on the historical development of human views on nature, both from the Western view (CHW) and the Eastern view, especially Java (Kejawen-HHB). These historical developments are presented in the form of narratives to provide a clear picture of events and context, thus helping in understanding each philosophy. The second stage reviews these narratives to identify the core similarities and differences between the two approaches. Finally, the third stage analyses these comparisons to find clues about new approaches to sustainability, especially attitudinal changes to support the achievement of sustainable development goals Results and Discussion: This research shows that the concepts of CHW and HHB are two concepts that emerged from two different regions and times but have the same philosophical line. Both understand that all components of nature need to coexist and respect each other psychologically and even spiritually. This change in attitude is necessary to avoid the evil nature of humans (greed and arrogance) in fulfilling their needs in the form of development. The goal of sustainable development should be utilized for the benefit of the many and the broad (inclusive), which is the core concept of deep ecological understanding (Ecosophy of CHW) and needs to be supported by the concept of roso (spiritual culture of HHB). Both approaches have significant similarities and differences in some aspects but share the common goal of maintaining a dynamic balance to sustain living systems. Research Implications: The findings of this research are expected to contribute to a new perspective on how to achieve sustainability. The old approach based on classical mechanics is still relevant and useful to support the achievement of the SGDs, but the complexity of the world demands a change in behaviour in treating the universe and development. CHW and HHB provide new clues on how to achieve this. Originality/Value: This study compares and correlates two approaches from distinct origins: one rooted in the logic-driven Western culture and the other in the spiritual-based Eastern tradition. These approaches also emerged in different eras: one in the modern, complex age, and the other in the mythology-based ancient kingdom. By examining this correlation, the study underscores the importance of regulating thoughts and behaviors to ensure the continuity of life, particularly within the complexities of modern civilization.

The Role of Leadership in Improving Employee Competence (Case Study at PT. Surya Toto Indonesia, Tbk. Serpong Unit - South Tangerang City)

This study aims to analyze the role of leadership in improving employee competency at PT. Surya Toto Indonesia, Tbk. Serpong Unit, South Tangerang City. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method at PT. Surya Toto Indonesia, Tbk. Serpong Unit to explore the role of leadership in improving employee competency through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation studies. Data were collected, analyzed with data reduction, and presented in narrative form and a conceptual model to understand the relationship between leadership and employee competency development. Data validity and reliability were guaranteed through triangulation and member checks, ensuring strong and accurate conclusions regarding the contribution of leaders to HR development. The results of this work show that leadership plays an important role in improving employee competency at PT. Surya Toto Indonesia, Tbk., but challenges such as lack of training, non-innovative leadership styles, poor communication, and minimal appreciation are major obstacles. Transactional leadership styles that focus on short-term results hinder employee development as a whole. To remain competitive, companies must adopt transformational leadership and provide full support for employee competency development through ongoing training. Competent employees will be better prepared to face industry changes and drive company growth.

More than “A Matter of Deciding To”: Citizenship, Border Positionality, and Irresolution in Louise Erdrich’s The Night Watchman

Abstract This article considers Indigenous refusal to state-imposed US citizenship through a reading of Louise Erdrich’s The Night Watchman (2020). The novel follows the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa’s struggle to remain a federally recognized tribe during the US government’s move toward tribal termination in the 1950s. While the characters’ appeal to the US government could be construed simply as a plea for state recognition, the novel’s insistence on Chippewa kinship structures as a simultaneous and legitimate expression of the characters’ political identities suggests otherwise. Taking up conversations in Indigenous studies pertaining to the limits of state recognition and the possibilities of generative forms of refusal, the article expands upon Mohawk scholar Audra Simpson’s (2014) model of refusal with an emphasis on irresolution. This irresolution is manifested in the novel’s narrative form—which refuses closure. The article uses the term border positionalities to describe the unresolved and unsettled tension between the characters’ Indigenous and settler political identities. It contends that the incommensurability of these social and political identities makes Erdrich’s novel an important text for reading citizenship as an ongoing site of struggle for Indigenous people.

Palimbiosis

How does one begin to talk about the end? Contemporary artistic and literary responses to climate change frequently invoke Romantic traditions, in part because many theorists attribute our current crisis to historical developments in the Romantic period, but also as means of representing how climate change collapses the familiar orderliness of time. This essay is about the narrative forms that emerge when our place of safety is revealed to be as unstable as melting permafrost. It centers on Mary Shelley’s 1825 essay about a frozen Englishman reanimated during that especially warm summer. I read Shelley’s essay anachronistically alongside contemporary climate art in order to explore narrative forms that disrupt the linear progression of time and suggest the possibility of other narratives that might emerge in the plurality of our endings. We are accustomed to thinking of Romanticism as environmentally informed by ice. This essay is about the thaw.

