Forgotten War Research Articles

Yale and the Forgotten War: An American University's Response to the Korean War

Yale and the Forgotten War: An American University's Response to the Korean War

The Role of Yemeni Translators in Promoting the Humanitarian Action in Yemen During the Civil War

Seven years have passed since the forgotten war in Yemen, as Western media called it. During these years, the Yemeni translator played a prominent role in promoting humanitarian work by accompanying international aid and medical staff their interventions and responses in an internally displaced person (IDP)camps, field hospitals, shelters, and food and drug distribution centres. This study aimed to examine the roles played by the Yemeni translators in promoting human actions and meet community needs. An interview was conducted with 10 Yemeni translators working in the field of relief and humanitarian actions in Yemen. The United Nations has classified Yemen as one of the worst humanitarian disasters in the world. Therefore, to meet the needs of society and the huge number of internally displaced people because of the ongoing conflict. Several international organizations provided urgent assistance to affected families and IDP camps, which required bilingual translators and assistants to provide field support, monitor the needs of indigenous people. The study found that Yemeni translators have played a key role in promoting humanitarian work, despite the difficulties and risks facing their works in the field. Therefore, this study recommended training the local translators by provide an adequate and up to date training for local translators who are working in the field of translation to reach effective and professional results.

445. An Ongoing Battle from a Forgotten War: Long COVID in Mississippi, October 2021 - September 2022

Abstract Background Due to the lack of a well-established definition, long COVID—unlike its acute counterpart—has been evading statewide surveillance systems. In October 2021, however, the adoption of an ICD-10-CM code for long COVID, created the prerequisite needed for such retrospective state-level surveillance of long COVID. To seize this opportunity and establish baseline information, we used Mississippi’s hospital discharge data to examine hospitalizations associated with long COVID. Methods Hospital discharge data are a population-level data source that captures data from all non-federal hospitals in the state and contains information on diagnoses, procedures, and resource utilization. In this cross-sectional study, we utilized the latest available data that incorporates long COVID diagnoses (10/01/2021-09/30/2022). The study included only adult Mississippi residents (≥ 18 years) and the unit of analysis was individual patients. We performed descriptive and inferential (chi-squared tests) statistical analyses. Results Among the 1,213 patients hospitalized with post-COVID-19 complications, the majority were white (69.7%), elderly (average age = 66), rural residents (60.3%), and females (53.8%). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (73.6%), diabetes (39.4%), chronic pulmonary disease (28.4%), and congestive heart failure (28.4%). Among long haulers, 22.1% were admitted to ICU, 13.6% needed respiratory support, and 8.5% died in the hospital. The in-hospital mortality proportion among long haulers did not differ by race, residence, or insurance status. In-hospital deaths were more likely to occur, however, among patients ≥ 65 years (68.7% vs. 56.3%, p < .01). Compared to survivors, deceased patients with long COVID had a slightly higher average number of comorbid conditions (2.8 vs. 2.2). For patients with long COVID, the mean length of stay was 11 days and the mean hospital charges were $109,739. Conclusion In our study, we identified that hypertension was highly prevalent among long haulers. The severity of illness as measured by ICU care, in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges was also high among patients with long COVID. These findings underscore the importance of long-term surveillance of COVID-19 complications. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

The Other Face of Battle: America's Forgotten Wars and the Experience of Combat

The Other Face of Battle: America's Forgotten Wars and the Experience of Combat

HISTORICAL MEMORY ABOUT THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN UKRAINE: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

The aim of the work is to investigate the state and development of the historical memory of the First World War in Ukraine, to find out the reasons that led to the forgetting one of the bloodiest pages of Ukrainian history. The methodology of the investigation is based on using application of the principles of historicism and objectivity, which are important in the characterization of historical events related to the state policy and memory. The historical-genetic method allows to find out the path of the Great War memory in Ukraine. The historical-systemic method provides consideration of the socio-political processes in their interrelationship and cause-to-effect dependence. The scientific novelty consists in systematization of the processed literature and sources regarding commemoration of the First World War, its origin and evolution. The indicated archival documents were introduced into scientific circulation by the author for the first time. Conclusions: The First World War marked the end of the long XIX century and brought drastic changes in the political, social and economic systems of the world. It was a fratricidal war for Ukraine that had extremely important long-term consequences. This is a forgotten war despite more than 4 million Ukrainian participants and about 1,5 million dead people in modern Ukraine. Commemoration in the different countries differs. Though there are certain common trends. Most of participating countries, except for Eastern European countries, actively supported the memory of the dead from the very first years. However, on the territory of the former Russian Empire, revolutionary events and the memory of it displaced memories of the “imperialist” war. The end of the XX century becomes a turning point in the historical policy of individual countries and since 2014, interest in studying the history of the First World War in Ukraine has been actively growing.

