Form Factor Effects Research Articles

Disentangling the Complex Effects of Socioeconomic, Climatic, and Urban Form Factors on Air Pollution: A Case Study of China

China’s tremendous economic growth during the past three decades has resulted in worsening air quality in most of its cities. However, the spatiotemporal patterns and underlying drivers of air pollution in China remain poorly understood. To address this issue, we used stepwise regression to identify major socioeconomic, climatic, and urban form factors influencing air pollution in 69 major cities across China. Our results showed that social factors such as population size and density were positively correlated with emissions of PM2.5, PM10, NOx, and SO2. Economic factors such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and GDP of secondary industry were positively correlated with industry and transportation emissions but negatively correlated with residential emissions of air pollutants. Urban form attributes such as measures of urban fragmentation and contiguity were important in explaining patterns of emissions from residential, power generation, and transportation sectors. As for climatic factors, higher precipitation, higher wind speed, and higher temperatures were all negatively correlated with air pollution levels. We also found that the effects of socioeconomic, climatic, and urban from factors on air pollution levels varied considerably among seasons and between the annual and seasonal scales. Our findings have useful implications for urban planning and management for controlling air pollution in China and beyond.

Influence of cutting edge asymmetry on grain refinement of Ti6Al4V

Asymmetrical cutting edges have been proven to influence the resulting surface layer states of machined metal parts. As machining of Ti6Al4V alloy is subject to rather high tool wear, tool geometry changes during machining can influence the resulting surface layer states like residual stresses and nanocrystalline surface layer depth. In this paper, the influence of asymmetric cutting edge microgeometries (characterized by form-factor) and different process parameters on the resulting surface layer microstructure of Ti6Al4V is investigated through face turning experiments and focused ion beam analyses. 2D-FE simulations are conducted using the software Simufact Forming, and a Johnson-Cook model with triaxiality based damage criterion. According to the known mechanisms of grain refinement, mechanical and thermal states are analyzed and related to the experimental data. Relative roundness higher than one, and form-factors smaller than one lead to severe surface layer deformation and increased recrystallization depths, with the effect of form-factor clearly dominating compared to relative roundness.

Effect of Form Factors and Magnetic Properties of Thin-Walled Metals on the Induction Heating Processes

Background. The use of induction heating in the technologies of contactless processing of sheet metals is an actual solution, which allows increasing the effectiveness of performed operations. The most of the induction heating systems applied, due to the high level of power used, operate in the modes of deep saturation of the metal. The issue of the electrodynamic processes occurred in the region of the non-constant index of the magnetic permeability of the metal is relevant.Objective. The aim of the paper is conducting analysis of the peculiarities of electromagnetic processes in a ferromagnetic sheet metal located in the alternating magnetic field of the external inductor to determine the optimal characteristics of the system.Methods. The adaptation for Maxwell's equations solution in accordance with accepted assumptions of the physical-mathematical model for obtaining numerical estimates.Results. The analytical dependences obtained, which are the solution of the physical and mathematical problem within the framework of the adopted model, were analyzed with the corresponding numerical estimates.Conclusions. Numerical estimates have shown that the variation of the metal permeability parameter of the object, as well as the degree of its saturation in the course of vortex currents, has a significant effect on the heating time of the metal. The saturation state avoiding will increase the efficiency of the heating process.

Diffuse single-crystal scattering corrected for molecular form-factor effects

Diffuse single-crystal scattering corrected for molecular form-factor effects

Diffuse single-crystal scattering corrected for molecular form factor effects.

This paper shows that chemical short-range order in two-component molecular crystals can be solved directly by separating the influence of the molecular form factor from the diffraction pattern. This novel technique is demonstrated by analysing the diffuse scattering of tris-tert-butyl-1,3,5-benzene tricarboxamide.

Effects of some watershed characteristics on water yield in the West Black Sea Region of northern Turkey

This paper presents the effect of some watershed characteristics on water yield based on two-year measurements (2015-2016) realized at 29 watersheds. Although, there are several factors affecting the runoffs, we tried to eliminate some and focused on watershed characteristics by choosing the watersheds as near as to each other in the same hydro-climatic zone. These are relatively small watersheds (8.6-449.3 ha) at the mountainous and forested areas around Duzce city, Turkey. Elevation of most watersheds, which is effective on precipitation, is above 1,000 m and covered by snow in winter. Regression models between water yield or runoff coefficient based on water yield/precipitation ratio and some watershed characteristics can be important to estimate the amount of water and manage the forest for its hydrologic function. In this study, the effect of watershed area, form factor, mean slope, drainage density, elevation, circularity and elongation ratios on water yield and runoff coefficient was analyzed by multiple linear regression analyses. While there is not a significant relation between runoff coefficient and watershed characteristics, we constructed a significant regression model for estimating water yield depending on watershed characteristics. Watershed size, elevation, form factor and elongation ratios are found as effective variables on water yield. When other variables (ratio of circularity, mean slope, drainage density) were added, adjusted R² and significance of the model was decreased. Results showed that some watershed characteristics have a significant effect on water yield, and equations based on these characteristics can be used in forest management or policy making in determining the priority of watersheds for water production.