Effects of Armed Conflicts on The National Security of Post Conflicts States, A Case Study of Juba County in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan

This paper assessed the nature of existing armed conflicts and their effect on security management, established the influence of the local and regional dynamics of conflicts on security management and finally examined the effect of the emerging security threats on security management strategies in Juba County, South Sudan. The study was guided by two theories; Conflict Transformation and National Security theories. The study used descriptive survey research design and Purposive sampling technique to enlist 210 respondents for this study. The main method of data collection was the interview. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data and reported in narrative form. The study established a dichotomy of existing armed conflicts; external and internal conflicts in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan that had serious implication on both Security Management and National security. The second objective established the influence of local and regional dynamics that affected security management that included; Interlocking political and tribal division aspects of conflict, the influence of insurgents and armed cross border militia groups; greed for livestock by political elites that saw them arm their tribal militia with modern guns and military hardware for ease of livestock theft, amongst others. The third objective established the effect of several emerging security threats on Security Management strategies in Juba County, which included migrant migration for domestic and international child soldiering recruitment in the context of the on-going civil war and also for soldiering elsewhere outside the country. This paper establishes a regional policy concern that South Sudan is largely unsafe, and by implication the whole region is unlikely to be safe. This calls for an immediate action by all security stakeholders, UN agencies, Non State Actors, security pundits and think tanks to brainstorm and chart a way forward for South Sudan and the entire region.

HeritageRoots: Developing Interconnected Immersive Experiences for Cultural Preservation and Education

In this paper, we present technical implementation details, describe the virtual world procedural generation pipeline, and discuss potential uses in cultural preservation, museum exhibits, and education of HeritageRoots, an innovative software infrastructure designed for preserving indigenous narratives and oral histories. HeritageRoots consists of two interconnected systems - (1) a web-based knowledge graph (KG) data collection and management system which stores, connects, and presents indigenous traditional knowledge (ITK) in the form of narratives, myths, and testimonies from multiple cultures and languages; (2) a virtual environment rendering pipeline which utilizes large language models (LLM), Unity3D, and Meta Quest software development kit (SDK) to procedurally generate virtual worlds from the KG data. Preliminary system evaluation with Ecuadorian Kichwa narratives showed promising results in (1) academic community interest and support, (2) the possibility of developing an infrastructure capable of connecting indigenous narratives with modern scientific knowledge via KGs and (3) procedurally generating virtual worlds from KG.

DETEKSI KEBOHONGAN BERDASARKAN FITUR-FITUR SUPRASEGMENTAL: PENDEKATAN LINGUISTIK FORENSIK

This research was conducted to detect lies based on suprasegmental features from phonetic studies using a forensic linguistic approach. This research uses a qualitative method by applying experimental phonetics described in narrative form. Data collection was obtained from the results of interrogation which were stored in the form of recordings (wav. file). The interrogation was carried out after the determination of the research sample as many as three students (two men and one woman) who became suspects. Data processing used Praat voice analyzer software version 6.3.09 to display the suprasegmental features of speech that indicated lies. Based on the data processing, it was found that rapid intonation changes from rise to fall, or vice versa indicated a person's level of tension in speaking, as well as the presence of pauses in a longer duration and high voice frequency in the initial position of speech characterizes that someone commits lying.

Experiences of living with severe mental disorder: narratives about the personal recovery process.

The article approaches the subject of recovery, a sociopolitical movement, field of studies and practices that aims, from the experience of people living with mental disorders, to promote a more optimistic outlook of the prognosis. Aiming to understand the recovery process of people who experience severe mental disorders, qualitative research was developed, based on Gadamerian hermeneutics. We conducted in-depth interviews, in the form of life narratives, with five people who recognize themselves in the process of recovery, and are part of a mental health patient group. Based on narrative analysis, three axes were organized: recovery process facilitators and coping strategies; barriers of recovery process; and relationship with diagnosis. The discussion is based on Canguilhem's theory; in the logic of psychosocial care, and in theories about the notion of recovery. We identified important intersubjective and sociocultural resources for recovery, however, we concluded that these same elements may constitute barriers to a creative existence, as the social norm remains crossed by the stigma that accompanies mental disorders, and by hierarchical power relations.