The forgotten war: The First World War in Croatia through commemorative practices

The forgotten war: The First World War in Croatia through commemorative practices

The forgotten war: Yemen and human security

This research examines the significance of having all seven aspects of human security. A series of questions were directed toward a sample of Yemeni participants living inside and outside of Yemen in order to get an insight into the daily struggles they face as a result of conflict. The interviews reveal the impact war has on human security and the absence of all seven components of human security put forward by the United Nations. This research argues that security in every shape and form is extremely important as all seven components are interlinked. As the world’s attention is on Ukraine and the impact of the Russia–Ukraine War on civilians, this article pushes the reader to question the deafening silence of the world when it comes to the situation in Yemen. Without acknowledgment, raising awareness, and holding those in charge of the war accountable for their wrongdoings, change will never prevail.

Embodying Contagion: The Viropolitics of Horror and Desire in Contemporary Discourse

Embodying Contagion: The Viropolitics of Horror and Desire in Contemporary Discourse

The Napoleonic Mediterranean: Enlightenment, Revolution, and Empire, A Global History of the Napoleonic Wars, The Forgotten War against Napoleon: Conflict in the Mediterranean, 1793–1815

The Napoleonic Mediterranean: Enlightenment, Revolution, and Empire, A Global History of the Napoleonic Wars, The Forgotten War against Napoleon: Conflict in the Mediterranean, 1793–1815

Reimagining Black Conservatism: The Invisible Black Community and the Forgotten War on “Black-on-Black Crime” during the Post–World War II Urban Crisis (1970s-1980s)

This article examines how the post–World War II urban crisis of “Black-on-Black crime” provides a case study for understanding the nuances of modern Black conservatism during the 1970s. It complicates how Black conservatism is commonly understood through a Republican lens by looking at mostly working- and middle-class Democrats in urban communities who remained loyal to the party while adopting conservative views about crime in their neighborhoods. Against the backdrop of civil rights and Black Power militancy, an invisible Black community of anticrime advocates adopted socially conservative views on crime that addressed their racialized, gendered, and socioeconomic experiences in postwar Black America. Their political ideology broadens the definition of Black conservatism to include race, gender, class, and local issues—especially crime—demonstrating its saliency among a wider swathe of the community that extends beyond Black Republicans or self-described conservatives.

Fearing the worst: how Korea transformed the Cold War

Most observers do not consider the Korean War the most important episode of the Cold War. While key to the development of the conflict in east Asia, the war was too remote, too much of a stalemate and too much like the Second World War to have determined the course of the East–West struggle. That three-year conflict has been called ‘the Forgotten War’ because it never rated as highly in American or western memory as either the titanic Second World War or the morally wrenching Vietnam War. Samuel F. Wells, Cold War historian and associate of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, makes an excellent case for considering the period surrounding the Korean War as vital to everything that came after. The book's first section outlines the course of the war on the Korean peninsula and shows how it forced policy-makers in Washington, Moscow and Beijing to change direction....

Forgetting the Great War? The Langemarck Myth between Cultural Oblivion and Critical Memory in (West) Germany, 1945–2014

This article explores the way in which the First World War continued to speak to (West) German culture in the wake of the Second World War. It takes issue with the commonly held view that the Great War is a “long forgotten war” eclipsed by an even greater conflict. The notion of the “forgotten war” is best understood as a cultural representation in its own right, often used for political ends. Building on recent theoretical literature on cultural oblivion, this article charts the trajectory of remembrance and “forgetting” from the end of the Second World War to the centenary of the First World War. Focusing on the once powerful war myth of Langemarck, it examines the agency of war veterans, the war graves association, local administrators, public intellectuals, and grassroots activists to show that important memory traces of the Great War remained after 1945. Increasingly, though, Germans tended to approach war in a different register, one that was cerebral rather than emotional. The demise of the generation of veterans of the Great War triggered not an era of oblivion, but instead the most intense period of (critical) engagement with the First World War. This meant that the mode and mood of war commemoration changed permanently during the 1980s. A new, highly localized memory of the First World War became divorced from the traditional topography of remembrance that had centered on the Western Front. Now the emphasis was placed on confronting the past and on the lessons to be learned from it.

The Army’s Last Segregated Unit: Black Prisoners at Camp 5, North Korea

Only the Civil War saw more Black soldiers held prisoner than the Korean Conflict, yet the story of these soldiers has generally been overlooked by both scholars of that war and those of African American military history. Despite President Truman’s 1948 executive order desegregating the armed forces, when hostilities broke out in Korea in 1950, the US Army remained rigidly segregated. As a result, a number of all-Black units were at the front lines early in the conflict when the majority of American soldiers were taken prisoner. Hundreds of Black soldiers found themselves imprisoned for almost three years in North Korea, most at Camp 5 on the Chinese border, where they faced not only extreme deprivation but also racial segregation and communist indoctrination. Based on oral histories and other primary materials, the story of these prisoners from the “forgotten war” is told here.