미시공간에서 도시·건축형태요소가 보행량에 미치는 영향

미시공간에서 도시·건축형태요소가 보행량에 미치는 영향

A study on the relationships among hand muscles and form factors of large-screen curved mobile devices

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of form factors (curvature rate, depth) of mobile devices on hand comfort when using large-screen curved mobile devices. To that end, four muscles (APB, APL, FDI, EDC) were selected and mockups for experiment were developed with four curvature rate levels (flat/100/200/300R) and five depth levels (3/5/7/9/11 mm). User experiment was conducted using three interactions (tapping, dragging, and texting) that usually take place on smartphones. EMG signal of each participant was measured. Combination of curvature and depth could maximize the physical comfort of hands and fingers through the experiment so that the interaction effect between form factors and tasks could be identified. Our results revealed that only APL and FDI had statistically significant muscle activity amounts across the curvature rates. With respect to effect of depth, all four muscles showed statistically significant difference in muscle activity. Moreover, results from the interaction effect among task levels of two tasks (target location of tapping and direction of dragging) and two form factors showed no interaction effect in either tapping or texting. The results of this study could be used to determine the optimal range for form factors of curved screen mobile devices in terms of physical comfort of the hand while using large-screen devices.

Effects of Epinephrine Auto-Injector Shape and Size on Human Factors Influencing Drug Delivery.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of (a) auto-injector form factor on maximum applied force capability and (b) auto-injector design and instructions on force production and orientation. Effective delivery of epinephrine through an auto-injector is the result of a multitude of design factors. At minimum, the design needs to allow the user to apply sufficient force for the needle to penetrate clothing and tissue. Trainer devices for three commercially available epinephrine auto-injectors with different form factors (cylindrical, elliptical, prismatic) were tested in a laboratory-based repeated-measures experiment with 20 adults. Participants applied their maximum force onto a force plate positioned over their thigh and practiced an injection using the trainer device after viewing training videos. Participants also rated force confidence and preference. The maximum force varied significantly across devices. The greatest force observed was 64 newtons with the elliptical device, and the lowest force was 61 newtons with the cylindrical device. Participants reported the highest force confidence when using the elliptical and cylindrical devices, ranking the elliptical as their preferred device. Force capability results for the elliptical device suggest that it may be more successful in achieving the necessary force for drug delivery in a larger set of adult users. Results suggest that the auto-injector with the elliptical form may enable more successful drug delivery among a larger set of users.

Formation of $\eta{^\prime}$ (958) meson bound states by the 6Li( $\gamma$ ,d) reaction

We have investigated the 6Li(gamma,d) reaction theoretically for the formation of the eta'(958) mesic nucleus close to the recoilless kinematics. We have developed the theoretical formula and reported the quantitative results of the formation spectra for various cases in this article. We have found that the formation cross sections are reduced by the effects of the fragile deuteron form factor.

The effect of wood-saxon form factor on the electromagnetically produced muon and tauon pairs

The effect of wood-saxon form factor on the electromagnetically produced muon and tauon pairs

The effects of density-dependent form factors for (e, e’p) reaction in quasi-elastic region

Within the framework of a relativistic single particle model, the effects of density-dependent electromagnetic form factors on the exclusive $ (e,e'p)$ reaction are investigated in the quasi-elastic region. The density-dependent electromagnetic form factors are generated from a quark-meson coupling model and used to calculate the cross sections in two different densities, either at the normal density of $ \rho_0 \sim 0.15$ fm^-3 or at the lower density, $ 0.5\rho_0$ . Then these cross sections are analyzed in the two different kinematics: One is that the momentum of the outgoing nucleon is along the momentum transfer. The other is that the angle between the momentum of the outgoing nucleon and the momentum transfer is varied at fixed magnitude of the momentum of the outgoing nucleon. Our theoretical differential reduced cross sections are compared with the NIKHEF data for the 208 Pb(e, e’p) reaction, which is related to the probability that a bound nucleon from a given orbit can be knocked-out of the nucleus. The effects of the density-dependent form factors increase the differential cross sections for both knocked-out proton and neutron by an amount of a few percent. Moreover they are shown to be almost the same within only a few percent, i.e., nearly independent of the shell location of knockout nucleons. These results are quite consistent with the characteristics of double magic nuclei which have relatively sharp smearing in the density distribution.

Energy-dependent dipole form factor in a QCD-inspired model

We consider the effect of an energy-dependent dipole form factor in the high-energy behavior of the forward amplitude. The connection between the semihard parton-level dynamics and the hadron-hadron scattering is established by an eikonal QCD-based model. Our results for the proton-proton (pp) and antiproton-proton (̄pp) total cross sections, $\\sigma^{pp,\\bar{p}p}_{tot}(s)$, obtained using the CTEQ6L1 parton distribution function, are consistent with the recent data from the TOTEM experiment.