Landscape Rhetoricity: Narrative, Ecology, and Topographic Form

Landscape Rhetoricity: Narrative, Ecology, and Topographic Form

Building the Character of a Community Concerned with Ecology through the Environmental Reforestation Program in Madiun City

Environmental damage in urban areas is getting worse due to physical development, pollution from motorized vehicles, motorbikes and cars, and pollution and the lack of Green Open Space (RTH). Research gap in the context of this study, air pollution causes unhealthy urban environments, exhaust emissions from cars, motorbikes, dirty air, reduced oxygen (O2), causing hot air to minimal greenery. This study uses a qualitative research approach with descriptions in the form of narratives, stories, words to the subjects studied. Data collection methods through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, data sources are obtained from primary data, namely the community, while secondary sources are environmental NGOs, students, community leaders. Data analysis is carried out through the Interactive Miles and Huberman model which includes the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions from data. To explore the data, researchers used the Social Construction Action theory study by L. Berger, T. Luckman, namely a theory that focuses on human social actions in social interaction. The results of the study indicate that a community construction process is needed in order to obtain social change in society, create environmental awareness, with large trees that produce O2.

Striated Duct Adenoma: A Case Report and a Scoping Review.

Striated duct adenoma (SDA) is a rare benign salivary gland tumor with a recently described genetic signature. Recurrent oncogenic mutations affecting the IDH2 gene differentiate SDA from its primary differential diagnosis of canalicular adenoma. Here, we report a case of SDA affecting the parotid gland with IDH1/2 mutation-specific immunohistochemical positivity. Additionally, we provide a scoping review developed according to the Cochrane Methodology and reported following the Joana Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist to synthesize all previously published cases of SDA. The review protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) platform ( https://osf.io/7mztg ). The searches were performed using Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and LILACS, with no date or language limit. Studies were evaluated for eligibility, extracted, and compiled in a narrative form. Seven studies with 20 patients with SDA, including ours, were analyzed. The tumors mainly affected the parotid gland (13/20) in patients with a mean age of 62 years and did not display sex predilection. Swelling was the leading clinical symptom. The mean follow-up duration was 26 months with no recurrence or metastasis after resection. Awareness of the clinicopathological features and the use of IDH1/2 mutation-specific immunohistochemistry are pivotal for the consistent identification of SDA, and assessment for true biological potential will require increased follow-up and scrutiny.

Creating an effective curriculum for cosmetology students to promote early detection of melanoma in salons and barber shops: a scoping review

This scoping review aims to summarize available research literature on previous skin cancer educational programs among hair professionals or cosmetology students to inform the creation of an effective cosmetology school curriculum that will promote early detection of melanoma on the scalp and neck. Cutaneous melanoma on the scalp and neck is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, and the number of new cases continues to rise. Hair professionals can detect this cancer by regularly inspecting the skin under these hair-bearing areas. Providing skin cancer education to cosmetology students can potentially affect significant changes in screening and referral practices, improving the stage at which this cancer is treated. All articles in this study involved hair professionals or cosmetology students in the context of hair salons, barbershops, or cosmetology schools. These articles included a focus on skin cancer or melanoma education. A systematic search of electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) for full-length, peer-reviewed journal articles written in English in the last 20 years was performed in August 2022 and January 2023. Articles were initially screened by title, abstract, and keywords, followed by full-length review and reference scanning. Data were systematically extracted from included articles, summarized, and presented in narrative and table form. Search terms included “hairdressers, barbers, cosmetology students, salons, barbershops, cosmetology schools, education, curriculum, intervention, knowledge, skin cancer, and melanoma." Thirteen sources of evidence were included in the review, all of which were empirical research studies. Nine studies evaluated the effectiveness of a skin cancer educational intervention for hair professionals or cosmetology students, and 4 assessed skin cancer knowledge, attitudes, or beliefs in this population. All interventions improved knowledge, confidence, screening behaviors, or referral practices in hair professionals or cosmetology students. No specific educational modality was more effective than another, no apparent difference was seen with different intervention lengths, and the type of information included within each educational modality was rarely discussed. Most hair professionals believe they lack adequate training or confidence in skin cancer detection and are interested in becoming educated on this subject. Short videos or live lectures were the preferred skin cancer educational modalities among hair professionals and cosmetology students. Brief skin cancer educational programs improve cosmetology students and hair professionals’ knowledge about melanoma and screening practices. This population has a perceived and measured need for skin cancer education. Including this type of program in the cosmetology school curriculum can effectively disseminate information to these individuals, leading to earlier diagnosis of melanomas on the scalp and neck, thus decreasing the mortality rate of this disease. Further research, including larger, diverse samples and more rigorous study designs, is needed to bolster the results of the review findings.