The Crimean War of 1853-1856 in the Memory Space of Russia and France

On the example of commemoration of various wars and key historical events, it is possible to reconstruct and comprehend the value orientations of states at certain phases of their development. In this article, we propose to turn to the Crimean War of 1853-1856, which was reflected in the historical memory of the two participating countries - Russia and France. With such a comparative approach, attention is drawn to different levels of commemoration of this event: we are talking about scientific research on the Crimean campaign, about the people's memory of generations, about state and political practices. The authors analyze these aspects and identify which of them are most widespread in Russia and Europe, so that the memory of the Crimean War is preserved in modern society. The authors analyze the phenomenon of the forgotten war - a term that has entered the scientific lexicon of the French community and is used to describe the campaign of 1854-1856. The study of the problem makes it possible to answer an important question: why do certain traditions of memory exist, whether they help to form a certain consciousness, value attitudes.

The Post-World War II World Order and the Unresolved Cultural Legacies of the Korean War

The Korean War has never had a notable place in American culture. A crop of recent scholarship by Korean American scholars queries the reasons for this absence of the Korean War's cultural presence, going against the critical commonplace that the war was insignificant and calling for a reckoning with the cultural legacies of the Korean War. Christine Hong's A Violent Peace, Daniel Y. Kim's The Intimacies of Conflict, and Crystal Mun-hye Baik's Reencounters illustrate new directions and new possibilities in the scholarship on the Korean War, which is dominated by historical studies often guided by traditional approaches to international relations or foreign policy. Informed by approaches in ethnic studies – and particularly the field's interest in racialization as transnational and cross-border phenomenon – these books show that it is not only productive to revisit the “forgotten war” but imperative to do so. Through a wide range of cultural texts and with an exclusive focus on the perspectives and experiences of people of color, these studies probe the underexamined role the conflict has played in shaping liberal ideas on freedom and justice, attend to the contradictions of the cultural forms that clothed these ideas in post-World War II US culture, and point to new cultural interventions that challenge and dislodge long-standing Cold War orthodoxies.

Victorious outliers: India’s border regions and the contested memory politics of the Burma campaign

ABSTRACT The article looks at British India’s Burma campaign of 1941–45 and asks why the decisive battles of Imphal and Kohima appear to be virtually invisible from India’s national imagination today. It further critiques dominant readings of the twin battles for their failure to accommodate the heterogeneity of experiences and contributions of the hill tribes of the India-Burma borderlands who fought in it. The omission appears even more intriguing given that despite being on the winning side, the border communities end up losing the memory battle. While it questions the conventional notion that memory is the postcolonial state’s prerogative, it also recognizes that counter-memories are by no means monolithic. It makes the case for acknowledging alternative constructions and communities of practice that imaginatively decenter the construction of memory in the borderlands. Without connecting with the lives, and in turn, the memories of the border communities who inhabit the physical sites of the war, the cliché of the “forgotten war” will remain an overused, and ultimately, an offensive trope.

Seojeon Byungwon, Jutlandia, and NORMASH: UN's Scandinavian Allies at the Korean War and Beyond (1950s-1960s).

The Korean War (1950–1953) was one of the most calamitous and brutal wars in modern history. It was fought by the post-colonial people of the peninsula, and it culminated in the creation of two ideologically opposed states, but the three years’ military clash in East Asia (or the Far East) is often labelled simply as a “Forgotten War” in the West including North America. The ensuing ethnic division has been interpreted through the various geopolitical lenses of military strategy, politics, international relations, and power games. What about the situation of casualties? Which particular nations in the United Nations (UN) dispatched medical aid for the treatment of war victims? How did the Scandinavian allies participate the non-European war? What were their unique characteristics among non-military supporting nations? What legacy they left for the post-war Koreans? This paper explores the military-historical backgrounds by which each of the following Northern European nation, namely, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, decided to send unarmed skilled personnel to aid South Korea. The paper argues the social voluntarism of the neutral group in the critical insight that the field activities of Swedish Seojeon Byungwon, Danish Jutlandia, and Norwegian NORMASH individually promoted the Red Cross spirit of advanced humanitarianism on the top of mandatory duty, in giving special attention on children (orphans), women, civilians, POWs, and medical education, as well as the post-war collaboration for the initial Korean public health system in the 1960s.