The effects of nucleus form factors on the electromagnetically produced heavy lepton pairs

In this paper, the effects of different nucleus form factors to the cross-sections of electromagnetically produced heavy lepton pairs such as muons and tauons from the ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions have been calculated. Nucleus form factors play important roles in the calculation of the cross-sections, because the Compton wavelengths of muon and tauon are comparable to the radius of the colliding ions. Some realistic form factors in these calculations have been used and compared the results among them. It has been shown that nucleus form factors reduce the cross-section calculations for muon and tauon pair production very strongly especially at RHIC energies.

Density dependence of parity violation in electron quasi-elastic scattering

Within the framework of a relativistic single-particle model, we investigate the effect of the density dependent form factor on parity violating electron scattering from a heavy nucleus in the quasielastic region through the leading order of the interference of the electromagnetic current and the electro-weak neutral current. 208Pb is used as a target nucleus in the incident electron energy range up to 1 GeV. The density-dependent form factors are obtained from a quark-meson coupling model. The sensitivities of the density-dependence are studied separately for each Dirac (F 1), Pauli (F 2), and axial (G A ) form factors. The density enhances the parity violation asymmetry, in particular, in the forward angle region, and the density dependence turns out to be most sensitive to the Pauli form factor.

Exclusive photoproduction of charmonia in γp → V p and pp → pV p reactions within kt-factorization approach

The amplitude for $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ ($\gamma p \to \psi' p$) is calculated in a pQCD $k_{T}$-factorization approach. The total cross section for this process is calculated for different unintegrated gluon distributions and compared with the HERA data and the data extracted recently by the LHCb collaboration. The amplitude for $\gamma p \to J/\psi p$ ($\gamma p \to \psi' p$) is used to predict the cross section for exclusive photoproduction of $J/\psi$ ($\psi'$) meson in proton-proton collisions. Compared to earlier calculations we include both Dirac and Pauli electromagnetic form factors. The effect of Pauli form factor is quantified. Absorption effects are taken into account and their role is discussed in detail. Different differential distributions e.g. in $J/\psi$ ($\psi'$) rapidity and transverse momentum are presented and compared with existing experimental data. The UGDF with nonlinear effects built in better describe recent experimental data of the LHCb collaboration but no definite conclusion on onset of saturation can be drawn. We present our results also for the Tevatron. A good agreement with the CDF experimental data points at the midrapidity for both $J/\psi$ and $\psi'$ is achieved.

Designing Auto-Injectors for Children: Effect of Form Factor on the Human Factors of Efficient Drug Delivery

Because commercially available epinephrine auto-injectors differ in form factor, and are important for children the goal of this study was to evaluate their effect on human factors of efficient drug delivery in children. Auto-injectors with 3 different form factors (cylindrical, elliptical, and prismatic) were tested in a laboratory-based repeated measures experiment with 20 participants (aged 8-12 years). Participants applied their maximum possible force onto a force plate positioned over their thigh (maximum force capability task) and practiced an injection using the trainer auto-injector after watching the device’s training video (application task). Participants rated force confidence and preference for all devices. For the maximum force capability task, the elliptical device exhibited significantly higher axial-applied force compared with the prismatic device (43N vs 38N, respectively). The elliptical device also exhibited the lowest difference between force and device angle compared with the other two devices (1º vs 6º and 12º). For the application task, the elliptical device had the fastest time to force. The elliptical and prismatic devices had significantly lower grip effort compared to the cylindrical. The cylindrical form factor was the least preferred. Overall, these general patterns across form factors were similar to patterns observed in a previous study of adults. However,children exhibited lower force, higher grip effort, higher force angle, and more variability in application force, force angle, and grip effort. General trends were similar between adults and children. The results suggest that the elliptical form factor may have better success in drug delivery in children.

Effects of density-dependent weak form factors on neutral-current neutrino (antineutrino)-neucleus scattering in the quasi-elastic region

We study the effects of density-dependent weak vector form factors on the inclusive neutral-current--neutrino (antineutrino)-nucleus scattering in the quasi-elastic region within the framework of a relativistic single-particle model. The density-dependent weak form factors are obtained from a quark-meson coupling model. The density-dependence effects are studied separately in protons and neutrons participating in the reactions, in each response cross section, and with regard to asymmetry. These density effects reduce the cross section at high densities and show different behavior with regard to asymmetry. Furthermore we calculate flux-averaged differential cross sections and compare them with the experimental data.

Effects of Package Design Form Factors on Brand Trust and Brand Loyalty: Evidence from Korean Dairy Beverages’ Package

Effects of Package Design Form Factors on Brand Trust and Brand Loyalty: Evidence from Korean Dairy Beverages’ Package

Effect of Density-Dependent Form Factors on Coulomb Sum Rule in the Quasi-Elastic Region

Within the framework of a relativistic single particle model, we study the effects of density-dependent electromagnetic form factors on the inclusive (e,e′) reaction in the quasi-elastic region. The density-dependent form factors generated by a quark-meson coupling model are applied into the (e,e′) reaction. We calculate the differential cross sections, and extract the longitudinal and transverse structure functions. Furthermore the Coulomb sum is calculated in terms of three momentum transfer from 40Ca. The effects of the density-dependent form factors reduce the longitudinal structure function by amount of a few percent but increase the transverse structure function about 10%, consequently the (e,e′) differential cross sections are enhanced.