‘Still and dark assemblies’: the narrativised chess-player in urban & literary culture, 1834–1864

ABSTRACT This article continues previous research examining the entanglement of the chess-player with urban and literary culture in the early-to-mid nineteenth century. It examines nineteenth-century chess-player and writer George Walker’s 1843 essay ‘The Battles of M’Donnell and De La Bourdonnais’ in which Walker mused on the 1834 contests between two great players of the age – Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais and Alexander McDonnell. Two contending narrative forms are evident within the text: the first framed the chess world as an imagined community beyond nationalistic contest and commemorated the passing of time whilst the second detailed the chronicling of the exact moves of McDonnell and Bourdonnais’ chess games undertaken by William Greenwood Walker. Both narrative forms emerged from the intersection of the game’s increasingly prevalent literary presence with its physical presence in the nineteenth-century city. Both narrative forms exposed a fragility in the historical record-keeping process. And, both narrative forms reveal how chess-play can be experienced as both an ordered, linear chronology and a disordered archive of chess-play experienced non chronologically and non-linearly.

Grade 9 Learners’ Perceptions of the Influence of Peer Relationships on Their Mathematics Performance in Tshwane Municipality Secondary Schools

The study explored the grade 9 learners’ perceptions of the influence of peer relationships on their mathematics performance in Tshwane municipality secondary schools, South Africa. The study engaged a mixed method approach and applied a descriptive survey design. The sample consisted of 400 learners (280 females and 120 males). A self-fashioned questionnaire was used for data collection, as well as a few open ended questions. The learners’ termly result in mathematics was also used to ascertain their level of achievement. Quantitative data were analysed using the Pearson product moment correlation, while qualitative data were analysed in a narrative form. One null hypothesis was tested for the study and it was rejected. The study disclosed that grade 9 learners’ perceptions of peer relationships was not a statistically significant factor influencing their mathematics performance. The study concluded that peer relationships were poorly appraised, hence could not have influenced grade 9 learners’ mathematics performance. The study recommends that teachers and stakeholders in schools should consider the advocacy of positive peer relationships among learners to help foster acceptability among learners. Furthermore, advocacy for cooperative and interactive learning is recommended to enable learners to learn from each other effectively; this will foster peer mentoring.

The Image of the Negative Man in the Folk Tale (Qalat Hamida & Qalat Ajibiya) is a Model A Study According to the Descriptive Analytical Approach

The folk tale or Popular tale, as a popular prose art, is transmitted orally from one generation to another. Therefore, the folk tale has occupied a prominent place among other literary genres, due to its characteristics and features that have made it present to various nations and peoples. It expresses the hopes and dreams of those peoples who have taken It is a way to have fun...and get rid of the harsh reality. These folk tales included different images of that life, as they represented the image of the negative man, and the traits of betrayal and weakness that characterized him. The folk tale is one of the means that preserve cultural heritage and consolidate cultural identity. It is one of the most important forms of expression. It is a summary of the experiences of generations, formulated in an interesting narrative form, full of lessons and noble values. It is a creation of the imagination in which the wisdom of society is revealed. It is a reflective mirror of the society in which it grew, so that the story is considered Folklore is one of the genres of popular literature that is beloved by adults and children, due to the elements it contains that attract, excite, and enrich the imagination, in addition to the positive values it contains. It is the ancient, common art of spontaneous speech, passed down from generation to generation, linked to customs and traditions. The story is the backbone of popular heritage, and it is what we metaphorically call popular literature. Among the studies of the folktale in which the researcher invested the importance of the folktale is a study by M. Furqan Abdel Kadhim Katyou Hammadi, tagged with (the popular story in the book of Qalat Ajibiya, Tihami Myths, Structure and Function).

Influence of Available Instructional Resources on the Acquisition of Language Skills among Early-Year Learners in Kiambaa Sub-County, Kiambu County, Kenya