Scandals and Battle Wounds: Remembering “The Forgotten War” in Indignation

In Roth’s 2008 novel Indignation, two types of scandals are discernable: overtly presented sex acts in public spaces and subtly presented political scandals Marcus encounters first at his college and then while at war. The academic politics that Marcus experiences at Winesburg College, and the social oppression he battles as a result, illuminate the hypocrisy of the political rationale of the Korean War fought to quell the spread of Communism abroad, while quasi-fascist policies under McCarthyism were enacted within the country. The “sex scandals” emphasize that Marcus’s sexual dalliances are minor transgressions for which he is disproportionally punished with an expulsion that leads to his military draft. This punishment reveals the subtler but more significant scandal of the novel: Marcus’s purposeless death as a result of corrupt politics in the academic and political arenas. In his dying hours, Marcus cognitively pleas for a listener of his story who will understand the ultimate scandal of his life: his tragic death. This plea, when read through the lens of trauma theory, represents a call for more critical attention to the Korean War, as Indignation ultimately calls into question the morality of this “forgotten war.”

On This Topic] From Forgotten War to Unforgettable War: The Korean War at Seventy

On This Topic] From Forgotten War to Unforgettable War: The Korean War at Seventy

Book Reviews

Robert William Fogel and G. R. Elton. Which Road to the Past? Two Views of History. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1983. Pp. vii, 136. Cloth, $14.95. Review by Stephen Kneeshaw of The School of the Ozarks. Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie. The Mind and Method of the Historian. Translated by Sian Reynolds and Ben Reynolds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. Pp. v, 310. Paper, $9.95. Review by Richard Harvey of Ohio University. John E. O'Connor, ed. American History/ American Television: Interpreting the Video Past. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1983. Pp. 463. Cloth, $17.50; Paper, $8.95. Review by D' Ann Campbell of Indiana University. Foster Rhea Dulles & Melvyn Dubofsky. Labor in America: A History. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1984. 4th edition. Pp. ix, 425. Cloth, $25.95. Paper, $15.95. Review by Robert W. Dubay of Bainbridge Junior College. Karen Ordahl Kupperman. Roanoke: The Abandoned Colony. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman & Allanheld, 1984. Pp. viii, 182. Cloth, $24.95; Paper, $12.50. Review by John T. Reilly of Mount Saint Mary College. Kevin O'Reilly. Critical Thinking in American History: Exploration to Constitution. South Hamilton, Massachusetts: Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School, 1983. Pp. 86. Paper, $2.95. Teacher's Guides: Pp. 180. Paper, $12.95; Kevin O'Reilly. Critical Thinking in American History: New Republic to Civil War. South Hamilton, Massachusetts: Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School, 1984. Pp. 106. Paper, $2.95. Teacher's Guide: Pp. 190. Paper, $12.95. Review by James F. Marran of New Trier Township High School, Winnetka, Illinois. Michael J. Cassity, ed. Chains of Fear: American Race Relations Since Reconstruction. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1984. Pp. xxxv, 253. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Ann W. Ellis of Kennesaw College. L. P. Morris. Eastern Europe Since 1945. London and Exeter, New Hampshire: Heinemann Educational Books, 1984. Pp. 211. Paper, $10.00. Review by Thomas T. Lewis, Mount Senario College. John Marks. Science and the Making of the Modern World. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann Educational Books, Inc., 1983. Pp. xii, 507. Paper, $25.00. Review by Howard A. Barnes of Winston-Salem State University. Kenneth G. Alfers, Cecil Larry Pool, William F. Mugleston, eds. American's Second Century: Topical Readings, 1865-Present. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/ Hunt Publishing Co., 1984. Pp. viii, 381. Paper, $8.95. Review by Richard D. Schubart of Phillips Exeter Academy. Sam C. Sarkesian. America's Forgotten Wars: The Counterrevoltuionary Past and Lessons for the Future. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1984. Pp. xiv, 265. Cloth, $29.95. Review by Richard Selcer of Mountain View College. Edward Wagenknecht. Daughters of the Covenant: Portraits of Six Jewish Women. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1983. Pp. viii, 192. Cloth, $17.50. Review by Abraham D. Kriegel of Memphis State University. Morton Borden. Jews, Turks, and Infidels. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1984. Pp. x, 163. Cloth, $17.95. Review by Raymond J. Jirran of Thomas Nelson Community College. Richard Schlatter, ed. Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing Since 1966. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1984. Pp. xiii, 524. Cloth, $50.00. Review by Fred R. van Hartesveldt of Fort Valley State College. Simon Hornblower. The Greek World, 479-323 B.C. London and New York: Methuen, 1983. Pp. xi, 354. Cloth, $24.00; Paper, $11.95. Review by Dan Levinson of Thayer Academy, Braintree, Massachusetts. H. R. Kedward. Resistance in Vichy France. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. Paper edition 1983. Pp. ix, 311. Paper, $13.95. Review by Sanford J. Gutman of the State University of New York at Cortland.