Language entails the ability to communicate with other people with significant variations between understanding of speech and language. Although language acquisition largely depends on the learner's ability, the access and availability of instructional resources play a pivotal role in language acquisition among children in Early Childhood Education Centres. The main aim of this study was to assess the influence of available instructional resources on the acquisition of language skills among early-year learners, to determine the impact of teachers' competence on the use of instructional resources on the acquisition of language skills among early-year learners and to determine the influence of challenges in use of instructional resources on the acquisition of language skills among early year learners in Kiambaa sub-county, Kiambu County. The study was based on the constructivists and overlapping spheres of influence theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was 98 head teachers and 210 ECD teachers who were considered for the study. Purposive sampling was used to obtain 12 head teachers, and simple random sampling was used to obtain 44 teachers. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to analyse the quantitative data, while content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative information gathered using open-ended questions, where findings were reported in a narrative form under each theme. Descriptive analysis was done through frequencies and percentages. A multiple Linear Regression model was used to model the relationship between the independent variable and the response variable (Acquisition of language skills). The study concludes that the availability of Instructional resources has a significant positive effect on the acquisition of language skills as denoted by the p-value (P <0.05). The study recommends that stakeholders, including head teachers, teachers, and parents, should understand the importance of having sufficient instructional resources. Efforts should be made to improve access and availability based on recommendations from ECD teachers, thereby fostering language acquisition among early learners.

New Trends in Arabic Novels in the Current Era

This study explores the new trends in contemporary Arabic novels, analyzing the thematic and stylistic shifts that characterize modern Arabic literature. The research highlights several emerging trends, including the diversification of themes, stylistic innovation, cultural hybridity, and the integration of technology into narrative forms. The study discusses how modern Arabic novels have expanded beyond traditional topics like love and politics to include more complex issues such as identity, migration, gender, and the impact of globalization. Stylistically, there has been a move towards more experimental approaches, with authors adopting fragmented structures, multi-layered narratives, and blending of genres. The incorporation of cultural influences from the West and the East has also enriched the content of Arabic novels, reflecting the multicultural experiences of modern Arab writers. Additionally, the use of digital platforms and technologies in storytelling is reshaping the narrative landscape, offering new methods for engaging readers. Through an analytical lens, this study offers a comprehensive look at how Arabic novels are evolving to reflect contemporary societal changes and global cultural interactions.

Models of Valuing Used by Christian Religious Education Teachers to Enable Secondary School Learners Acquire Social, Spiritual and Moral Insights Secondary Schools in Kenya

This investigation was motivated by the extant evidence which indicates that social, economic and political vices are on the rise in Kenya. For example the Kenya police report indicates that nationally crime among the youths stood at 22% between the years 2004 and 2006 from 08% in the period 1998 to 2003. Kisumu East was among the most hit areas with the crime index at 38% in 2006. In addition to this school dropout stood at 31% whereas HIV and AIDS prevalence stood at 12.5% in the same period. This scenario created a need to examine the mechanisms put in place by the Kenyan society to enhance moral growth of the learner more so in Kisumu East district. The study sought to determine the valuing methods used by the Christian Religious Education (C.R.E) teachers in secondary schools with the view of establishing whether or not, the methods equipped the learners with the ability to use valuing models in societal context. The design of the study was descriptive survey and it was conducted in Kisumu East District of Nyanza Province in the Republic of Kenya. The study population consisted of forty seven schools, forty eight teachers and three thousand two hundred and twenty five form two students. Using stratified sampling technique, fifteen mixed secondary schools, five from each of the three administrative units in the district were randomly selected for the study. A population of three hundred and forty three students determined by use of the Fischer formula and then simple randomly sampled formed the sample. Added to the above sixteen C.R.E teachers within the study schools were sampled purposively for the study. Data was collected as follows: the teachers were observed using a rating scale as they taught C.R.E. Secondly, the learners were given a test to ascertain their affective achievements with regards to value identification in societal context and an in-depth interview was conducted with the teachers. Data was also generated through documents analysis in which the teacher's schemes of work, the syllabus and curriculum guides were scrutinized to determine their adequacy in addressing the learners' value needs. To ensure the usefulness of the instruments in collecting data, they were piloted to ascertain their reliability. They were also critiqued and corrected by the experts from the faculty of Education to determine their face validity. Quantitative data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, means and percentages then presented in form of tables. Information from the interviews and documents was analyzed qualitatively by transcription and organization into categories as per the emergent themes then reported and presented in narrative form. The research revealed that the teachers were not acquainted with the valuing models that are supposed to be used in teaching morals to enable learners to acquire social and spiritual insights in societal context. The research concluded that moral decadence experienced in Kisumu East district is due to teachers' inability to use the right valuing models of teaching values using C.R.E. Due to this, there is an urgent need to review the C.R.E. teaching curriculum guide to emphasize on valuing skills. The findings of this study are useful to the designers of curriculum at Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development, the Quality Assurance and Standards Officers in the Ministry of Education as well as the C.R.E teachers in a secondary school classroom since it contributes to the theory and practice of value education.